Countries Ga-Gi (original) (raw)

Rulers

Contents of this page:
Gabon - The Gambia - Georgia - Germany - Ghana - Gibraltar

Gabon

   1839                first transfer of sovereignty to France
   1854                Gor�e, Gabon, and other French settlements form the
                       Colony of Gor�e and Dependencies, headed by the Commandant
                       of the Naval Division of the Western Coasts of Africa
   1859                Gor�e reincorporated into Senegal; the other settlements
                       continue to be subordinated to the Naval Division, now with
                       its centre at Gabon

1 Aug 1886 part of French Congo; see under Congo (Brazzaville) 15 Jan 1910 part of French Equatorial Africa (AEF); see under Congo (Brazzaville) 30 Jun 1934 - 31 Dec 1937 region within unitary AEF colony 28 Nov 1958 autonomy (Gabonese Republic) 17 Aug 1960 independence

Commandants of the Naval Division of the Western Coasts of Africa 1839 - 1845 Louis �douard Bou�t (from 1844, Louis �douard Bou�t-Willaumez) (1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1871) 1845 - 1848 Jean-Baptiste Montagni�s de la Roque (b. 1793 - d. 1862) 1848 Auguste Baudin (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1877) 1 Sep 1848 - Apr 1850 Louis �douard Bou�t-Willaumez (2nd time) (s.a.) 1850 - 1851 Charles Penaud (b. 1800 - d. 1864) 1851 - 1854 Auguste Baudin (2nd time) (s.a.) 1854 - 31 Jan 1856 J�r�me F�lix Monl�on (b. ... - d. 1856) 31 Jan 1856 - Mar 1859 Auguste L�opold Protet (b. 1808 - d. 1862) 1859 - 1861 Auguste Bosse (b. 1809 - d. 1891) 1861 - 1863 Octave Fran�ois Charles, baron Didelot (b. 1812 - d. 1886) 1863 - 1866 Andr� �mile L�on Laffon de Lad�bat (b. 1807 - d. 1874) 1866 - 1868 Alphonse Jean Ren�, vicomte Fleuriot de Langle (b. 1809 - d. 1881) 1868 - 1869 Alexandre Fran�ois Dauriac (b. 1812 - d. 1878) 1869 - 1870 Victor Auguste, baron Duperr� (b. 1825 - d. 1900) 1870 - 1872 Sim�on Bourgeois (b. 1815 - d. 1887) 1872 - 1874 Antoine Louis Le Couriault du Quilio (b. 1815 - d. 1877) 1874 - 1875 Charles Henri Jules Panon du Hazier (b. 1827 - d. 1897) 1875 - 1877 Am�d�e Louis Ribourt (b. 1821 - d. 1893) 1877 - 1879 Fran�ois Hippolyte Allemand (b. 1820 - d. 1895) 1879 - 1881 Bernard Ernest Mottez 1881 - 24 Jan 1883 Richild, baron Grivel (b. 1827 - d. 1883) 1884 - 1886 Jules Marie Armand Cavelier de Cuverville (b. 1834 - d. 1912) Commandants-particular of Gabon 1843 - 1844 Antoine Devoisins 1844 Joseph Marie Millet 1844 - 1846 Andr� Brisset (1st time) (b. 1808 - d. ...) 1846 M�quet 1846 Cl�ment Grosjean 1846 - 1847 Jean Carril�s 1847 - 1848 Andr� Brisset (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Mar 1848 - 1848 Alphonse Alexandre Sourdeaux 3 Aug 1848 - 1848 Eug�ne Jean Antoine Desperles (b. 1819 - d. 1860) Dec 1848 - 1849 �tienne Charles Deschanel 10 Aug 1849 - 1850 Jean-Auguste Martin (b. 1814 - d. ...) 15 Dec 1850 - 1853 Alexis �douard Vignon (1st time) (b. 1806 - d. ...) 1853 - 1857 Th�ophile Quillet 1857 - 1859 Alexis �douard Vignon (2nd time) (s.a.) 1859 - 1860 Pierre Alexandre Mailhetard 4 Aug 1860 - 1861 C�sar Charles Joseph Pradier 1861 - 1863 Paul Claude Nicolas Brue (b. 1808 - d. ...) 1863 - 1866 Charles Ferdinand Eug�ne Baur 1866 - 1867 Joseph Henri Brunet-Millet (b. 1821 - d. 1885) 1867 - 1868 Th�ophile Aube (b. 1826 - d. 1890) 1868 - 1869 Fr�d�ric Amable Bourgarel (b. 1826 - d. 1897) 1869 - 1871 Hippolyte Adrien Bourgin 1871 - 1873 Gustave Aristide L�opold Garraud (b. 1820 - d. ...) 1873 - 1875 Charles Henri Jules Panon du Hazier (s.a.) 1875 - 1876 F�lix Ambroise Cl�ment (b. 1822 - d. ...) 1876 - 1879 Paul Michel Fr�d�ric Caudi�re (b. 1822 - d. ...) 1879 - 1880 Augustin Ernest Dumont (b. 1835 - d. ...) 1880 - 1881 Jules �mile Hanet-Cl�ry (b. 1833 - d. 1890) 1881 - 1883 �mile Masson (b. 1832 - d. ...) 1883 - 1885 Jean Joseph Cornut-Gentille (b. 1839 - d. 1918) 1885 - 1886 Georges �mile Pradier Lieutenant governors 29 Jun 1886 - 26 Apr 1889 No�l Ballay (b. 1847 - d. 1902) 26 Apr 1889 - 1 Jun 1894 Charles de Chavannes (b. 1853 - d. 1940) 1 Jun 1894 - 22 Jan 1899 Albert Dolisie (b. 1856 - d. 1899) 1 May 1899 - 1902 �mile Gentil (b. 1866 - d. 1914) 9 Mar 1904 - 30 Jan 1905 Louis Auguste Bertrand Ormi�res (b. 1851 - d. 19...) 19 Apr 1905 - 5 Aug 1905 Paul Cousturier (acting) (b. 1849 - d. 1921) 5 Aug 1905 - 27 Apr 1906 Alfred Fourneau (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 1930) 27 Apr 1906 - 23 Apr 1907 Charles Henri Adrien Noufflard (b. 1872 - d. 1952) (acting) 23 Apr 1907 - 26 Apr 1907 Alfred Martineau (b. 1859 - d. 1945) 26 Apr 1907 - 20 Jan 1909 �douard Telle (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1949) 20 Jan 1909 - 10 Feb 1909 Fr�d�ric Claude Weber (acting) (b. 1855 - d. 19...) 10 Feb 1909 - 18 Oct 1909 Charles Am�d�e Rognon (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1911) 18 Oct 1909 - 9 Nov 1909 Pascal Pierre Marie Georges Adam (1st time) (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1916) 9 Nov 1909 - Jun 1911 L�on F�lix Richaud (acting) (b. 18... - d. 1944) Jun 1911 - 21 Feb 1912 Georges Poulet (b. 1859 - d. 19...) 21 Feb 1912 - 18 Apr 1914 Pascal Pierre Marie Georges Adam (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 18 Apr 1914 - 1 Jun 1917 Joseph Guyon (b. 1870 - d. 1942) 1 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1918 Georges Thomann (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1943) 12 Jun 1918 - 30 Jun 1919 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (b. 1868 - d. 1935) 30 Jun 1919 - 29 May 1922 Jean Henri Marchand (acting to 13 Apr 1920) 29 May 1922 - 15 Jun 1923 Edmond �milien Cadier (acting) 15 Jun 1923 - 29 Jul 1924 Louis Nicolas Jean Marie Cercus (acting) 29 Jul 1924 - 19 Jun 1931 Marie Joseph Jules Pierre Bernard (b. 1876 - d. 1950) 19 Jun 1931 - Nov 1931 Louis Vingarassamy (acting) Nov 1931 - 24 Oct 1936 Louis Bonvin (b. 1886 - d. 1946) (administrator-superior from 26 Sep 1934) Governors-delegate 24 Oct 1936 - 11 Sep 1937 Louis Bonvin (s.a.) 11 Sep 1937 - 29 Aug 1938 Georges Parisot (b. 1887 - d. 1969) 29 Aug 1938 - 14 Nov 1940 Georges Pierre Masson (b. ... - d. 1940) (acting to 2 Nov 1939) 14 Nov 1940 - 15 Mar 1941 Andr� Parant (b. 1897 - d. 1941) Governors (from Nov 1958, high commissioners) 26 Mar 1941 - 4 Jul 1941 Hubert Eug�ne Paul Carras (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1947) 4 Jul 1941 - 30 May 1942 Victor Valentin-Smith (b. 1883 - d. 1965) 30 May 1942 - 26 Aug 1943 Maurice Assier de Pompignan (b. 1889 - d. 1952) 26 Aug 1943 - 19 Nov 1944 Paul Vuillaume (b. 1896 - d. 1975) 19 Nov 1944 - 28 Mar 1946 Numa Sadoul (1st time) (acting) (b. 1906 - d. 1990) 28 Mar 1946 - 31 Dec 1947 Roland Pr� (b. 1907 - d. 1980) 31 Dec 1947 - 6 Apr 1949 Numa Sadoul (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Apr 1949 - 19 Oct 1951 Pierre Fran�ois P�lieu (b. 1906 - d. 1952) (acting to 4 Jan 1950) 19 Oct 1951 - 25 Apr 1952 Charles Hanin (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1964) 25 Apr 1952 - 29 Jan 1958 Yves Digo (b. 1897 - d. 1974) 29 Jan 1958 - Jul 1959 Louis Sanmarco (b. 1912 - d. 2009) Jul 1959 - 17 Aug 1960 Jean Risterucci (b. 1911 - d. 1982) Presidents 17 Aug 1960 - 17 Feb 1964 L�on M'ba (1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1967) (Head of State to 21 Feb 1961) 17 Feb 1964 - 18 Feb 1964 Revolutionary Committee - Daniel Mbene (b. ... - d. 1969) - Jean-Val�re Essone - Jacques Mombo - Daniel Ndo Edou (b. ... - d. 1964) 18 Feb 1964 - 19 Feb 1964 Jean-Hilaire Aubame (b. 1912 - d. 1989) (head of Provisional Government) 19 Feb 1964 - 28 Nov 1967 L�on M'ba (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Nov 1967 - 8 Jun 2009 Albert-Bernard Bongo (from 29 Sep 1973, Omar Bongo; from 15 Nov 2003, Omar Bongo Ondimba) (b. 1935 - d. 2009) 6 May 2009 - 8 Jun 2009 Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge (b. 1946) (acting for Bongo) 10 Jun 2009 - 16 Oct 2009 Rose Francine Rogomb� (f) (b. 1942 - d. 2015) (interim) 16 Oct 2009 - 30 Aug 2023 Ali Bongo Ondimba (b. 1959) 30 Aug 2023 - Brice Oligui Nguema (b. 1975?) (president of Committee of Transition and Restoration of Institutions to 4 Sep 2023, then transitional president)

Prime ministers 21 May 1957 - 21 Feb 1961 L�on M'ba (s.a.) (vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958, president of the Government Council 26 Jul - 28 Nov 1958, head of the Provisional Government 28 Nov 1958 - 27 Feb 1959) 16 Apr 1975 - 3 May 1990 L�on M�biame (b. 1934 - d. 2015) 3 May 1990 - 2 Nov 1994 Casimir Oy�-Mba (b. 1942 - d. 2021) 2 Nov 1994 - 23 Jan 1999 Paulin Obame-Nguema (b. 1934 - d. 2023) 23 Jan 1999 - 20 Jan 2006 Jean-Fran�ois Ntoutoume Emane (b. 1939) 20 Jan 2006 - 17 Jul 2009 Jean Eyeghe Ndong (b. 1946) 17 Jul 2009 - 28 Feb 2012 Paul Biyogh� Mba (b. 1953) 28 Feb 2012 - 27 Jan 2014 Raymond Ndong Sima (1st time) (b. 1955) 27 Jan 2014 - 29 Sep 2016 Daniel Ona Ondo (b. 1945) 29 Sep 2016 - 15 Jan 2019 Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet (b. 1961 - d. 2020) 15 Jan 2019 - 22 Jul 2020 Julien Nkoghe Bekale (b. 1962) 22 Jul 2020 - 10 Jan 2023 Rose Christiane Ossouka Raponda (f) (b. 1964) 10 Jan 2023 - 30 Aug 2023 Alain Claude Bilie-By-Nze (b. 1967) 8 Sep 2023 - Raymond Ndong Sima (2nd time) (s.a.) (interim)

Orungu

Note: There is a large number of very minor traditional polities, with very fragmentary records. Orungu is the only major one.

bf.1700                Orungu kingdom founded
   1927                kingdom extinguished by French colonial government

Rulers (title Agamwinboni) - Abulia dynasty - 1790 - 1803 Reombi "Mpolo" (b. _c._1760 - d. 18...) 1803 - 1840 Ogul'Issogwe = Rogombe "Mpolo" = Pasol 1840 - 1860 Ombango Rogombe "Ikinda" = Pascal 1860 - 1865 Ndebulia-Rogombe 1865 - 1882 Ncege 1882 - ... Avonowanga ... - 1927 Rogombe-Mentchandi

Gambia, The

   1815                British rule in Fort James
   1816                Bathurst founded
   1821                British colony (subordinated to Sierra Leone until 1843
                       and 1866-88)
   1857                France cedes its last settlement in the area (Albreda)
                       to the British
   1894                British protectorate proclaimed on the interior

18 Feb 1965 independence 24 Apr 1970 Republic of The Gambia 1 Feb 1982 - 30 Sep 1989 confederation with Senegal (Senegambia) Dec 2015 - 28 Jan 2017 Islamic Republic of The Gambia

Commandant 1815 - 1829 Alexander Grant Lieutenant governors 1829 - 1830 Alexander Findlay 1830 - 1837 George Rendall 1837 - 1838 Thomas Lewis Ingram (1st time) 1838 - 1839 William Mackie 1839 - 1840 Thomas Lewis Ingram (2nd time) 1840 - 1841 Sir Henry Vere Huntley (b. 1795 - d. 1864) 1841 - 1843 Thomas Lewis Ingram (3rd time) Governors 1843 Henry Froude Seagram 1843 - 1844 Edmund Norcott 1844 - 1847 Charles Fitzgerald (b. 1792 - d. 1887) 1847 - 1851 Richard Graves MacDonnell (b. 1814 - d. 1881) 1851 - 1852 Arthur Edward Kennedy (b. 1810 - d. 1883) 1852 - 1859 Luke Smythe O'Connor (b. 1806 - d. 1873) 1859 - 1866 George Abbas Kooli D'Arcy (b. 1818? - d. 1885) Administrators 1866 - 21 Apr 1869 Charles George Edward Patey (b. 1813 - d. 1881) 21 Apr 1869 - 12 Sep 1870 Alexander Bravo (acting) (b. 1829 - d. 1902) 12 Sep 1870 - Jul 1871 Henry Anton (acting) (b. 1824 - d. 1871) Aug 1871 - 21 Apr 1872 Jeremiah Thomas Fitzgerald Callaghan (b. 1827 - d. 1881) 21 Apr 1872 - 7 Oct 1872 Henry Fowler (acting) 7 Oct 1872 - Oct 1873 Henry Towry Miles Cooper (1st time) (acting) (b. 1838 - d. 1877) Oct 1873 - 12 Feb 1875 Cornelius Hendericksen Kortright (b. 1817 - d. 1897) 12 Feb 1875 - Jul 1875 Henry Towry Miles Cooper (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) Jul 1875 - Mar 1877 Samuel Rowe (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1888) Mar 1877 - Mar 1884 Valesius Skipton Gouldsbury (b. 1839 - d. 1896) Mar 1884 - Dec 1885 Alfred Moloney (b. 1848 - d. 1913) Dec 1885 - Feb 1886 Gilbert Thomas Carter (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1927) (acting) Feb 1886 - 12 Jun 1886 James Shaw Hay (b. 1839 - d. 1924) 12 Jun 1886 - 29 Apr 1887 Gilbert Thomas Carter (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 29 Apr 1887 - 27 Nov 1887 Samuel Rowe (2nd time) (s.a.) 27 Nov 1887 - 6 Jun 1888 Thomas Risely Griffith (acting) (b. 1848 - d. ...) 6 Jun 1888 - 1891 Gilbert Thomas Carter (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting to Nov 1888) 1891 - 21 Mar 1900 Robert Baxter Llewelyn (from 1 Jan 1898, Sir Robert Baxter Llewelyn) (b. 1845 - d. 1919) 21 Mar 1900 - Jan 1901 Horace Major Brandford Griffith (b. 1863 - d. 1909) (acting) Jan 1901 - Mar 1901 Sir George Chardin Denton (b. 1851 - d. 1928) Governors Mar 1901 - 1911 Sir George Chardin Denton (s.a.) 21 Dec 1911 - 1914 Henry Lionel Galway (b. 1859 - d. 1949) 11 Apr 1914 - 1920 Edward Cameron (from 3 Jun 1916, Sir Edward Cameron) (b. 1858 - d. 1947) 1920 Herbert Henniker Heaton (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1961) 3 Jan 1921 - 1927 Cecil Hamilton Armitage (from 3 Jul 1926, Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage) (b. 1869 - d. 1933) 10 Mar 1927 - 1928 Sir John Middleton (b. 1870 - d. 1954) 29 Nov 1928 - 1930 Sir Edward Brandis Denham (b. 1876 - d. 1938) 11 Sep 1930 - 1933 Richmond Palmer (from 2 Jan 1933, Sir Richmond Palmer) (b. 1877 - d. 1958) 1933 - 12 Apr 1934 Godfrey Charles Brian Parish (b. 1897 - d. 1934) (acting) 12 Apr 1934 - 1936 Arthur Frederick Richards (from 3 Jun 1935, Sir Arthur Frederick Richards) (b. 1885 - d. 1978) 22 Oct 1936 - 1942 Sir Thomas Southorn (b. 1879 - d. 1957) 23 Mar 1942 - 1947 Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood (from 1 Jan 1944, Sir Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood) (b. 1893 - d. 1967) 29 Mar 1947 - 1949 Andrew Barkworth Wright (from 1 Jan 1948, Sir Andrew Barkworth Wright) (b. 1895 - d. 1971) Dec 1949 - 1958 Percy Wyn-Harris (from 1 Jan 1952, Sir Percy Wyn-Harris) (b. 1903 - d. 1979) 19 Jun 1958 - 1962 Sir Edward Windley (b. 1909 - d. 1972) 29 Mar 1962 - 18 Feb 1965 John Warburton Paul (from 2 Jun 1962, Sir John Warburton Paul) (b. 1916 - d. 2004) Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 18 Feb 1965 - 9 Feb 1966 Sir John Warburton Paul (s.a.) 9 Feb 1966 - 24 Apr 1970 Farimang Mamadi Singhateh (from 12 Sep 1966, Sir Farimang Mamadi Singhateh) (b. 1912 - d. 1977) (acting to Jul 1966) Presidents 24 Apr 1970 - 22 Jul 1994 Sir Dawda Jawara (b. 1924 - d. 2019) 30 Jul 1981 - 5 Aug 1981 Kukoi Samba Sanyang (b. 1952 - d. 2013) (chairman National Revolutionary Council, in rebellion) 22 Jul 1994 - 21 Jan 2017 Yahya Jammeh (b. 1965) (chairman Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council to 28 Sep 1996; Head of State to 18 Oct 1996) 19 Jan 2017 - Adama Barrow (b. 1965) (in Senegal exile to 26 Jan 2017)

Chief minister Mar 1961 - 12 Jun 1962 Pierre Sarr N'Jie (b. 1909 - d. 1993) Premier 12 Jun 1962 - 4 Oct 1963 David Jawara (s.a.) Prime minister 4 Oct 1963 - 24 Apr 1970 David Jawara (from 1965, Dawda Jawara; from 1 Jan 1966, Sir Dawda Jawara) (s.a.)

Genoa: see under Italian states.

Georgia

K`art`li

   1491                Kingdom of K`art`li, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
                       established
   1727 -        1735  annexed by Ottoman Empire
   1736 -        1744  annexed by Iran

19 Jan 1762 personal union with Kakhet`i reestablished

Kings (alternative names are the official Ottoman and/or Iranian names) - Bagrationi dynasty - 1695 - 1703 Nikoloz Irakli I = Nazar Ali Khan (2nd time) (b. 1643 - d. 1710) 1703 - 2 May 1709 Giorgi XI = Gurjin Khan = Shah Nawaz III (3rd time) (b. af.1648 - d. 1709) 2 May 1709 - Jul 1709 Levanti = Shah Qoli Khan (b. _c._1659 - d. 1709) Jul 1709 - 8 Oct 1711 Kaikhosro = Khosraw Khan (b. 1674 - d. 1711) 8 Oct 1711 - Oct 1714 Vakhtang VI = Hoseyn Qoli Khan (1st time) (b. 1675 - d. 1737) Oct 1714 - Jun 1716 Iese = Ali Qoli Khan (1st time) (b. _c._1680 - d. 1727) 1716 - 1717 Vakhtang VI = Hoseyn Qoli Khan (2nd time) (s.a.) 1717 - Aug 1719 Bakar III = Shah Nawaz IV (1st time) (b. 1700? - d. 1750) Aug 1719 - May 1723 Vakhtang VI = Hoseyn Qoli Khan (3rd time) (s.a.) May 1723 - Jun 1723 Konstantine III = Mahmud Qoli Khan Jun 1723 - Jul 1724 Bakar III = Ebrahim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) 1724 - 1727 Iese = Mostafa Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) 1735 - 1736 Aleksandre II = Ali Mirza Jul 1744 - 19 Jan 1762 Teimuraz II (b. 1680 - d. 1762)

Kakhet`i

   1491                Kingdom of Kakhet`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
                       established
   1676 -        1703  annexed by Iran

Kings (alternative names are the official Ottoman and/or Iranian names) - Bagrationi dynasty - May 1703 - May 1721 Davit II = Emam Qoli Khan (b. 1678 - d. 1721) May 1721 - 4 Dec 1732 Konstantine II = Mahmud Qoli Khan = (from 1724) Mahmud Pasha (b. ... - d. 1732) 4 Dec 1732 - 1736 Teimuraz II (1st time) (s.a.) 1736 - 1738 Aleksandre III 1738 - 1744 Teimuraz II (2nd time) (s.a.) Jul 1744 - 19 Jan 1762 Irakli II (b. 1721 - d. 1798)

K`art`li and Kakhet`i

19 Jan 1762 Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakhet`i in personal union, often officially styled Kingdom of Georgia 9 Jan 1801 kingdom bequeathed to the Russian emperor 24 Apr 1802 incorporation into Russian Empire; "Georgian Tsar" added to imperial style

Kings - Bagrationi dynasty - 19 Jan 1762 - 22 Jan 1798 Irakli II (s.a.) 22 Jan 1798 - 9 Jan 1801 Giorgi XII (b. 1746 - d. 1801) 9 Jan 1801 - 24 Apr 1802 Provisional Government - Ivan Lazarev (b. 1763 - d. 1803) (chairman from 3 Jun 1801) - Prince Ioane Batonishvili (b. 1768 - d. 1839) - Ignati Tumanishvili 20 Jan 1801 - 24 Apr 1802 Crown Prince Davit Batonishvili (b. 1767 - d. 1819) (semi-officially recognized as regent) Russian rulers of Georgia 22 Feb 1802 - 1804 Pyotr Kovalevsky (b. 1766 - d. 1827) 1804 - 1805 Knyaz Dmitry Volkonsky (b. 1770 - d. 1835) 21 Jan 1806 - 1807 Pyotr Litvinov 3 Nov 1807 - 17 Aug 1811 Fyodor Akhverdov (b. 1773 - d. 1820)

Imeret`i

   1491                Kingdom of Imeret`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
                       established

23 May 1810 incorporation into Russian Empire

Kings - Vardanidze-Dadiani dynasty - 1701 - 1702 Mamia (1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1714) - Abashidze dynasty - 1702 - 1703 Giorgi V (1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1722) - Bagrationi dynasty - 1703 Giorgi VI (1st time) (b. 1691 - d. 1720) - Abashidze dynasty - 1703 - 1707 Giorgi V (2nd time) (s.a.) - Bagrationi dynasty - 1707 - Oct 1711 Giorgi VI (2nd time) (s.a.) - Vardanidze-Dadiani dynasty - Oct 1711 - Jun 1712 Mamia (2nd time) (s.a.) - Bagrationi dynasty - Jun 1712 - Nov 1713 Giorgi VI (3rd time) (s.a.) - Vardanidze-Dadiani dynasty - Nov 1713 - May 1714 Mamia (3rd time) (s.a.) - Bagrationi dynasty - May 1714 - Mar 1720 Giorgi VI (4th time) (s.a.) - Vardanidze-Dadiani dynasty - Mar 1720 - Jun 1720 Giorgi IV (b. 1702 - d. 1726) - Bagrationi dynasty - Jun 1720 - 1741 Aleksandre V (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1752) 1741 - 1742 Giorgi VII (b. 1721 - d. af.1772) 1742 - 1747 Aleksandre V (2nd time) (s.a.) 1747 - 1749 Mamuka 1749 - Mar 1752 Aleksandre V (3rd time) (s.a.) Mar 1752 - 1765 Solomon I "Didi" (1st time) (b. 1735 - d. 1784) 1765 - 1768 Teimuraz 1768 - 4 May 1784 Solomon I "Didi" (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 May 1784 - 1789 Davit` (b. 1756 - d. 1795) (continuing in rebellion to 1792) 1789 - 23 May 1810 Solomon II (b. 1773 - d. 1815)

Russian Caucasus

Viceroys of the Caucasus (in Tiflis [now Tbilisi, Georgia]) (13 Jan 1882 - 13 Jan 1905, commanders-in-chief of the civil administration of the Caucasus) 8 Jan 1845 - 13 Mar 1854 Knyaz Mikhail Vorontsov (b. 1782 - d. 1856) 13 Mar 1854 - 11 Dec 1854 Nikolay Read (acting) (b. 1793 - d. 1855) 11 Dec 1854 - 3 Aug 1856 Nikolay Muravyov-Karsky (b. 1794 - d. 1866) 3 Aug 1856 - 18 Dec 1862 Knyaz Aleksandr Baryatinsky (b. 1815 - d. 1879) 18 Dec 1862 - 4 Aug 1881 Veliky Knyaz Mikhail (b. 1832 - d. 1909) 13 Jan 1882 - 15 Jun 1890 Knyaz Aleksandr Dondukov-Korsakov (b. 1820 - d. 1893) 15 Jun 1890 - 18 Dec 1896 Sergey Sheremetev (b. 1836 - d. 1896) 24 Dec 1896 - 13 Jan 1905 Knyaz Grigory Golitsyn (b. 1838 - d. 1907) 11 Mar 1905 - 5 Sep 1915 Graf Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov (b. 1837 - d. 1916) 5 Sep 1915 - 22 Mar 1917 Veliky Knyaz Nikolay (b. 1856 - d. 1929)

Georgia (from 1841, Georgia-Imereti; from 1847, Tiflis) province

Governors 17 Aug 1811 - 1813 Mark Malinsky 20 Jul 1813 - 1815 Fyodor Simonovich 18 Nov 1815 - 1818 Karl Stal (b. 1774 - d. 1824) 1818 - 1829 Roman Khoven (b. 1775 - d. 1861) 31 Jul 1829 - 1832 Pyotr Zaveleysky (b. 1800 - d. 1843) 14 Feb 1832 - 1837 Nikolay Palavandov (b. ... - d. 1850) 25 Dec 1837 - 1838 Mikhail Brayko (b. 1784 - d. 1848) 21 May 1838 - 6 Mar 1840 Dmitry Akhlestyshev (b. 1796 - d. 1875) 22 Jul 1841 - Mar 1843 Aleksandr Skalon (b. 1796 - d. 1851) 20 Oct 1843 - 1845 Vasily Sotnikov (b. 1788 - d. 1853) 24 Jun 1845 - 1846 Mikhail Zherebtsov (b. 1792 - d. 1870) 20 Jun 1846 - 1849 Sergey Yermolov (b. 1798 - d. 1856) Military governors 18 Oct 1849 - 1855 Ivan Andronnikov (b. 1798 - d. 1868) 31 Dec 1855 - 1857 Nikolay Lukash (b. 1796 - d. 1868) 13 Jan 1858 - 1860 Aleksandr Kapger (b. 1809 - d. 1876) Governors 6 Apr 1860 - 20 Mar 1876 Konstantin Orlovsky (b. 1810 - d. 1876) 5 Jun 1876 - 1877 Baron Maksimilian Osten-Saken (b. 1833 - d. 1884) 20 Jan 1878 - 1883 Knyaz Konstantin Gagarin (b. 1841 - d. 1916) 23 Sep 1883 - 1887 Aleksandr Grosman (b. 1836 - d. 1890) 24 Mar 1887 - 1888 Karl Zisserman (b. 1836 - d. 1888) 20 Dec 1888 - 1897 Knyaz Georgy Shervashidze (b. 1847 - d. 1918) 24 Jul 1897 - 27 Feb 1899 Fyodor Bykov (b. 18... - d. 1915) 23 Mar 1899 - 17 Aug 1905 Ivan Svechin (b. 1863 - d. 1930) 17 Aug 1905 - 5 Oct 1907 Baron Pavel Raush fon Traubenberg (b. 1858 - d. 1923) 5 Oct 1907 - 23 May 1911 Mikhail Lyubich-Yarmolovich- Lozina-Lozinsky (b. 1865 - d. 19...) 23 May 1911 - 1914 Andrey Chernyavsky (b. 1867 - d. 1937) 1914 - 1916 Ivan Strakhovsky (b. 1866 - d. 1918) 1916 - 1917 Aleksandr Mandrika (b. 1876 - d. 1928)

Kutaisi province (territory of former Imeret`i)

Military governors 29 Apr 1847 - 1851 Konstantin Belyavsky (b. 1802 - d. 1857) 1851 - 1853 Knyaz Aleksandr Gagarin (1st time) (b. 1801 - d. 1857) 1853 - 1856 Knyaz Ivan Bagration-Mukhransky (b. 1812 - d. 1895) 1856 - 8 Nov 1857 Knyaz Aleksandr Gagarin (2nd time) (s.a.) (governor-general) 1858 - 1860 Knyaz Georgy Eristov (b. 1812 - d. 1891) (governor-general) 1860 - 1863 Nikolay Kolyubakin (b. 1810 - d. 1868) 1863 - 1866 Knyaz Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky (b. 1824 - d. 1899) (governor-general) 1867 - 28 Sep 1874 Graf Vladimir Levashov (b. 1834 - d. 1898) Governors 1858 - 1861 Nikolay Ivanov (b. 1813 - d. 1873) 1865 - 1866 Aleksandr Ogolin (b. 1821 - d. 1911) 1878 - 1883 Nikolay Malafeyev (b. 18... - d. 1911) Military governors 13 Jul 1883 - 23 Feb 1887 Aleksey Smekalov (b. 1838 - d. 1890) 23 Mar 1887 - 13 Dec 1890 Aleksandr Grosman (b. 1836 - d. 1890)
3 Jan 1891 - 11 Jun 1898 Mikhail Shalikov (b. 1831 - d. 1909) 31 Jul 1898 - 4 May 1901 Fyodor Gershelman (b. 1853 - d. 1918?) 2 Nov 1901 - 8 Jul 1903 Aleksey Smagin (b. 1857 - d. 1928) Governors 8 Jul 1903 - May 1905 Aleksey Smagin (s.a.) 1905 - 1906 Vladimir Staroselsky (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 1916) 11 Dec 1907 - 1914 Adam Slavochinsky (b. 1855 - d. 1925) 1914 - 1916 Lev Potulov (b. 1877 - d. af.1931) 1916 - 1917 Graf Aleksandr Gudovich (b. 1869 - d. 1919)

Transcaucasia

22 Apr 1918 Democratic Federative Republic of Transcaucasia (consisting of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) 26 May 1918 dissolution into three independent republics 12 Mar 1922 Federative Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia 13 Dec 1922 Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 30 Dec 1922 T.S.F.S.R. founding component of the Soviet Union (see Soviet republics)

Chairman of the Diet 22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918 Nikoloz Ch'kheidze (b. 1865 - d. 1926) Union Council 12 Mar 1922 - 15 Jan 1923 Nariman Narimanov (b. 1870 - d. 1925) + Polikarp Mdivani (to 4 Dec 1922) (b. 1877 - d. 1937) + Shalva Eliava (from 4 Dec 1922) (b. 1883 - d. 1937) + Aleksandr Myasnikyan (b. 1886 - d. 1925)

Georgia

26 May 1918 Georgian Democratic Republic 25 Feb 1921 Georgian Socialist Soviet Republic 12 Mar 1922 part of the Federative Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia 13 Dec 1922 part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 5 Dec 1936 T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Georgian S.S.R. becomes a full union republic (see Soviet republics) 14 Nov 1990 Georgian Republic 9 Apr 1991 independence declared 25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.) 26 Nov 1995 Georgia

Heads of state 26 May 1918 - 12 Mar 1919 Noe Zhordania (b. 1868 - d. 1953) (president of National Council to Oct 1918, then president of Parliament) 12 Mar 1919 - 25 Feb 1921 Nikoloz Ch'kheidze (s.a.) (president of Constituent Assembly) Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee 25 Feb 1921 - 7 Jul 1921 P'ilipe Makharadze (b. 1868 - d. 1941) 7 Jul 1921 - 28 Feb 1922 Polikarp Mdivani (s.a.) Chairman of the Central Executive Committee 28 Feb 1922 - 4 Jan 1924 P'ilipe Makharadze (s.a.) Presidents 14 Nov 1990 - 6 Jan 1992� Zviad Gamsakhurdia (b. 1939 - d. 1993) (chairman Supreme Council to 14 Apr 1991) 6 Jan 1992 - 10 Mar 1992 Tengiz Kitovani (b. 1939 - d. 2023) + Jaba Ioseliani (b. 1926 - d. 2003) (co-leaders Military Council) 10 Mar 1992 - 23 Nov 2003 Eduard Shevardnadze (b. 1928 - d. 2014) (chairman State Council to 6 Nov 1992; chairman Parliament 6 Nov 1992 - 26 Nov 1995) 23 Nov 2003 - 25 Jan 2004 Nino Burjanadze (f) (1st time) (b. 1964) (acting) 25 Jan 2004 - 25 Nov 2007 Mikheil Saakashvili (1st time) (b. 1967) 25 Nov 2007 - 20 Jan 2008 Nino Burjanadze (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 20 Jan 2008 - 17 Nov 2013 Mikheil Saakashvili (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Nov 2013 - 16 Dec 2018 Giorgi Margvelashvili (b. 1969) 16 Dec 2018 - Salome Zurabishvili (f) (b. 1952)

Prime ministers 26 May 1918 - 24 Jun 1918 Noe Ramishvili (b. 18... - d. 1930) 24 Jun 1918 - 1921 Noe Zhordania (s.a.) Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars 25 Feb 1922 - 1923 Sergey Kavtaradze (b. 1885 - d. 1971) Prime ministers 15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991 Tengiz Sigua (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2020) 18 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991 Murman Omanidze (acting) (b. 1938 - d. 2020) 23 Aug 1991 - 6 Jan 1992� Bessarion Gugushvili (b. 1945) 6 Jan 1992 - 6 Aug 1993 Tengiz Sigua (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Aug 1993 - 20 Aug 1993 Eduard Shevardnadze (acting) (s.a.) 20 Aug 1993 - 5 Oct 1995 Otar Patsatsia (b. 1929 - d. 2021) Ministers of state 8 Dec 1995 - 7 Aug 1998 Niko Lekishvili (b. 1947) 7 Aug 1998 - 11 May 2000 Vazha Lortkipanidze (b. 1949) 11 May 2000 - 21 Dec 2001 Giorgi Arsenishvili (b. 1942 - d. 2010) 21 Dec 2001 - 27 Nov 2003 Avtandil Jorbenadze (b. 1951) 27 Nov 2003 - 17 Feb 2004 Zurab Zhvania (b. 1963 - d. 2005) Prime ministers 17 Feb 2004 - 3 Feb 2005 Zurab Zhvania (s.a.) 17 Feb 2005 - 22 Nov 2007 Zurab Nogaideli (b. 1964) 22 Nov 2007 - 1 Nov 2008 Lado Gurgenidze (b. 1970) 1 Nov 2008 - 6 Feb 2009 Grigol Mgaloblishvili (b. 1973) 6 Feb 2009 - 4 Jul 2012 Nika Gilauri (b. 1975) 4 Jul 2012 - 25 Oct 2012 Vano Merabishvili (b. 1968) 25 Oct 2012 - 20 Nov 2013 Bidzina Ivanishvili (b. 1956) 20 Nov 2013 - 30 Dec 2015 Irakli Garibashvili (1st time) (b. 1982) 30 Dec 2015 - 20 Jun 2018 Giorgi Kvirikashvili (b. 1967) 20 Jun 2018 - 8 Sep 2019 Mamuka Bakhtadze (b. 1982) 8 Sep 2019 - 18 Feb 2021 Giorgi Gakharia (b. 1975) 18 Feb 2021 - 22 Feb 2021 Maya Tskitishvili (f) (acting) (b. 1974) 22 Feb 2021 - 8 Feb 2024 Irakli Garibashvili (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Feb 2024 - Irakli Kobakhidze (b. 1978)

�The ousted administration of Gamsakhurdia and Gugushvili formed a counter-government at Zugdidi on 24 Sep 1993 that controlled parts of western Georgia until 6 Nov 1993.

Mingrelia

bf.1323                Principality of Mingrelia (Samegrelo) established

4 Jan 1867 incorporation into Russian Empire

Princes - Chikovani-Dadiani dynasty - 1691 - 1704 Giorgi IV Lipartiani (1st time) 1704 - 1710 Katsia I 1710 - 1714 Giorgi IV Lipartiani (2nd time) 1715 - 1728 Bezhan (b. ... - d. 1728) 1728 - 1744 Otia (b. ... - d. 1744) 1744 - 17 Dec 1788 Katsia II (b. ... - d. 1788) 17 Dec 1788 - 1791 Grigol (1st time) (b. 17... - d. 1804) 1791 - 1793 Manuchar II 1793 - 1794 Tariel (1st time) (b. 17... - d. 1802) 1794 - 1802 Grigol (2nd time) (s.a.) 1802 Tariel (2nd time) (s.a.) 1802 - 4 Nov 1804 Grigol (3rd time) (s.a.) 4 Nov 1804 - 1840 Levan V (b. 1793 - d. 1846) 1840 - 11 Sep 1853 Davit (b. 1812 - d. 1853) 11 Sep 1853 - 4 Jan 1867 Nikoloz (b. 1847 - d. 1903)

Guria

   1352                Principality of Guria established
   1830                incorporation into Russian Empire

Princes - Vardanidze-Dadiani dynasty - 1689 - 1712 Mamia III (1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1714) 1712 Giorgi IV (1st time) (b. 1702 - d. 1726) 1712 - 16 Jan 1714 Mamia III (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Jan 1714 - 1716 Giorgi IV (2nd time) (s.a.) 1716 Kaikhosro III 1716 - 1726 Giorgi IV (3rd time) (s.a.) 1726 - 1744 Mamia IV (b. _c._1717 - d. 1778) 1744 Giorgi V 1744 - 1778 Svimon II (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1792) 1778 - 178. Kaikhosro IV (b. ... - d. af.1820) 178. - 1792 Svimon II (2nd time) (s.a.) 1792 - 1803 Vakhtang II (b. ... - d. af.1814) 1803 - Jul 1823 Mamia V (b. 1789 - d. 1823) Jul 1823 - Sep 1829 Davit` (b. 1815 - d. 1839)

Svania (Svanet`i)

   1460                Principality of Svania established
   1858                incorporation into Russian Empire

Princes - Dadeshk`eliani dynasty - 1750 Otar _c._1780 - _c._1800 Mistost (b. ... - d. _c._1800) _c._1800 - Sep 1841 Tsiokh Nikoloz (b. ... - d. 1841) Sep 1841 - 1846 Mikheil (b. ... - d. 1850) 1846 - Sep 1857 Konstantine (b. 1827 - d. 1858)

Abkhazia

   1325                Principality of Abkhazia established
   1810                Russian protectorate

Jun 1864 incorporation into Russian Empire 4 Mar 1921 Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia 16 Dec 1921 confederated with Georgian S.S.R. 19 Feb 1931 Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia within Georgian S.S.R. 5 Dec 1936 renamed Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 23 Jul 1992 independence of Republic of Abkhazia declared (recognized only by Russia [26 Aug 2008], Nicaragua [3 Sep 2008], Venezuela [10 Sep 2009], Nauru [15 Dec 2009], Vanuatu [23 May 2011, subsequently contradicted], Tuvalu [18 Sep 2011], and Syria [29 May 2018])

Executive secretaries (from May 1932, first secretaries) of the Communist Party committee Jan 1922 - 1922 Serapion Gubeli-Medzmariashvili (b. 1892 - d. 1926) 1922 - 1923 Nikolay Akirtava (b. 1894 - d. 1937) 1923 - Apr 1924 Gerasim Markarov (b. ... - d. 1937) Apr 1924 - Jan 1925 Yervand Asribekov (b. 1898 - d. 1937) Jan 1925 - Feb 1928 Georgy Sturua (b. 1884 - d. 1956) Feb 1928 - May 1929 Aleksandr Amas (b. 1904 - d. 1938) May 1929 - 1930 Pavel Meladze (b. 1898 - d. 1937) 1930 - Jan 1936 Vladimir Ladaria (b. 1900 - d. 1937) Jan 1936 - 1937 Aleksey Agrba (b. 1897 - d. 1938) 1937 Mikhail Gobechia (b. 1902 - d. 1937) Nov 1937 - Mar 1940 Kirill Bechvaya (b. 1903 - d. 1974) (acting to Jun 1938) 1940 - 20 Feb 1943 Mikhail Baramia (b. 1905 - d. ...) 20 Feb 1943 - 8 Dec 1951 Akaki Mgeladze (b. 1910 - d. 1980) 8 Dec 1951 - 21 Apr 1953 Shota Getia (b. 1904 - d. ...) 21 Apr 1953 - 2 Oct 1953 Grigory Karchava (b. 1907 - d. ...) 2 Oct 1953 - Dec 1955 Georgy Gegeshidze (b. 1924 - d. 1971) Dec 1955 - Jan 1958 Otar Gotsiridze (b. 1919) Jan 1958 - 1965 Mikhail Bgazhba (b. 1915 - d. 1993) 1965 - 1975 Valerian Kobakhia (b. 1929 - d. 1992) 1975 - 19 Apr 1978 Valery Khintba (b. 1940) 19 Apr 1978 - 6 Apr 1989 Boris Adleyba (b. 1931 - d. 1990) 6 Apr 1989 - 1991 Vladimir Khishba (b. 1936)

Princes - Sharvashidze dynasty - 1789 - 14 May 1806 Kelesh Begi (b. 1747 - d. 1806) 14 May 1806 - Jun 1810 Arslan Begi (1st time) Jun 1810 - 13 Nov 1821 Safar Begi (from 1810, Giorgi) (b. 17... - d. 1821) 13 Nov 1821 - Oct 1822 Dimitri (b. ... - d. 1822) 1821 - 1822 Arslan Begi (2nd time) (in rebellion) Oct 1822 - Jun 1864 Mikheil (b. ... - d. 1866) Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee Feb 1921 - 1922 Yefrem Eshba (b. 1893 - d. 1939) (to Feb 1922 chairman of the Revolutionary Committee) 1922 - 1923 Samson Kartozia (b. 1893 - d. 1937) 1925 - 17 Apr 1930 Samson Chamba (b. 1886 - d. 1937) 17 Apr 1930 - 28 Dec 1936 Nestor Lakoba (b. 1893 - d. 1936) 17 Feb 1937 - Sep 1937 Aleksey Agrba (s.a.) 2 Nov 1937 - 12 Jul 1938 Avksenty Rapava (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1955) Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 13 Jul 1938 - 7 Apr 1948 Mikhail Delba (b. 1905 - d. 1992) 7 Apr 1948 - Jan 1958 Andrey Chochua (b. 1879 - d. 1965) Jan 1958 - Oct 1978 Bagrat Shinkuba (b. 1917 - d. 2004) Oct 1978 - 24 Dec 1990 Valerian Kobakhia (s.a.) Presidents 4 Dec 1990 - 12 Feb 2005 Vladislav Ardzinba (b. 1945 - d. 2010) (chairman of parliament to 26 Nov 1994) 12 Feb 2005 - 29 May 2011 Sergey Bagapsh (b. 1949 - d. 2011) 29 May 2011 - 1 Jun 2014 Aleksandr Ankvab (b. 1952) (acting to 26 Sep 2011) 31 May 2014 - 25 Sep 2014 Valery Bganba (1st time) (b. 1953) (acting [for Ankvab to 1 Jun 2014]) 25 Sep 2014 - 13 Jan 2020 Raul Khadjimba (b. 1958) 13 Jan 2020 - 23 Apr 2020 Valery Bganba (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 23 Apr 2020 - Aslan Bzhania (b. 1963)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars (from 27 Mar 1946 Council of Ministers) Feb 1922 - 17 Apr 1930 Nestor Lakoba (s.a.) 14 Jul 1938 - 23 Nov 1938 Avksenty Rapava (s.a.) 23 Nov 1938 - 1943 Konstantin Chichinadze (b. 1902 - d. ...) 1943 - 7 Apr 1948 Aleksandr Mirtskhulava (b. 1911 - d. 2009) 7 Apr 1948 - Oct 1953 Mikhail Delba (s.a.) Oct 1953 - 1957 Arkhip Labakhua (b. 1910 - d. ...) 1957 - Jan 1958 Mikhail Bgazhba (s.a.) Jan 1958 - May 1967 Mikhail Chikovani (b. 1911 - d. ...) May 1967 - 1972 Pavel Gilashvili (b. 1918 - d. 1994) 1972 - Feb 1973 Boris Gigiberia (b. 1917 - d. 1974) Feb 1973 - Aug 1975 Shota Tatarashvili (b. 1922 - d. 1975) Oct 1975 - 21 Sep 1978 Avtandil Sakvarelidze 21 Sep 1978 - 7 Apr 1987 Yuza Ubilava (b. 1941) 7 Apr 1987 - 22 Jul 1989 Otar Zukhbaya (b. 1940) 22 Jul 1989 - 1990 Givi Anchabadze (b. 1933) Prime ministers 5 May 1992 - 12 Dec 1993 Vazha Zarandia (b. 1932) 1993 - 1994 Sokrat Djindjolia (b. 1937) Jan 1995 - 29 Apr 1997 Gennady Gagulia (1st time) (b. 1948 - d. 2018) 29 Apr 1997 - Dec 1999 Sergey Bagapsh (s.a.) Dec 1999 - Jun 2001 Vyacheslav Tsugba (b. 1944) Jun 2001 - 29 Nov 2002 Anri Djergenia (b. 1941 - d. 2020) 29 Nov 2002 - 22 Apr 2003 Gennady Gagulia (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 Apr 2003 - 6 Oct 2004 Raul Khadjimba (s.a.) 6 Oct 2004 - 14 Feb 2005 Nodar Khashba (b. 1951) 14 Feb 2005 - 13 Feb 2010 Aleksandr Ankvab (1st time) (s.a.) 13 Feb 2010 - 27 Sep 2011 Sergey Shamba (b. 1951) 27 Sep 2011 - 2 Jun 2014 Leonid Lakerbaya (b. 1947) 2 Jun 2014 - 29 Sep 2014 Vladimir Delba (acting) (b. 1974) 29 Sep 2014 - 16 Mar 2015 Beslan Butba (b. 1960) 16 Mar 2015 - 20 Mar 2015 Shamil Adzynba (1st time) (acting) (b. 1970) 20 Mar 2015 - 26 Jul 2016 Artur Mikvabia (b. 1949) 26 Jul 2016 - 5 Aug 2016 Shamil Adzynba (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 5 Aug 2016 - 24 Apr 2018 Beslan Bartsits (b. 1978) 24 Apr 2018 - 8 Sep 2018 Gennady Gagulia (3rd time) (s.a.) 8 Sep 2018 - 18 Sep 2018 Daur Arshba (acting) (b. 1962) 18 Sep 2018 - 24 Apr 2020 Valery Bganba (s.a.) 24 Apr 2020 - Aleksandr Ankvab (2nd time) (s.a.)

Pro-Georgian government (in Tbilisi; 27 Sep 2006 - 12 Aug 2008 in Chkhalta, Abkhazia)

Chairmen of the Supreme Council 24 Nov 1992 - 16 Mar 2004 Tamaz Nadareishvili (b. 1954 - d. 2004) 16 Mar 2004 - 20 Mar 2009 Temur Mzhavia (b. 1952) 20 Mar 2009 - 8 Apr 2019 Elguja Gvazava (b. 1952) 8 Apr 2019 - Jemal Gamakharia (b. 1949)

Prime ministers 18 Jul 1993 - 27 Sep 1993 Zhiuli Shartava (b. 1944 - d. 1993) Nov 1993 - Jul 1998 Zurak Erkvania (b. 1951) Jul 1998 - 30 Sep 2004 Londer Tsaava 30 Sep 2004 - 21 Mar 2006 Irakli Alasania (b. 1973) 21 Mar 2006 - 15 Jun 2009 Malkhaz Akishbaya (b. 1972) 15 Jun 2009 - 8 Apr 2013 Giorgi Baramia (b. 1966) 8 Apr 2013 - 1 May 2019 Vakhtang Kolbaya (acting) (b. 1952) 1 May 2019 - Ruslan Abashidze (acting) (b. 1971)

South Ossetia

20 Apr 1922 Autonomous oblast South Ossetia 5 Dec 1936 South Ossetian autonomous oblast 20 Sep 1990 South Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic 4 May 1991 South Ossetian autonomous oblast 1 Sep 1991 Republic of South Ossetia 26 Nov 1991 independence declared (recognized only by Russia [26 Aug 2008], Nicaragua [3 Sep 2008], Venezuela [10 Sep 2009], Nauru [16 Dec 2009], Tuvalu [19 Sep 2011], and Syria [29 May 2018]) 13 Apr 2017 renamed Republic of South Ossetia-State of Alania

Executive secretaries of the Communist Party committee 1921 Sergey Gagloyev (b. 1896 - d. 1938) Jan 1922 - Apr 1924 Vladimir Sanakoyev (b. 1884 - d. 1937) Apr 1924 - 1925 Aleksandr Dzhatiyev (b. 1891 - d. 1942) 1925 - Jun 1928 Aleksandr Abayev (b. 1892 - d. 1937) 192. - 1930 Sergey Kudryavtsev (b. 1903 - d. 1938) 1930 - Feb 1931 Luka Lomidze (b. 1901 - d. 1938) Feb 1931 - Dec 1931 Stepan Akopov (b. 1897 - d. 1938) First secretaries of the Communist Party committee _c._1932 - _c._1934 Isaak Zhvaniya (b. 1891 - d. 1937) _c._1936 - 1937 Boris Tautiyev (b. ... - d. 1937) 1937 - Feb 1938 Georgy Gochashvili (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1988) Feb 1938 - Jan 1949 Vladimir Tskhovrebashvili (b. 1905 - d. 1977) Jan 1949 - May 1953 Akaky Imnadze (b. 1908 - d. ...) May 1953 - 1954 Ivan Kudzhiashvili (b. 1906 - d. ...) 1954 - 1959 Grigory Sanakoyev (b. 1914) 1959 - 1962 Vladimir Kozayev (b. 1917) 1962 - Feb 1965 Iosif Chiayev (b. 1907 - d. ...) Feb 1965 - 5 Nov 1973 Georgy Dzhussoyev (b. 1926) 5 Nov 1973 - 22 Apr 1988 Feliks Sanakoyev (b. 1939) 22 Apr 1988 - Jan 1990 Anatoly Chekhoyev (b. 1950) Jan 1990 - Apr 1991 Valentin Tskhovrebashvili (b. 1933) Apr 1991 - 26 Aug 1991 Znaur Gassiyev (b. 1925 - d. 2016)

Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet (from 27 Nov 1996, presidents) 10 Dec 1990 - Jan 1991 Torez Kulumbegov (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 2006) Jan 1991 - 4 May 1991 Alan Chochiyev (b. 1946) 1 Sep 1991 - Jan 1992 Znaur Gassiyev (s.a.) Jan 1992 - 23 Sep 1993 Torez Kulumbegov (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Sep 1993 - 18 Dec 2001 Lyudvig Chibirov (b. 1932) 18 Dec 2001 - 10 Dec 2011 Eduard Kokoyty (b. 1964) 11 Dec 2011 - 19 Apr 2012 Vadim Brovtsev (acting) (b. 1969) 19 Apr 2012 - 21 Apr 2017 Leonid Tibilov (b. 1952) 21 Apr 2017 - 24 May 2022 Anatoly Bibilov (b. 1970) 24 May 2022 - Alan Gagloyev (b. 1981)

Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee 7 Jun 1920 - 23 Jun 1920 Vladimir Abayev (b. 1886 - d. 1964) 25 Feb 1921 - 192. Vladimir Sanakoyev (s.a.) 192. - 22 Apr 1922 Aleksandr Dzhatiyev (s.a.) Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (from 1938 Executive Committee) Apr 1922 - 1924 Aleksandr Dzhatiyev (s.a.) 1924 - _c._1928 T. Bekuzarov _c._1936 - 1937 Ivan Dzhidzhoyev (b. ... - d. 1937) 1937 - _c._1941 Vladimir Khubayev (b. 1905 - d. ...) Jul 1943 - 13 Apr 1948 Aleksandr Galavanov (b. 1902 - d. 1986) 13 Apr 1948 - 1953 Ilya Kulukhov (b. 1901 - d. ...) 1953 - 1954 Grigory Sanakoyev (s.a.) 1954 - 1956 Vladimir Kozayev (s.a.) 1956 - 1957 Iosif Chiayev (s.a.) 1957 - _c._1958 Semyon Tibilov 1961 - _c._1962 Vladimir Gazzayev (b. 1918) 1964 - Feb 1965 Georgy Dzhussoyev (s.a.) Feb 1965 - 1972 Kosta Dzhioyev (b. 1916) 1972 - Nov 1973 Feliks Sanakoyev (s.a.) Nov 1973 - 1980 Genrikh Mardanov (b. 1933) 1980 - 1986 Tamara Kabulova (f) (b. 1938) 1986 - 20 Sep 1990 Anatoly Kachmazov 20 Sep 1990 - 1990 Feliks Zasseyev (b. 1945) 1990 - 10 Dec 1990 Torez Kulumbegov (s.a.) 4 May 1991 - 1 Sep 1991 Znaur Gassiyev (s.a.) Prime ministers 26 Nov 1991 - Oct 1993 Oleg Teziyev (b. 1948) 1993 - 1994 Gerasim Khugayev (1st time) (b. 1945) 1994 - 1995 Feliks Zasseyev (s.a.) 1995 - Sep 1996 Vladislav Gabarayev (b. 1957) Dec 1996 - Aug 1998 Aleksandr Shavlokhov (b. 1940) Aug 1998 - Jun 2001 Merab Chigoyev (b. 1950 - d. 2016) 14 Jun 2001 - Dec 2001 Dmitry Sanakoyev (b. 1969) Dec 2001 - Aug 2003 Gerasim Khugayev (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting to 9 Jan 2002) 17 Sep 2003 - May 2005 Igor Sanakoyev (b. 1947) May 2005 - 5 Jul 2005 Zurab Kokoyev (acting) (b. 1960) 5 Jul 2005 - 17 Aug 2008 Yury Morozov (b. 1949) 17 Aug 2008 - 22 Oct 2008 Boris Chochiyev (acting) (b. 1957 - d. 2021) 22 Oct 2008 - 5 Aug 2009 Aslanbek Bulatsev (b. 1963) 5 Aug 2009 - 26 Apr 2012 Vadim Brovtsev (s.a.) 26 Apr 2012 - 20 Jan 2014 Rostislav Khugayev (b. 1951) (acting to 15 May 2012) 20 Jan 2014 - 16 May 2017 Domenti Kulumbegov (b. 1955) (acting to 2 Apr 2014) 16 May 2017 - 29 Aug 2020 Erik Pukhayev (b. 1957) 29 Aug 2020 - 20 Jun 2022 Gennady Bekoyev (b. 1981) (acting to 12 Mar 2021) 20 Jun 2022 - Konstantin Dzhussoyev (b. 1967)

Alternative government (pro-Georgian; in Kurta, South Ossetia, until Aug 2008)

10 May 2007 "provisional administrative entity" in South Ossetia established by Georgia

President (from 10 May 2007, heads of provisional administration) 1 Dec 2006 - 4 Nov 2022 Dmitry Sanakoyev (s.a.) 4 Nov 2022 - Tamaz Bestayev

Prime minister 7 Dec 2006 - Sep 2007 Uruzmag Karkusov

Ajaria

   1878                Batum _oblast_ established in area ceded by Ottoman
                       Empire to Russia
   1883                incorporated in Kutaisi province

14 Jul 1903 Batum oblast reestablished 16 Jul 1921 Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic Adzharistan 5 Dec 1936 Adzhar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Dec 1990 Adzhar (Ajar) Autonomous Republic

Executive secretaries (from May 1932, first secretaries) of the Communist Party committee 1921 Aleksandr Gambarov (b. 1890 - d. 1937) 1921 - 1922 Kirill Berdzenishvili 1922 - Jun 1922 Simon Takoyev (b. 1876 - d. 1938) Jun 1922 - 1924 Nikolay Svanidze (b. 1895 - d. 1937) 1924 - 1925 Levan Gogoberidze (b. 1896 - d. 1937) Apr 1926 - Dec 1926 Nikolay Akirtava (b. 1894 - d. 1937) Dec 1926 - 1929 Nikolay Pantskhava (b. 1898 - d. 1937) 1929 - 1930 Samson Mamulia (b. 1892 - d. 1937) 193. - 13 Jan 1932 Mikhail Gobechia (b. 1902 - d. 1937) 13 Jan 1932 - 13 Apr 1937 Artemy Geurkov (b. 1901 - d. 1937) 13 Apr 1937 - 23 Feb 1938 Iosif Kochlamazashvili (b. 1906 - d. ...) (acting to ... 1937) 23 Feb 1938 - 29 Nov 1938 Aleksey Sadzhaya (b. 1898 - d. 1942) 1938 - 1940 Mikhail Baramia (b. 1905 - d. ...) 1940 - 1944 Georgy Tvalchrelidze (b. 1896 - d. 1968) Mar 1944 - May 1952 Kirill Bechvaya (b. 1903 - d. 1974) May 1952 - 12 Jul 1952 David Khantadze (b. 1905 - d. ...) 12 Jul 1952 - May 1953 Grigory Tsintsabadze May 1953 - Jan 1954 Makary Dzhashi (b. 1902 - d. ...) Jan 1954 - Mar 1961 David Mamuladze (b. 1910 - d. 1981) Mar 1961 - 7 Jan 1975 Aleksandr Tkhilayshvili (b. 1914) 7 Jan 1975 - 31 Aug 1986 Vakhtang Papunidze (b. 1925) 31 Aug 1986 - 8 Mar 1990 Guram Emiridze (b. 1937) 8 Mar 1990 - Mar 1991 Tengiz Khakhva (b. 1952) Mar 1991 - 26 Aug 1991 Ilya Tsulukidze (b. 1950)

Governors of Batum oblast 1878 - 1881 Konstantin Komarov (b. 1832 - d. 1912) 16 Apr 1881 - 1883 Aleksey Smekalov (b. 1838 - d. 1890) 14 Jul 1903 - 14 May 1905 Mikhail Dryagin (b. 1852 - d. af.1917) 15 Jul 1905 - 14 Jan 1908 Pyotr-Emmanuil Parkau (b. 1851 - d. af.1912) 6 Apr 1909 - 1917 Boris Romanovsky-Romanko (b. 1870 - d. 1941) Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee 17 Mar 1921 - 23 Jul 1921 Sergey Kavtaradze (b. 1885 - d. 1971) 23 Jul 1921 - 10 Jan 1922 Aleksandr Gambarov (s.a.) Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee Dec 1922 - Oct 1925 Osman Motskobili (b. 1898 - d. 1937) _c._1927 - 1930 Muyedin Surmanidze (b. 1875 - d. 1937) 1930 - 1937 Zekeriya Lordkipanidze (b. 1892 - d. 1937) 1937 - Jul 1938 Ismail Futkaradze (acting) Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Jul 1938 - Jan 1954 Daud Davitadze (b. 1901 - d. ...) Jan 1954 - 195. Archil Beridze (acting) (b. 1922) 1955 - Nov 1968 Revaz Komakhidze (b. 1911 - d. 1968) 1969 - 1989 David Diasamidze (b. 1925 - d. 1989) 20 Mar 1990 - Mar 1991 Tengiz Khakhva (s.a.) Mar 1991 - Aug 1991 Aslan Abashidze (b. 1938) Chairman of the Supreme Council (from 1998 also head of the republic) Aug 1991 - 6 May 2004 Aslan Abashidze (s.a.) (acting to Jul 1991) Chairman of the Interim Council 7 May 2004 - 20 Jul 2004 Levan Varshalomidze (b. 1972) Chairmen of the Supreme Council 20 Jul 2004 - 28 Oct 2012 Mikheil Makharadze (b. 1946) 28 Oct 2012 - 28 Nov 2016 Avtandil Beridze (b. 1955) 28 Nov 2016 - Davit Gabaidze (b. 1980)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars (from 1946 Council of Ministers); from _c._2000 chairmen of the government (prime ministers) Jan 1922 - Nov 1922 Aleksandr Gambarov (s.a.) Dec 1922 - _c._1925 Khasan Khimshiashvili (b. ... - d. 1930) _c._1927 - 1929 Mamed Gogiberidze 1929 - 1930 Zekeriya Lordkipanidze (s.a.) 193. - 193. Suleyman Diasamidze (b. 1895 - d. 1962) Jul 1938 - Oct 1947 Ismail Futkaradze Oct 1947 - 1953 Mamiya Gogolishvili (b. 1912 - d. ...) 1953 - Jan 1954 David Mamuladze (s.a.) Jan 1954 - Mar 1961 Aleksandr Tkhilayshvili (s.a.) Mar 1961 - Jun 1975 Levan Davitadze (b. 1916) Jun 1975 - Aug 1977 Irakly Dzhashi Aug 1977 - _c._1983 Yury Ungiadze (b. 1928) 1986 - 1993 Guram Chigogidze (b. 1935) 1993 Aslan Abashidze (1st time) (s.a.) (acting) Aug 1993 - Nov 1993 Guram Varshalomidze (b. 1939 - d. 2020) Nov 1993 - 16 Nov 1996 Jemal Nakashidze 16 Nov 1996 - May 1999 Avtandil Gorgiladze (b. 1952) May 1999 - _c._2002 Giorgi Tsintskiladze _c._2002 - 13 Jul 2003 Eduard Kakabadze 13 Jul 2003 - Aug 2003 Aslan Abashidze (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) Aug 2003 - 6 Apr 2004 Rezo Shamilishvili 6 Apr 2004 - 6 May 2004 Rostom Japaridze (b. 1948) 20 Jul 2004 - 30 Oct 2012 Levan Varshalomidze (s.a.) 30 Oct 2012 - 15 Jul 2016 Archil Khabadze (b. 1981) 15 Jul 2016 - 21 Jul 2018 Zurab Pataradze (b. 1973) 21 Jul 2018 - Tornike Rizhvadze (b. 1989)

German East Africa: see Tanzania.

German New Guinea: see Papua New Guinea.

German South West Africa: see Namibia.

Germany

Holy Roman Empire

Constitutionally the entity dealt with here is the Reich ruled by the king elected by the electors (Kurf�rsten) and crowned king. (It is a matter of dispute whether the king acquires his ruling authority with the election or only with the coronation; both dates are given in the following record.) In theory, his title is just King (K�nig) without territorial appendage. By the time period covered here, it was understood that the king had acquired the dignity and notional authority of a Roman emperor (see below), and the scope of his authority as such was styled the Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges R�misches Reich - Sacrum Romanum Imperium); the addition "of the German Nation" (deutscher Nation - nationis germanicae) comes into official use in the 15th century (e.g., Act of the Imperial Diet [_Reichsschluss_] of 1486); its meaning has been the subject of considerable dispute since the 17th century. In the time period covered, the imperial authority extended de facto (except for some vestigial remnants, such as the chartering of notaries-public throughout Western Europe) only to the (German) Reich, and official use made no distinctions.

Upon his election (and coronation) the person acquired the style of king, whether during the lifetime of the ruler or after an interregnum. Theoretically he was king just as much as an existing ruler, but this was just theory. In honour of the imperial status of the ruler, the elected and crowned king, if not yet emperor-elect (see below), was styled, not just King or German King, but Roman King (R�mischer K�nig - Rex Romanorum, literally "king of the Romans").

Upon the demise of the imperial authority, by death or abdication, if a Roman King was in existence, he took the style of Roman Emperor-Elect, King in Germany (see below). The imperial coronation by the pope having been discontinued (except for Karl V 24 Feb 1530), it was decided 4 Feb 1508 to forego the formal acquisition of the style of Roman Emperor and to fall back on the theory that an elected German king was ipso facto Roman emperor-elect and to make this point by incorporating this concept into the ruler's style.

The full style during the period covered (to which were, of course, attached the styles belonging to the states ruled by the emperor-elect, such as Archduke of Austria) was as follows: Von Gottes Gnaden erw�hlter r�mischer Kaiser, R.I.S.A., K�nig in Germanien - Divina favente clementia Romanorum imperator electus et semper augustus, R.I.S.A., rex in Germania. The initials R.I.S.A. stood for Romanorum imperator semper augustus, but were misinterpreted to stand for Romani imperii semper auctor, and this misinterpretation had by the period covered come into official use, being rendered in German as zu allen Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs ("at all times increaser of the empire").

Under the provisions of the Golden Bull of 1356, when there was no king the royal authority was exercised by two imperial vicars (Reichsvikare - vicarii imperii), each with a separate territorial jurisdiction. They were specified to be the count palatine of the Rhine (Pfalzgraf bei Rhein) and the count palatine of Saxony (Pfalzgraf von Sachsen). By our time period, the count palatine of Saxony was the duke of Saxony, elector; and the count palatine of the Rhine was the elector with that title, until the interregnum of 1657, when the electorate in question, and with it the county palatine, were in dispute with Bavaria.

6 Aug 1806 Reich dissolved

Emperors-elect 1 Aug 1658 - 5 May 1705 Leopold I (b. 1640 - d. 1705) (elected 18 Jul 1658) 5 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711 Joseph I (b. 1678 - d. 1711) (elected 23 Jan 1690, crowned 26 Jan 1690) 17 Apr 1711 - 12 Oct 1711 Imperial vicars - Johann Wilhelm (b. 1658 - d. 1716) (count palatine of the Rhine) - Friedrich August I "der Starke" (b. 1670 - d. 1733) (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony) 22 Dec 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Karl VI (b. 1685 - d. 1740) (elected 12 Oct 1711) 20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742 Imperial vicars - Karl Albrecht (b. 1697 - d. 1745) (duke of Bavaria) - Friedrich August II (1st time) (b. 1696 - d. 1763) (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.) 12 Feb 1742 - 20 Jan 1745 Karl VII (s.a.) (= Karl Albrecht, duke of Bavaria) (elected 14 Jan 1742) 20 Jan 1745 - 13 Sep 1745 Imperial vicars - Maximilian III (b. 1727 - d. 1777) (duke of Bavaria) - Friedrich August II (2nd time) (s.a.) (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.) 4 Oct 1745 - 18 Aug 1765 Franz I (b. 1708 - d. 1765) (elected 13 Sep 1745) 18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790 Joseph II (b. 1741 - d. 1790) (elected 27 Mar 1764, crowned 3 Apr 1764) 20 Feb 1790 - 30 Sep 1790 Imperial vicars - Karl IV Philipp Theodor (1st time) (b. 1724 - d. 1799) (count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria) - Friedrich August III "der Gerechte" (1st time) (b. 1750 - d. 1827) (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.) 9 Oct 1790 - 1 Mar 1792 Leopold II (b. 1747 - d. 1792) (elected 30 Sep 1790) 1 Mar 1792 - 7 Jul 1792 Imperial vicars - Karl IV Philipp Theodor (2nd time) (s.a.) (count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria) - Friedrich August III "der Gerechte" (2nd time) (s.a.) (count palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.) 14 Jul 1792 - 6 Aug 1806 Franz II (b. 1768 - d. 1835) (elected 7 Jul 1792)

• Ecclesiastical electorates

Confederation of the Rhine

Under the aegis of Napol�on I, emperor of the French and king of Italy, a confederation of states resigning from the Reich was formed 25 Jul 1806, Napol�on becoming protecteur de la Conf�d�ration du Rhin in addition to his other styles. The Charter (Rheinbundakte in German) was written in the French language, and called the entity �tats conf�d�r�s du Rhin, but used the term Conf�d�ration. The official German term was Rhein-Confoederation, but it was informally styled Rheinbund, the name by which it is known to history. The constituents of the Confederation were technically not states, but rulers. By joining the Confederation some had their rank elevated, notably a few who became grand-dukes (Grossherz�ge), who were regarded as of royal status. The Diet of the Confederation, as well as its College of Kings, was chaired by the former archbishop of Mayence, imperial archchancellor and elector, in his capacity as Prince-Primate (F�rstprimas).

25 Jul 1806 Confederation of the Rhine founded

                       Charter members:
                       - king of Bavaria
                       - king of W�rttemberg
                       - elector-archchancellor (formerly archbishop of Mayence)
                       - elector of Baden - becomes grand-duke
                       - duke of Berg and Cleves - becomes grand-duke
                       - landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt - becomes grand-duke
                       - prince of Nassau-Usingen - becomes duke
                       - prince of Nassau-Weilburg
                       - prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
                       - prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
                       - prince of Salm-Salm
                       - prince of Salm-Kyrburg
                       - prince of Isenburg-Birstein
                       - duke of Arenberg
                       - prince of Liechtenstein
                       - count of Leyen - becomes prince
                       From 15 Sep 1806:
                       - grand-duke of W�rzburg
                       From 11 Dec 1806:
                       - king of Saxony
                       From 15 Dec 1806:
                       - duke of Saxe-Weimar
                       - duke of Saxe-Gotha
                       - duke of Saxe-Meiningen
                       - duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen
                       - duke of Saxe-Coburg
                       - duke of Anhalt-Dessau
                       - duke of Anhalt-Bernburg
                       - duke of Anhalt-K�then
                       - duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
                       - duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
                       - duke of Oldenburg
                       - prince of Lippe-Detmold
                       - prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
                       - four princes of Reuss
                       - two princes of Schwarzburg
                       - prince of Waldeck
                       From 15 Nov 1807:
                       - king of Westphalia

Prince-Primate 25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Carl Theodor Reichsfreiherr von Dalberg (b. 1744 - d. 1817)

Transition 1813-15

After the dissolution of the Rhine Confederation, there was no central authority in Germany until the creation of the German Confederation. An attempt at coordination was, however, made, and it was headed by a body called Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat).

President of the Central Administration Council 21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Karl Freiherr vom und zum Stein (b. 1757 - d. 1831)

Germany 1815-1945

20 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866 German Confederation; members in official sequence: (1) Austria� (2) Prussia (announces exit 14 Jun 1866, permission denied by Federal Assembly 16 Jun 1866) (3) Bavaria (4) Saxony (5) Hanover (6) W�rttemberg (from 1 Sep 1815) (7) Baden (from 26 Jul 1815) (8) Hesse-Kassel (9) Hesse-Darmstadt (10) Holstein (plus Schleswig from 12 Apr 1848) (11) Luxembourg (12) Limburg (from 5 Sep 1839) (see under Netherlands provinces) (13) Braunschweig (14) Mecklenburg-Schwerin (15) Nassau-Usingen + Nassau-Weilburg, merged 24 Mar 1816 into Nassau (16) Saxe-Weimar (17) Saxe-Gotha (18) Saxe-Coburg (19) Saxe-Meiningen (20) Saxe-Hildburghausen (21) Mecklenburg-Strelitz (22) Holstein-Oldenburg (23) Anhalt-Dessau (merged 30 Aug 1863 into Anhalt) (24) Anhalt-Bernburg (ditto) (25) Anhalt-K�then (ditto) (26) Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (27) Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (28) Hohenzollern-Hechingen (annexed by Prussia 12 Mar 1850) (29) Liechtenstein (30) Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (annexed by Prussia 12 Mar 1850) (31) Waldeck (32) Reuss Senior Line (33) Reuss Junior Line (34) Schaumburg-Lippe (35) Lippe (36) Hesse-Homburg (from 7 Jul 1817) (37) Lauenburg (38) L�beck (39) Frankfurt (40) Bremen (41) Hamburg 12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 German Reich (officially from 28 Mar 1849) 1 Jul 1867 North German Confederation; members in official sequence: (1) Prussia� (with Lauenburg) (2) Saxony (3) Mecklenburg-Schwerin (4) Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (5) Mecklenburg-Strelitz (6) Oldenburg (7) Brunswick (8) Saxe-Meiningen (9) Saxe-Altenburg (10) Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (11) Anhalt (12) Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (13) Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (14) Waldeck (15) Reuss Senior Line (16) Reuss Junior Line (17) Schaumburg-Lippe (18) Lippe (19) L�beck (20) Bremen (21) Hamburg (22) Hesse-Darmstadt (only the territories on the right bank of the Rhine) 1 Jan 1871 German Reich 10 Nov 1918 republic 23 May 1945 Allied occupation (formally assuming supreme power 5 Jun 1945)

Provisional Central Authorities 12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 Johann, Erzherzog von �sterreich (b. 1782 - d. 1859) (Imperial Vicar [Reichsverweser]) 6 Jun 1849 - 18 Jun 1849 German Imperial Regency - Franz Raveaux (b. 1810 - d. 1851) - Carl Vogt (b. 1817 - d. 1895) - August Heinrich Simon (b. 1805 - d. 1860) - Friedrich Sch�ler (b. 1791 - d. 1873) - August Becher (b. 1816 - d. 1890) 20 Dec 1849 - 1 May 1850 Federal Commission (on behalf of the emperor of Austria and the king of Prussia) Emperors� - Hohenzollern dynasty - 18 Jan 1871 - 9 Mar 1888 Wilhelm I (b. 1797 - d. 1888) 9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Friedrich III (b. 1831 - d. 1888) 15 Jun 1888 - 9 Nov 1918 Wilhelm II (b. 1859 - d. 1941) Presidents 11 Nov 1918 - 20 Dec 1918 Richard M�ller (b. 1880 - d. 1943) + Hans-Georg von Beerfelde (b. 1877 - d. 1960) (to 12 Nov 1918) + Brutus Molkenbuhr (b. 1881 - d. 1959) (from 12 Nov 1918) (chairmen Executive Council of the Workers' and Soldiers' Councils of Greater Berlin) 20 Dec 1918 - 6 Feb 1919 Robert Leinert (b. 1873 - d. 1940) + Max Cohen-Reuss (b. 1876 - d. 1963) + Hermann M�ller (b. 1876 - d. 1931) (chairmen Central Council of the German Socialist Republic) 6 Feb 1919 - 7 Feb 1919 Wilhelm Pfannkuch (b. 1841 - d. 1923) (president by age of the Constituent National Assembly) 7 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1919 Eduard David (b. 1863 - d. 1930) (president of the Constituent National Assembly) 11 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1925 Friedrich Ebert (b. 1871 - d. 1925) 28 Feb 1925 - 12 Mar 1925 Hans Luther (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1962) 12 Mar 1925 - 12 May 1925 Walter Simons (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1937) 12 May 1925 - 2 Aug 1934 Paul von Hindenburg (b. 1847 - d. 1934) 2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler (F�hrer) (b. 1889 - d. 1945) 1 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Karl D�nitz (b. 1891 - d. 1980)

Presidents of the Council of Ministers 5 Aug 1848 - 16 Sep 1848 Carl F�rst zu Leiningen (b. 1804 - d. 1856) 16 Sep 1848 - 17 Dec 1848 Anton Ritter von Schmerling (b. 1805 - d. 1893) 17 Dec 1848 - 16 May 1849 Heinrich Freiherr von Gagern (b. 1799 - d. 1880) 16 May 1849 - 3 Jun 1849 Maximilian Gr�vell (interim) (b. 1781 - d. 1860) 3 Jun 1849 - 20 Dec 1849 August Ludwig Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b. 1788 - d. 1874) Chancellors 14 Jul 1867 - 20 Mar 1890 Otto Graf von Bismarck (from 21 Mar 1871, Otto F�rst von Bismarck) (b. 1815 - d. 1898) 20 Mar 1890 - 29 Oct 1894 Leo von Caprivi (from 18 Dec 1891, Leo Graf von Caprivi) (b. 1831 - d. 1899) 29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900 Chlodwig F�rst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsf�rst (b. 1819 - d. 1901) 17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909 Bernhard Graf von B�low (from 6 Sep 1905, Bernhard F�rst von B�low) (b. 1849 - d. 1929) 14 Jul 1909 - 16 Jul 1917 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (b. 1856 - d. 1921) 16 Jul 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Georg Michaelis (b. 1857 - d. 1936) 2 Dec 1917 - 5 Oct 1918 Georg Graf von Hertling (b. 1843 - d. 1919) 5 Oct 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 Max Prinz von Baden (b. 1867 - d. 1929) 9 Nov 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 Friedrich Ebert (s.a.) Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners 10 Nov 1918 - 27 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (1st time) (s.a.) + Hugo Haase (b. 1863 - d. 1919) 27 Dec 1918 - 29 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 Dec 1918 - 30 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (3rd time) (s.a.) + Philipp Scheidemann (b. 1865 - d. 1939) 30 Dec 1918 - 11 Feb 1919 Friedrich Ebert (4th time) (s.a.) (executive chairman) Chancellors 13 Feb 1919 - 21 Jun 1919 Philipp Scheidemann (s.a.) (prime minister) 21 Jun 1919 - 27 Mar 1920 Gustav Bauer (b. 1870 - d. 1944) (prime minister to 14 Aug 1919) 13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920 Wolfgang Kapp (in rebellion) (b. 1858 - d. 1922) 27 Mar 1920 - 21 Jun 1920 Hermann M�ller (1st time) (s.a.) 21 Jun 1920 - 10 May 1921 Konstantin Fehrenbach (b. 1852 - d. 1926) 10 May 1921 - 22 Nov 1922 Joseph Wirth (b. 1879 - d. 1956) 22 Nov 1922 - 13 Aug 1923 Wilhelm Cuno (b. 1876 - d. 1933) 13 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923 Gustav Stresemann (b. 1878 - d. 1929) 30 Nov 1923 - 16 Jan 1925 Wilhelm Marx (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1946) 16 Jan 1925 - 13 May 1926 Hans Luther (s.a.) 13 May 1926 - 17 May 1926 Otto Gessler (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1955) 17 May 1926 - 28 Jun 1928 Wilhelm Marx (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Jun 1928 - 30 Mar 1930 Hermann M�ller (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Mar 1930 - 1 Jun 1932 Heinrich Br�ning (b. 1885 - d. 1970) 1 Jun 1932 - 3 Dec 1932 Franz von Papen (b. 1879 - d. 1969) 3 Dec 1932 - 30 Jan 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (b. 1882 - d. 1934) 30 Jan 1933 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler (s.a.) 30 Apr 1945 - 1 May 1945 Joseph Goebbels (b. 1897 - d. 1945) 2 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (b. 1887 - d. 1977) (chairman [Leitender Minister] of interim government, at Flensburg)

• Ministries 1871-1945
• States before 1945 �According to the Charter of the German Confederation, "Austria has the chair in the Federal Assembly." Although the Charter does not use the term, this chairmanship is officially styled Pr�sidium or Bundespr�sidium; it is ambiguous whether this style refers to the person or office of the Emperor of Austria.
  �According to the Constitution of the North German Confederation, "The Crown of Prussia is entitled to the Presidency of the Confederation" (Pr�sidium des Bundes). The office does not confer a specific style on the King of Prussia; when exercising it, the style used is "King of Prussia in the name of the North German Confederation."
  �Full style of the emperor up to 1918: Deutscher Kaiser und K�nig von Preussen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu N�rnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern, souver�ner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft Glatz, Grossherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen und Engern, zu Pommern, L�neburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg, Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, J�lich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Th�ringen, Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, F�rst zu R�gen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt, M�nster, Minden, Osnabr�ck, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau und Moers, gef�rsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und zu Ravensberg, zu Hohnstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen und Veringen, Herr zu Frankfurt.

Allied occupation

U.S. zone

Military governors 8 May 1945 - 10 Nov 1945 Dwight D. Eisenhower (b. 1890 - d. 1969) 11 Nov 1945 - 25 Nov 1945 George S. Patton, Jr. (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1945) 26 Nov 1945 - 5 Jan 1947 Joseph T. McNarney (b. 1893 - d. 1972) 6 Jan 1947 - 14 May 1949 Lucius D. Clay (b. 1897 - d. 1978) 15 May 1949 - 1 Sep 1949 Clarence R. Huebner (acting) (b. 1888 - d. 1972) High commissioners 2 Sep 1949 - 1 Aug 1952 John J. McCloy (b. 1895 - d. 1989) 1 Aug 1952 - 11 Dec 1952 Walter J. Donnelly (b. 1896 - d. 1970) 11 Dec 1952 - 10 Feb 1953 Samuel Reber (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1971) 10 Feb 1953 - 5 May 1955 James B. Conant (b. 1893 - d. 1978)

British zone

Military governors 22 May 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 Sir Bernard Law Montgomery (from 1 Jan 1946, Bernard Law Montgomery, Viscount Montgomery of Alamein) (b. 1887 - d. 1976) 1 May 1946 - 31 Oct 1947 Sir Sholto Douglas (b. 1893 - d. 1969) 1 Nov 1947 - 21 Sep 1949 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson (b. 1896 - d. 1974) High commissioners 21 Sep 1949 - 24 Jun 1950 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson (s.a.) 24 Jun 1950 - 29 Sep 1953 Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick (b. 1897 - d. 1964) 29 Sep 1953 - 5 May 1955 Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar (b. 1900 - d. 1989)

French zone

Military governor Jul 1945 - 21 Sep 1949 Pierre Koenig (b. 1898 - d. 1970) High commissioner 21 Sep 1949 - 5 May 1955 Andr� Fran�ois-Poncet (b. 1887 - d. 1978)

Soviet zone

Military governors 9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgy Zhukov (b. 1896 - d. 1974) 10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasily Sokolovsky (b. 1897 - d. 1968) 29 Mar 1949 - 10 Oct 1949 Vasily Chuikov (b. 1900 - d. 1982) Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission 10 Oct 1949 - 28 May 1953 Vasily Chuikov (s.a.) High commissioners 28 May 1953 - 16 Jul 1954 Vladimir Semyonov (b. 1911 - d. 1992) 16 Jul 1954 - 20 Sep 1955 Georgy Pushkin (b. 1909 - d. 1963)

German Democratic Republic

7 Oct 1949 German Democratic Republic ("East Germany") 3 Oct 1990 incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany

General secretaries (28 Jul 1953 - 22 May 1976, first secretaries) of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party 22 Apr 1946 - 25 Jul 1950 Wilhelm Pieck (b. 1876 - d. 1960) + Otto Grotewohl (b. 1894 - d. 1964) (co-chairmen) 25 Jul 1950 - 3 May 1971 Walter Ulbricht (b. 1893 - d. 1973) 3 May 1971 - 18 Oct 1989 Erich Honecker (b. 1912 - d. 1994) 18 Oct 1989 - 3 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz (b. 1937) ("leading role" of the party abolished 1 Dec 1989)

Presidents 7 Oct 1949 - 11 Oct 1949 Johannes Dieckmann (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1969) (acting) 11 Oct 1949 - 7 Sep 1960 Wilhelm Pieck (s.a.) 7 Sep 1960 - 12 Sep 1960 Johannes Dieckmann (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) Chairmen of the Council of State 12 Sep 1960 - 1 Aug 1973 Walter Ulbricht (s.a.) 1 Aug 1973 - 3 Oct 1973 Friedrich Ebert (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1979) 3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Willi Stoph (b. 1914 - d. 1999) 29 Oct 1976 - 24 Oct 1989 Erich Honecker (s.a.) 24 Oct 1989 - 6 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz (s.a.) 6 Dec 1989 - 5 Apr 1990 Manfred Gerlach (acting) (b. 1928 - d. 2011) 5 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (f) (b. 1946) (president of the People's Chamber)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers)� 12 Oct 1949 - 21 Sep 1964 Otto Grotewohl (s.a.) 21 Sep 1964 - 3 Oct 1973 Willi Stoph (1st time) (s.a.) (acting to 24 Sep 1964) 3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Horst Sindermann (b. 1915 - d. 1990) 29 Oct 1976 - 13 Nov 1989 Willi Stoph (2nd time) (s.a.) 13 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990 Hans Modrow (b. 1928 - d. 2023) 12 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 Lothar de Maizi�re (b. 1940)

�Although initially the government was officially called Regierung, the term Ministerrat was used unofficially and, from 16 Nov 1954, officially; the term Vorsitzender des Ministerrates for its head was made official 8 Dec 1958, replacing the earlier Ministerpr�sident.

• Ministries, political parties, etc.
• Districts

Federal Republic of Germany

7 Sep 1949 Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany" to 2 Oct 1990)

Presidents 7 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1949 Karl Arnold (acting) CDU (b. 1901 - d. 1958) 12 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1959 Theodor Heuss FDP (b. 1884 - d. 1963) 13 Sep 1959 - 30 Jun 1969 Heinrich L�bke CDU (b. 1894 - d. 1972) 1 Jul 1969 - 30 Jun 1974 Gustav Heinemann SPD (b. 1899 - d. 1976) 1 Jul 1974 - 30 Jun 1979 Walter Scheel FDP (b. 1919 - d. 2016) 1 Jul 1979 - 30 Jun 1984 Karl Carstens CDU (b. 1914 - d. 1992) 1 Jul 1984 - 30 Jun 1994 Richard von Weizs�cker CDU (b. 1920 - d. 2015) 1 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1999 Roman Herzog CDU (b. 1934 - d. 2017) 1 Jul 1999 - 30 Jun 2004 Johannes Rau SPD (b. 1931 - d. 2006) 1 Jul 2004 - 31 May 2010 Horst K�hler CDU (b. 1943) 31 May 2010 - 30 Jun 2010 Jens B�hrnsen (acting) SPD (b. 1949) 30 Jun 2010 - 17 Feb 2012 Christian Wulff CDU (b. 1959) 17 Feb 2012 - 18 Mar 2012 Horst Seehofer (acting) CSU (b. 1949) 18 Mar 2012 - 18 Mar 2017 Joachim Gauck - (b. 1940) 19 Mar 2017 - Frank-Walter Steinmeier SPD (b. 1956)

Chancellors 16 Sep 1949 - 16 Oct 1963 Konrad Adenauer CDU (b. 1876 - d. 1967) 16 Oct 1963 - 1 Dec 1966 Ludwig Erhard CDU (b. 1897 - d. 1977) 1 Dec 1966 - 21 Oct 1969 Kurt Georg Kiesinger CDU (b. 1904 - d. 1988) 21 Oct 1969 - 7 May 1974 Willy Brandt SPD (b. 1913 - d. 1992) 7 May 1974 - 16 May 1974 Walter Scheel (acting) FDP (s.a.) 16 May 1974 - 1 Oct 1982 Helmut Schmidt SPD (b. 1918 - d. 2015) 1 Oct 1982 - 27 Oct 1998 Helmut Kohl CDU (b. 1930 - d. 2017) 27 Oct 1998 - 22 Nov 2005 Gerhard Schr�der SPD (b. 1944) 22 Nov 2005 - 8 Dec 2021 Angela Merkel (f) CDU (b. 1954) 8 Dec 2021 - Olaf Scholz SPD (b. 1958)

Party abbreviations: CDU=Christian Democratic Union, CSU=Christian Social Union, FDP=Free Democratic Party, SPD=Social Democratic Party of Germany

• Ministries, political parties, etc.
• States after 1945
• Major cities

Saarbecken (Saargebiet)

Nov 1918 Allied occupation 26 Feb 1920 League of Nations administration 1 Mar 1935 reincorporated into Germany

Administrators-superior 20 Nov 1918 - 17 Feb 1919 Henri Wirbel (France) (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1948) 17 Feb 1919 - 20 Nov 1919 Joseph Louis Marie Andlauer (France) (b. 1869 - d. 1956) 20 Nov 1919 - 7 Mar 1920 Henri Wirbel (France) (2nd time) (s.a.) Presidents of the Commission of Government 26 Feb 1920 - 31 Mar 1926 Victor Rault (France) (b. 1858 - d. 1930) 1 Apr 1926 - 31 Mar 1927 George Washington Stephens (Canada) (b. 1866 - d. 1942) 20 Jun 1927 - 31 Mar 1932 Sir Ernest Wilton (U.K.) (b. 1870 - d. 1952) 1 Apr 1932 - 1 Mar 1935 Geoffrey George Knox (U.K.) (b. 1884 - d. 1958) Reichskommissar f�r die R�ckgliederung des Saarlandes (from 17 Jun 1936, Reichskommissar f�r das Saarland; from 8 Apr 1940, Reichskommissar f�r die Saarpfalz; from 11 Mar 1941, Reichsstatthalter in der Westmark) 1 Mar 1935 - 28 Sep 1944 Josef B�rckel (b. 1895 - d. 1944) 29 Sep 1944 - 21 Mar 1945 Willi St�hr (b. 1903 - d. ...)

Heligoland

   1402                part of Schleswig-Holstein
   1714                part of Denmark

5 Sep 1807 British occupation (1814 colony) 15 Dec 1890 part of Germany 8 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1952 British occupation

Lieutenant governors 5 Sep 1807 - 1808 Corbet James D'Auvergne (b. 1765? - d. 1825) 1808 - 1815 William Osborne Hamilton (b. 1750? - d. 1818) 1815 - 1840 Henry King (from 5 Jun 1834, Sir Henry King) (b. 1777? - d. 1854) 1840 - 1857 John Hindmarsh (from 7 Aug 1851, Sir John Hindmarsh) (b. 1775 - d. 1860) 1857 - 1863 Richard Pattinson (b. 1809 - d. 1875) 1863 - 1868 Henry Fitzhardinge Berkeley Maxse (b. 1832 - d. 1883) Governors 1868 - 1881 Henry Fitzhardinge Berkeley Maxse (from 1 May 1877, Sir Henry Fitzhardinge Berkeley Maxse) (s.a.) 1881 - 1888 John Terence Nicolls O'Brien (from 24 May 1887, Sir John Terence Nicolls O'Brien) (b. 1830 - d. 1903) 1888 - 1890 Arthur Cecil Stuart Barkly (b. 1843 - d. 1890)

Ghana

   1751                British rule (Gold Coast)
   1843                crown colony (subordinated to Sierra Leone until 1874)

6 Mar 1957 Gold Coast and British Togoland independent as Ghana 1 Jul 1960 Republic of Ghana

Governors of the Committee of Merchants 23 Jun 1751 - 23 Jan 1756 Thomas Melvil (b. ... - d. 1756) 23 Jan 1756 - 17 Feb 1756 William Tymewell (b. ... - d. 1756) 17 Feb 1756 - 15 Oct 1757 Charles Bell (1st time) 15 Oct 1757 - 10 May 1761 Nassau Senior (acting) 10 May 1761 - 15 Aug 1763 Charles Bell (2nd time) 15 Aug 1763 - 1 Mar 1766 William Mutter 1 Mar 1766 - 11 Aug 1766 John Hippersley (b. ... - d. 1766) 11 Aug 1766 - 21 Apr 1769 Gilbert Petrie 21 Apr 1769 - 11 Aug 1770 John Crossle 11 Aug 1770 - 20 Jan 1777 David Mill 20 Jan 1777 - 25 Mar 1780 Richard Miles (1st time) 25 Mar 1780 - 20 May 1781 John Roberts 20 May 1781 - 29 Apr 1782 John B. Weuves (acting) 29 Apr 1782 - 29 Jan 1784 Richard Miles (2nd time) 29 Jan 1784 - 24 Jan 1787 James Morgue 24 Jan 1787 - 27 Apr 1787 Thomas Price 27 Apr 1787 - 20 Jun 1789 Thomas Morris 20 Jun 1789 - 15 Nov 1791 William Fielde 15 Nov 1791 - 31 Mar 1792 John Gordon (1st time) 31 Mar 1792 - 16 Dec 1798 Archibald Dalzel (1st time) (b. 1740 - d. 1811) 16 Dec 1798 - 4 Jan 1799 Jacob Mould (1st time) 4 Jan 1799 - 28 Apr 1800 John Gordon (2nd time) 28 Apr 1800 - 30 Sep 1802 Archibald Dalzel (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Sep 1802 - 8 Feb 1805 Jacob Mould (2nd time) 8 Feb 1805 - 4 Dec 1807 George Torrane 4 Dec 1807 - 21 Apr 1816 Edward White 21 Apr 1816 - 19 Jan 1817 Joseph Dawson 19 Jan 1817 - 27 Mar 1822 John Hope Smith Governors 27 Mar 1822 - 17 May 1822 Sir Charles Macarthy (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1824) 17 May 1822 - Dec 1822 James Chisholm (1st time) Dec 1822 - 21 Jan 1824 Sir Charles Macarthy (2nd time) (s.a.) 21 Jan 1824 - 17 Oct 1824 James Chisholm (2nd time) 17 Oct 1824 - 22 Mar 1825 Edward Purdon 22 Mar 1825 - 8 Mar 1826 Charles Turner (b. ... - d. 1826) 18 May 1826 - 15 Nov 1826 Sir Neil Campbell (b. 1776 - d. 1827) 15 Nov 1826 - 11 Oct 1827 Henry John Ricketts (1st time) 11 Oct 1827 - 10 Mar 1828 Hugh Lumley (b. ... - d. 1828) 10 Mar 1828 - 5 Jun 1828 George Hingston 5 Jun 1828 - 25 Jun 1828 Henry John Ricketts (2nd time) Governors of the Committee of Merchants 25 Jun 1828 - 19 Feb 1830 John Jackson 19 Feb 1830 - 26 Jun 1836 George Maclean (1st time) 26 Jun 1836 - 15 Aug 1838 William Topp 15 Aug 1838 - 1843 George Maclean (2nd time) Governors 1843 - 8 Mar 1845 R.M. Worsley Hill 8 Mar 1845 - 15 Apr 1846 James Lelley 15 Apr 1846 - 31 Jan 1849 William Winniett (1st time) 31 Jan 1849 - 13 Jan 1850 James Coleman Fitzpatrick (b. 1816 - d. 1880) 13 Jan 1850 - 4 Dec 1850 Sir William Winniett (2nd time) 4 Dec 1850 - 14 Oct 1851 James Bannerman (b. 1790 - d. 1858) 14 Oct 1851 - Dec 1854 Stephen John Hill (b. 1809 - d. 1891) Dec 1854 - Mar 1857 Henry Connor (acting) Mar 1857 - Apr 1858 Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (b. 1809 - d. 1891) Apr 1858 - 20 Apr 1860 Henry Bird (acting) 20 Apr 1860 - 14 Apr 1862 Edward B. Andrews 14 Apr 1862 - 20 Sep 1862 William A. Ross (acting) 20 Sep 1862 - 1865 Richard Pine 1865 Rokeby Jones (acting) 1865 W.E. Mockler (acting) Apr 1865 - Feb 1867 Edward Conran Feb 1867 - Apr 1872 Herbert Taylor Ussher (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1880) (administrator) Apr 1872 - 1872 John Pope Hennessy (b. 1834 - d. 1891) 1872 - Sep 1872 Charles Spencer Salmon (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1896) Sep 1872 - 2 Oct 1873 Robert William Harley (b. 1829 - d. 1892) 2 Oct 1873 - 4 Mar 1874 Garnet Joseph Wolseley (b. 1833 - d. 1913) 4 Mar 1874 - 30 Mar 1874 James Maxwell (acting) 30 Mar 1874 - Jun 1874 Charles Cameron Lees (1st time) (b. 1831 - d. 1898) (acting) Jun 1874 - 7 Apr 1876 George Cumine Strahan (b. 1838 - d. 1887) 7 Apr 1876 - Dec 1876 Charles Cameron Lees (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) Dec 1876 - 13 May 1878 Sanford Freeling (b. 1828 - d. 1894) (acting to 5 Jun 1877) 13 May 1878 - Jun 1879 Charles Cameron Lees (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) Jun 1879 - 1 Dec 1880 Herbert Taylor Ussher (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Dec 1880 - 4 Mar 1881 William Brandford Griffith (1st time) (acting) (b. 1821 - d. 1897) 4 Mar 1881 - 29 Apr 1884 Sir Samuel Rowe (b. 1835 - d. 1888) 29 Apr 1884 - 24 Apr 1885 William Alexander George Young (b. 1827 - d. 1885) 24 Apr 1885 - 7 Apr 1895 William Brandford Griffith (from 24 May 1887, Sir William Brandford Griffith) (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Apr 1895 - 14 Dec 1897 William Edward Maxwell (from 10 Apr 1896, Sir William Edward Maxwell) (b. 1846 - d. 1897) 14 Dec 1897 - 29 Aug 1900 Frederic Mitchell Hodgson (from 3 Jun 1899, Sir Frederic Mitchell Hodgson) (acting to 29 May 1898) (b. 1851 - d. 1925) 29 Aug 1900 - 17 Dec 1900 William Low (acting) 17 Dec 1900 - 9 Feb 1904 Matthew Nathan (from 26 Jun 1902, Sir Matthew Nathan) (b. 1862 - d. 1939) 9 Feb 1904 - 3 Mar 1904 Herbert Bryan (1st time) (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1950) 3 Mar 1904 - 1 Sep 1910 John Pickersgill Rodger (from 9 Nov 1904, Sir John Pickersgill Rodger) (b. 1851 - d. 1910) 1 Sep 1910 - 20 Nov 1910 Herbert Bryan (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 21 Nov 1910 - 29 Jun 1912 James Jamieson Thorburn (b. 1864 - d. 1929) 29 Jun 1912 - 26 Dec 1912 Herbert Bryan (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.) 26 Dec 1912 - 1 Apr 1919 Sir Hugh Clifford (b. 1866 - d. 1941) 1 Apr 1919 - 8 Oct 1919 Ransford Slater (1st time) (b. 1874 - d. 1940) (acting) 9 Oct 1919 - 24 Apr 1927 Gordon Guggisberg (from 2 Jan 1922, Sir Gordon Guggisberg) (b. 1869 - d. 1930) 24 Apr 1927 - 5 Jun 1927 Sir James Crawford Maxwell (b. 1869 - d. 1932) (acting) 5 Jun 1927 - Jul 1927 John Maxwell (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1946) Jul 1927 - 5 Apr 1932 Sir Ransford Slater (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 Apr 1932 - 29 Nov 1932 Geoffry Northcote (1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1948) (acting) 30 Nov 1932 - 13 May 1934 Sir Shenton Thomas (b. 1879 - d. 1962) 13 May 1934 - 23 Oct 1934 Geoffry Northcote (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 24 Oct 1934 - 24 Oct 1941 Sir Arnold Wienholt Hodson (b. 1881 - d. 1944) 24 Oct 1941 - Nov 1941 George Ernest London (acting) (b. 1889 - d. 1957) Nov 1941 - 2 Aug 1947 Sir Alan Burns (b. 1887 - d. 1980) Feb 1942 - Jun 1942 Sir George Ernest London (s.a.) (acting for Burns) 12 Jan 1948 - 15 Feb 1949 Sir Gerald Hallen Creasy (b. 1897 - d. 1983) 15 Feb 1949 - 28 Mar 1949 Sir Robert Scott (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1968) (acting) 28 Mar 1949 - 11 Jun 1949 Thorleif Rattray Orde Mangin (from 9 Jun 1949, Sir Thorleif Rattray Orde Mangin) (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1950) 11 Jun 1949 - 11 Aug 1949 Sir Robert Scott (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 11 Aug 1949 - 6 Mar 1957 Sir Charles Noble Arden Arden-Clarke (b. 1898 - d. 1962) Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 6 Mar 1957 - 14 May 1957 Sir Charles Noble Arden Arden-Clarke (s.a.) 14 May 1957 - 13 Nov 1957 Sir Arku Korsah (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1967) 13 Nov 1957 - 30 Jun 1960 William Francis Hare, Earl of Listowel (b. 1906 - d. 1997) Presidents 1 Jul 1960 - 24 Feb 1966 Kwame Nkrumah (b. 1909 - d. 1972) 24 Feb 1966 - 2 Apr 1969 Joseph Ankrah (b. 1915 - d. 1992) (chairman National Liberation Council) 2 Apr 1969 - 7 Aug 1970 Akwasi Afrifa (b. 1936 - d. 1979) (chairman National Liberation Council to 3 Sep 1969, then chairman Presidential Commission) 7 Aug 1970 - 31 Aug 1970 Nii Amaa Ollennu (acting) (b. 1906 - d. 1986) 31 Aug 1970 - 13 Jan 1972 Edward Akufo-Addo (b. 1906 - d. 1979) 13 Jan 1972 - 5 Jul 1978 Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (b. 1931 - d. 1979) (chairman National Redemption Council to 9 Oct 1975, then chairman Supreme Military Council) 5 Jul 1978 - 4 Jun 1979 Fred W.K. Akuffo (b. 1937 - d. 1979) (chairman Supreme Military Council) 4 Jun 1979 - 24 Sep 1979 Jerry John Rawlings (1st time) (b. 1947 - d. 2020) (chairman Armed Forces Revolutionary Council) 24 Sep 1979 - 31 Dec 1981 Hilla Limann (b. 1934 - d. 1998) 31 Dec 1981 - 7 Jan 2001 Jerry John Rawlings (2nd time) (s.a.) (chairman Provisional National Defense Council to 7 Jan 1993) 7 Jan 2001 - 7 Jan 2009 John Agyekum Kufuor (b. 1938) 7 Jan 2009 - 24 Jul 2012 John Atta Mills (b. 1944 - d. 2012) 24 Jul 2012 - 7 Jan 2017 John Dramani Mahama (b. 1958) 7 Jan 2017 - Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo (b. 1944)

Prime ministers 21 Mar 1952 - 30 Jun 1960 Kwame Nkrumah (s.a.) 3 Sep 1969 - 13 Jan 1972 Kofi Busia (b. 1913 - d. 1978)

• Traditional polities

Danish Gold Coast

   1657/58             Danish Gold Coast settlements (also called Danish Guinea)
                       established on eastern Gold Coast (Ft. Christiansborg,
                       to which are later added Ft. Fredensborg [Ningo],
                       Ft. Augustenborg [Teshi], Ft. Prinsensten [Keta],
                       Ft. Kongensten [Ada])

Dec 1680 - 29 Aug 1682 Portuguese occupation of Ft. Christiansborg 1750 Danish crown colony 30 Mar 1850 sold to Britain and incorporated into the Gold Coast Colony

Opperhoveds 23 Dec 1698 - 31 Aug 1703 John Trawne (b. 16... - d. 1703) 11 Sep 1703 - 23 Apr 1704 Hartvig Meyer (b. 16... - d. 1704) 23 Apr 1704 - 5 May 1705 Peter Sverdrup (acting) (b. 16... - d. 1705) 5 May 1705 - 25 May 1705 Peter Petersen (acting) (b. 16... - d. 1705) 25 May 1705 - 17 Aug 1711 Erik Olsen Lygaard (2nd time) (b. 16... - d. 1711) 17 Aug 1711 - 26 Nov 1717 Bfantz Boye (b. 16... - d. 1717) 26 Nov 1717 - 6 Aug 1720 Knud R�st (b. 16... - d. 1720) 6 Aug 1720 - 24 Jan 1722 Peter �strup (b. ... - d. 1722) 25 Jan 1722 - 22 Jan 1723 Niels Jensen �strup (b. ... - d. 1724) 22 Jan 1723 - 27 Apr 1724 Christian Andreas Syndermann (b. ... - d. 1724) 27 Apr 1724 - 1 Mar 1727 Hendrik von Suhm (b. ... - d. 1727) 4 Mar 1727 - 18 Sep 1727 Fred Pahl (b. ... - d. 1727) 18 Sep 1727 - 24 Dec 1728 Andreas Willumsen (b. ... - d. 1728) 24 Dec 1728 - 12 Aug 1735 Anders Pedersen Waer�e 12 Aug 1735 - 14 Jun 1736 Severin Schilderup (b. ... - d. 1736) 14 Jun 1736 - 20 Jun 1740 Enevold Nielson Boris (b. ... - d. 1740) 20 Jun 1740 - 26 May 1743 Peter Nikolaj J�rgensen (b. ... - d. 1743) 26 May 1743 - 3 Feb 1744 Christian Glob Dorph (b. ... - d. 1744) 3 Feb 1744 - 11 Mar 1745 J�rgen Billsen (b. ... - d. 1745) 11 Mar 1745 - 23 Mar 1745 Thomas Brock (b. ... - d. 1745) 23 Mar 1745 - 23 Apr 1745 Johan Wilder (b. ... - d. 1745) 23 Apr 1745 - 21 Jun 1746 August Frederik Hackenburg 21 Jun 1746 - 6 Mar 1751 Joost Platfusz 6 Mar 1751 - 8 Mar 1751 Magnus Christopher L�tzow (b. ... - d. 1751) 8 Mar 1751 - 21 Jul 1752 Magnus Hacksen (acting) (b. ... - d. 1752) 21 Jul 1752 - 11 Mar 1757 Carl Engman 11 Mar 1757 - 14 Feb 1762 Christian Jessen (b. ... - d. 1768) 14 Feb 1762 - 20 Oct 1766 Carl Gottlieb Resch (b. ... - d. 1768) Governors 20 Oct 1766 - 11 Jan 1768 Christian Tychsen (b. ... - d. 1768) 11 Jan 1768 - 2 Jul 1769 Frantz Joachim K�hberg (b. ... - d. 1769) 2 Jul 1769 - 11 Jun 1770 Joachim Christian Otto (acting) (b. ... - d. 1770) 11 Jun 1770 - 15 Jun 1772 Johan Daniel Fr�hlich (acting) (b. ... - d. 1772) 15 Jun 1772 - 24 Jun 1777 Niels Urban Aarestrup (acting) 24 Jun 1777 - 2 Dec 1780 Johan Conrad von Hemsen (b. ... - d. 1780) 2 Dec 1780 - 21 Apr 1788 Jens Adolf Ki�ge (acting) (b. 1746 - d. 1789) 21 Apr 1788 - 23 Oct 1789 Johan Friedrich Kipnasse (acting) (b. ... - d. 1796) 23 Oct 1789 - Jul 1792 Andreas Rieselsen Bj�rn (b. 1748 - d. 1821) Jul 1792 - 30 Jun 1793 Andreas Hammer (acting to 25 Jan 1793) 30 Jun 1793 - 3 Aug 1793 Bendt Olrik (b. 1749 - d. 1793) 3 Aug 1793 - 17 Aug 1795 Baron Christian Friedrich von Hager (acting) (b. 1754 - d. 1795) Oct 1795 - 31 Dec 1799 Johan Peter David Wrisberg (1st time) (b. 1771 - d. 1819) 31 Dec 1799 - 3 Dec 1802 Johan David Ahnholm (acting) (b. 1756 - d. 1806) 3 Dec 1802 - 15 Apr 1807 Johan Peter David Wrisberg (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Apr 1807 - 1 Mar 1817 Christian Schi�nning (b. 1764 - d. 1817) 3 Mar 1817 - 5 Oct 1817 Johan Emanuel Rechter (b. ... - d. 1817) 5 Oct 1817 - 6 May 1819 Jens Nikolas Cornelius Reiersen (b. ... - d. 1819) (acting) 6 May 1819 - 1 Jan 1821 Christian Svanekjaer (acting) (b. 1788 - d. 1843) 1 Jan 1821 - 5 Sep 1821 Peter Svane Steffens (b. ... - d. 1821) 5 Sep 1821 - 23 Dec 1823 Matthias Th�nning (acting) (b. ... - d. 1824) 23 Dec 1823 - 7 May 1825 Johan Christopher von Richelieu (b. 1789 - d. 1858) 7 May 1825 - 30 Sep 1827 Niels Br�ch (1st time) (acting) (b. _c._1802 - d. 1836) 30 Sep 1827 - 1 Aug 1828 Jens Peter Flindt (b. 1788 - d. 1842) 1 Aug 1828 - 20 Jan 1831 Heinrich Gerhard Lind (1st time) (b. 1797 - d. 1833) (acting) 29 Jan 1831 - 21 Oct 1831 Ludwig Vincent von Hein (b. 1799 - d. 1831) 21 Oct 1831 - 4 Dec 1831 Helmut von Ahrenstorff (b. 1807 - d. 1831) 4 Dec 1831 - 1 Mar 1833 Niels Br�ch (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Mar 1833 - 21 Jul 1833 Heinrich Gerhard Lind (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 21 Jul 1833 - 26 Dec 1834 Edvard von Gandil (acting) (b. 1804 - d. 1834) 26 Dec 1834 - 18 Mar 1839 Frederik Segfried M�rch (b. 1800 - d. 1839) (acting to 19 Aug 1837) 19 Mar 1839 - 18 Aug 1839 Hans Angel Giede (acting) (b. ... - d. 1839) 18 Aug 1839 - 24 May 1842 Lucas Dall (acting) (b. 1806 - d. 1855) 24 May 1842 - 26 Aug 1842 Bernhard Johan Christian Wilkens (b. 1810 - d. 1842) (acting) 26 Aug 1842 - 15 Mar 1844 Edvard James Arnold Carstensen (1st time) (acting) (b. 1815 - d. 1848) 18 Mar 1844 - 5 Jul 1844 Edvard Ericksen (acting) 5 Jul 1844 - 9 Oct 1844 George Lutterdot (acting) 9 Aug 1844 - 10 Apr 1847 Edvard James Arnold Carstensen (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 Apr 1847 - 20 Feb 1850 Rasmus Eric Schmidt (acting)

Dutch Gold Coast

   1598                Dutch Gold Coast settlements begin

21 Feb 1871 sold to Britain and incorporated into the Gold Coast colony

Directors-general 9 Jun 1702 - 5 Nov 1705 Willem de la Palma 5 Nov 1705 - 10 Oct 1708 Pieter Nuyts 10 Oct 1708 - 14 Aug 1709 Henrikus van Wiessel (governor) 14 Aug 1709 - 16 Apr 1711 Adriaan Schoonheidt 16 Apr 1711 - 11 Jun 1716 Hieronimus Haring 11 Jun 1716 - 9 Apr 1718 Robberts Abraham Engelgraef 9 Apr 1718 - 14 Oct 1722 Willem Bullier 14 Oct 1722 - 28 May 1723 Abraham Houtman 28 May 1723 - 14 Dec 1723 Mattheus de Kraane (governor) 14 Dec 1723 - 11 Mar 1727 Pieter Valkenier 11 Mar 1727 - 6 Mar 1730 Robert Norri 6 Mar 1730 - 13 Mar 1734 Jan Pranger 13 Mar 1734 - 21 Feb 1736 Antonius van Overbeek (b. ... - d. 1736) 15 Oct 1736 - 16 Mar 1740 Martinus Fran�ois des Bordes (b. ... - d. 1740) 16 Mar 1740 - 7 Mar 1741 Fran�ois Barbrius (governor) (b. ... - d. 1741) 8 Mar 1741 - 11 Apr 1747 Baron Jacob de Petersen 11 Apr 1747 - 14 Jul 1754 Jan van Voorst 14 Jul 1754 - 24 Oct 1755 Nikolaas van der Nood de Gieterre (b. ... - d. 1755) 24 Oct 1755 - 16 Jan 1758 Roelof Ulsen (governor) (b. ... - d. 1758) 16 Jan 1758 - 12 Mar 1759 Lambert Jacob van Tets (b. ... - d. 1759) 13 Mar 1759 - 2 Mar 1760 Jan Pieter Theodor Huydecooper (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1769) 2 Mar 1760 - 11 Jul 1763 David Pieter Erasmi (b. ... - d. 1763) 11 Jun 1763 - 31 Aug 1764 Henrick Walmbeck (governor) (b. ... - d. 1764) 11 Sep 1764 - 10 Jun 1769 Jan Pieter Theodor Huydecooper (2nd time) (s.a.) (from 8 Jun 1767 governor-general) 10 Jun 1769 - 11 Apr 1780 Pieter Woortman (b. ... - d. 1780) 10 May 1780 - 30 Dec 1780 Jacobus van der Puye (governor) (b. ... - d. 1780) 30 Dec 1780 - 12 Mar 1784 Pieter Volkmar (b. ... - d. 1784) 15 Mar 1784 - 14 Feb 1785 Gilles Servaas Gall� (1st time) (governor-general) 14 Feb 1785 - 26 May 1786 Adolph Thierens 2 Jun 1786 - 24 Aug 1787 Gilles Servaas Gall� (2nd time) (governor-general) 8 Sep 1788 - 19 Mar 1790 Lieven van Burgen van der Gryp (1st time) (president) (b. ... - d. 1795) 19 Mar 1790 - 23 Mar 1794 Jacobus de Veer 26 May 1794 - 10 Jan 1795 Lieven van Burgen van der Gryp (2nd time) (president) (s.a.) 10 Jan 1795 - 3 Jun 1796 Otto Arnoldus Duim (governor) (b. ... - d. 1796) 10 Aug 1796 - 1 May 1798 Gerhardus Hubertus van Hammel (b. ... - d. 1798) 8 May 1798 - 28 Apr 1804 Cornelis Ludewich Bartels (b. 17... - d. 1804) (from 1801 governor-general) 28 Apr 1804 - 15 Jun 1805 Izaak de Roever (president) Governors-general 16 Jun 1805 - 21 Jul 1807 Pieter Linthorst 21 Jul 1807 - 11 Aug 1808 Johannes Petrus Hoogenboom (b. 17... - d. 1808) (president) 12 Aug 1808 - 23 Feb 1810 Jan Frederik Koning 23 Feb 1810 - 1 Mar 1816 Abraham de Veer (b. 1767 - d. 1838) (commandant-general) 1 Mar 1816 - 22 Apr 1818 Herman Willem Daendels (b. 1762 - d. 1818) 22 Apr 1818 - 10 Jan 1820 Frantz Christian Eberhard Oldenborg Commanders 10 Jan 1820 - 27 Jul 1821 Johannes Oosthout 27 Jul 1821 - 11 Jan 1823 Frederick Frans Ludewich Ulrich Last (1st time) (acting) 11 Jan 1823 - 6 May 1823 Librecht Jan Temmink (acting) 6 May 1823 - 14 May 1824 Willem Poolman 14 May 1824 - 25 Dec 1824 Hendrik Adriaan Mouwe, Jr. (acting) 25 Dec 1824 - 2 Jan 1825 Johan David Carel Pagenstecher (acting) 2 Jan 1825 - 12 Nov 1826 Frederick Frans Ludewich Ulrich Last (2nd time) (acting) 12 Nov 1826 - 4 Oct 1828 Jacobus van der Breggen Paauw (acting) 4 Oct 1828 - 17 Apr 1833 Frederick Frans Ludewich Ulrich Last (3rd time) 17 Apr 1833 - 17 May 1833 Jan Thieleman Jacobus Cremer (acting) 17 May 1833 - 2 Feb 1834 Eduard Daniel Leopold van Ingen (acting) 2 Feb 1834 - 16 Mar 1834 Marthinus Swarte (acting) 16 Mar 1834 - 2 Dec 1836 Christian Ernst Lans 2 Dec 1836 - 28 Oct 1837 Hendrikus Jacobus Tonneboeijer (b. ... - d. 1837) (acting) 29 Oct 1837 - 5 Aug 1838 Anthony van der Eb (acting) (b. 1813 - d. 1852) Governors 5 Aug 1838 - 7 Mar 1840 Hendrik Bosch 7 Mar 1840 - 1846 Anthony van der Eb (1st time) 1846 - 1847 Willem George Frederik Derx (1st time) 1847 - 1852 Anthony van der Eb (2nd time) 1852 - 1856 Hero Schomerus (b. ... - d. 1856) 1856 Petrus Jacobus Runchel (b. 1822 - d. ...) 1856 - 1857 Willem George Frederik Derx (2nd time) 1857 Jules Felicine Romain Stanislas van den Bossche (b. 1819 - d. 1889) 1857 - 1862 Cornelis Johannes Marius Nagtglas (1st time) (b. 1814 - d. 1897) 1862 - 1865 Henri Alexander Elias (b. 1829 - d. 1903) 1865 - 1866 A. Magnin 1866 - 1867 Willem Hendrik Johan van Idsinga (b. 1822 - d. 1896) 1867 - 1869 Georg Pieter Willem Boers (b. 1811 - d. 1884) 1869 - 1871 Cornelis Johannes Marius Nagtglas (2nd time) (s.a.) 1871 Jan Albert Hendrik Hugenholz (b. 1826 - d. 1874) 1871 - 21 Feb 1871 Jan Helenus Ferguson (b. 1826 - d. 1908)

Gibraltar

20 Aug 1462 part of Castile/Spain 4 Aug 1704 British occupation 13 Jul 1713 Spain cedes Gibraltar to Britain 20 Jun 1830 British crown colony

Governors 4 Aug 1704 - 14 Sep 1705 Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1669 - d. 1705) 24 Dec 1707 - 24 Jan 1711 Roger Elliott (b. _c._1665 - d. 1714) 24 Jan 1711 - 7 Aug 1713 Thomas Stanwix (b. _c._1670 - d. 1725) 7 Aug 1713 - 2 Jan 1730 David Colyear, Earl of Portmore (b. _c._1656 - d. 1730) Acting for Colyear: 25 Jun 1713 - 4 Oct 1716 Ralph Congreve 4 Oct 1716 - 9 Feb 1718 Stanhope Cotton 9 Feb 1718 - Feb 1719 Peter Godbey Nov 1719 - Mar 1720 Francis Bowes Mar 1720 - Oct 1720 Walter Elrington 20 Oct 1720 - Mar 1721 Richard Kane (1st time) (b. 1666 - d. 1736) Mar 1721 - Jul 1725 William Hargrave Jul 1725 - 2 Feb 1727 Richard Kane (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Feb 1727 - 13 May 1730 Jasper Clayton (b. 1675 - d. 1743) 15 May 1730 - 24 Oct 1739 Joseph Sabine (b. 1662 - d. 1739) 24 Oct 1739 - 22 Apr 1740 Francis Columbine 22 Apr 1740 - 1749 William Hargrave 1749 - 31 May 1754 Sir Humphrey Bland (b. _c._1686 - d. 1763) 31 May 1754 - 12 Jul 1756 Thomas Fowke 12 Jul 1756 - 16 Apr 1757 James O'Hara, Earl of Tyrawley (b. _c._1682 - d. 1773) 16 Apr 1757 - 28 Apr 1761 William Home, Earl of Home (b. 1681 - d. 1761) 28 Apr 1761 - 23 Jun 1761 John Toovey (acting) 13 Jun 1761 - 14 Jun 1761 John Parslow (acting) 14 Jun 1761 - Jan 1776 Edward Cornwallis (b. 1713 - d. 1776) Jan 1776 - 25 May 1777 Robert Boyd (1st time) (acting) (b. 1710 - d. 1794) 25 May 1777 - Jul 1790 George Augustus Eliott, (from 14 Jun 1787) Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar (b. 1717 - d. 1790) Jul 1790 - 13 May 1794 Sir Robert Boyd (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting to Oct 1790) 13 May 1794 - 30 Dec 1795 Charles Rainsford (b. 1728 - d. 1809) 30 Dec 1795 - 25 Feb 1802 Charles O'Hara (b. 1740 - d. 1802) 25 Feb 1802 - 10 May 1802 Charles Barnett 24 May 1802 - 23 Jan 1820 Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b. 1767 - d. 1820) Acting for Edward: 2 May 1803 - 17 Dec 1804 Sir Thomas Trigge (b. 17... - d. 1814) 17 Dec 1804 - Jun 1806 Henry Edward Fox (b. 1755 - d. 1811) Jun 1806 - Nov 1806 James Drummond (1st time) Nov 1806 - Aug 1808 Sir Hew Whitefoord Dalrymple (b. 1750 - d. 1830) Aug 1808 - May 1809 James Drummond (2nd time) May 1809 - Aug 1809 Sir John Francis Cradock (b. 1762 - d. 1839) Aug 1809 - Oct 1809 John Smith Oct 1809 - Nov 1809 Alex McKenzie Fraser (b. 1756 - d. 1809) Nov 1809 - 2 Apr 1814 Colin Campbell (b. 1754 - d. 1814) 3 Apr 1814 - 15 Nov 1821 Sir George Don (1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1832) 29 Jan 1820 - 24 Sep 1835 John Pitt, Earl of Chatham (b. 1756 - d. 1835) Acting for Pitt: 7 Jun 1825 - 10 May 1831 Sir George Don (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 May 1831 - 29 May 1835 Sir William Houstoun 29 May 1835 - 11 Oct 1842 Sir Alexander George Woodford (b. 1782 - d. 1870) (acting to 1 Sep 1836) 11 Oct 1842 - 12 Dec 1848 Sir Robert Thomas Wilson (b. 1777 - d. 1849) 12 Dec 1848 - 26 Jul 1855 Sir Robert William Gardiner (b. 1781 - d. 1864) 26 Jul 1855 - 5 May 1859 Sir James Fergusson (b. 1787 - d. 1865) 5 May 1859 - 21 Sep 1865 Sir William John Codrington (b. 1804 - d. 1884) 21 Sep 1865 - 25 Jul 1870 Sir Richard Airey (b. 1803 - d. 1881) 25 Jul 1870 - 23 Jun 1876 Sir William Fenwick Williams (b. 1800 - d. 1883) 23 Jun 1876 - 3 Jan 1883 Robert Cornelis Napier, Baron Napier of Magdala (b. 1810 - d. 1890) 3 Jan 1883 - 2 Nov 1886 Sir John Miller Adye (b. 1819 - d. 1900) 2 Nov 1886 - 23 Aug 1890 Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge (b. 1828 - d. 1892) 23 Aug 1890 - 27 Jan 1891 Sir Leicester Smyth (b. 1829 - d. 1891) 27 Jan 1891 - 31 Mar 1891 H.R.L. Newdigate (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1908) 31 Mar 1891 - 27 Jun 1893 Sir Lothian Nicholson (b. 1827 - d. 1893) 27 Jun 1893 - 7 Aug 1893 George Joseph Smart (acting) (b. 1833 - d. 1897) 7 Aug 1893 - 22 May 1900 Sir Robert Biddulph (b. 1835 - d. 1918) 22 May 1900 - 1 Aug 1905 Sir George Stuart White (b. 1835 - d. 1912) 1 Aug 1905 - 18 Jul 1910 Sir Frederick William Edward Forestier Forestier-Walker (b. 1844 - d. 1910) 19 Jul 1910 - 4 Oct 1910 Thomas Perrott (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 1919) 4 Oct 1910 - 11 Jul 1913 Sir Archibald Hunter (b. 1856 - d. 1936) 11 Jul 1913 - 9 Jul 1918 Sir Herbert Miles (b. 1850 - d. 1926) 9 Jul 1918 - 26 May 1923 Sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien (b. 1858 - d. 1930) 26 May 1923 - 13 Aug 1928 Sir Charles Carmichael Monro (b. 1860 - d. 1929) 13 Aug 1928 - 13 May 1933 Sir Alexander John Godley (b. 1867 - d. 1957) 13 May 1933 - 5 Nov 1938 Sir Charles Harington Harington (b. 1872 - d. 1940) 5 Nov 1938 - 11 Jul 1939 Sir Edmund Ironside (b. 1880 - d. 1959) 11 Jul 1939 - 14 May 1941 Sir Clive Gerard Liddell (b. 1883 - d. 1956) 14 May 1941 - 31 May 1942 John Vereker, Viscount Gort (b. 1886 - d. 1946) 31 May 1942 - 14 Feb 1944 Noel Mason-Macfarlane (from 6 Aug 1943, Sir Noel Mason-Macfarlane) (b. 1889 - d. 1953) 14 Feb 1944 - 8 Feb 1947 Sir Ralph Eastwood (b. 1890 - d. 1959) 8 Feb 1947 - 23 Apr 1952 Sir Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson (b. 1891 - d. 1959) 23 Apr 1952 - 6 May 1955 Sir Gordon MacMillan of MacMillan (b. 1897 - d. 1986) 6 May 1955 - 16 Apr 1958 Sir Harold Redman (b. 1899 - d. 1986) 16 Apr 1958 - 8 Jun 1962 Sir Charles Keightley (b. 1901 - d. 1974) 8 Jun 1962 - Jul 1965 Sir Dudley Ward (b. 1905 - d. 1991) 28 Aug 1965 - Mar 1969 Sir Gerald Lathbury (b. 1906 - d. 1978) Mar 1969 - 3 Oct 1973 Sir Varyl Begg (b. 1908 - d. 1995) 3 Oct 1973 - 30 May 1978 Sir John Grandy (b. 1913 - d. 2004) 30 May 1978 - 26 Oct 1982 Sir William Jackson (b. 1917 - d. 1999) 26 Oct 1982 - 19 Nov 1985 Sir David Williams (b. 1921 - d. 2012) 19 Nov 1985 - Dec 1989 Sir Peter Terry (b. 1926 - d. 2017) Dec 1989 - Mar 1993 Sir Derek Reffell (b. 1928) Apr 1993 - 5 Dec 1995 Sir John Chapple (b. 1931 - d. 2022) 5 Dec 1995 - 19 Feb 1997 Sir Hugo White (b. 1939 - d. 2014) 24 Feb 1997 - 5 Apr 2000 Sir Richard Luce (b. 1936) 5 Apr 2000 - 16 May 2003 David Durie (from 1 Jan 2003, Sir David Durie) (b. 1944) 16 May 2003 - 27 May 2003 David Blunt (acting) (b. 1953) 27 May 2003 - 17 Jul 2006 Sir Francis Richards (b. 1945) 17 Jul 2006 - 27 Sep 2006 Philip Barton (acting) (b. 1963) 27 Sep 2006 - 21 Oct 2009 Sir Robert Fulton (b. 1948) 21 Oct 2009 - 26 Oct 2009 Lesley Pallett (f) (acting) 26 Oct 2009 - 13 Nov 2013 Sir Adrian Johns (b. 1951) 13 Nov 2013 - 6 Dec 2013 Alison MacMillan (f) (1st time) (acting) 6 Dec 2013 - 28 Sep 2015 Sir James Dutton (b. 1954) 28 Sep 2015 - 19 Jan 2016 Alison MacMillan (f) (2nd time) (acting) 19 Jan 2016 - 18 Feb 2020 Edward Davis (b. 1963) 18 Feb 2020 - 11 Jun 2020 Nick Pyle (acting) (b. 1960) 11 Jun 2020 - 23 May 2024 Sir David Steel (b. 1961) 24 May 2024 - 4 Jun 2024 Marc Holland (acting) (b. 1974?) 4 Jun 2024 - Sir Ben Bathurst (b. 1964)

Chief ministers 11 Aug 1964 - 6 Aug 1969 Sir Joshua Hassan (1st time) (b. 1915 - d. 1997) 6 Aug 1969 - 25 Jun 1972 Robert Peliza (b. 1920 - d. 2011) 25 Jun 1972 - 8 Dec 1987 Sir Joshua Hassan (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Dec 1987 - 25 Mar 1988 Adolfo Canepa (b. 1940) 25 Mar 1988 - 17 May 1996 Joe Bossano (b. 1939) 17 May 1996 - 9 Dec 2011 Peter Caruana (b. 1956) 9 Dec 2011 - Fabian Picardo (b. 1972)