The polar ocean and glacial cycles in atmospheric CO2 concentration (original) (raw)
Petit, J. R. et al. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature399, 429–436 (1999)Data on _p_CO 2atm for the last four glacial cycles are reported and interpreted in the context of other ice core data. ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Sowers, T. & Bender, M. L. Climate records covering the last deglaciation. Science269, 210–214 (1995) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Broecker, W. S. Glacial to interglacial changes in ocean chemistry. Prog. Oceanogr.2, 151–197 (1982)A framework is set forth for considering the causes of glacial/interglacial _p_CO 2atm change, and the biological pump and its interaction with seafloor calcium carbonate burial are implicated for the first time. ArticleADS Google Scholar
Sigman, D. M. & Boyle, E. A. Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature407, 859–869 (2000) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Sarmiento, J. L. & Toggweiler, J. R. A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric _p_CO2 . Nature308, 621–624 (1984)This study and two others6,7first identified the Southern Ocean as a major leak in the modern biological pump and posited that a reduction in this leak was responsible for lower _p_CO 2atm during ice ages. ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Siegenthaler, U. & Wenk, T. Rapid atmospheric CO2 variations and ocean circulation. Nature308, 624–626 (1984) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Knox, F. & McElroy, M. Changes in atmospheric CO2 influence of the marine biota at high latitude. J. Geophys. Res.89, 4629–4637 (1984) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Sigman, D. M. & Haug, G. H. in The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry Vol. 6 Treatise On Geochemistry (ed. Elderfield, H.) 491–528 (Elsevier Pergamon, 2003) Google Scholar
François, R. F. et al. Water column stratification in the Southern Ocean contributed to the lowering of glacial atmospheric CO2 . Nature389, 929–935 (1997)Palaeoceanographic evidence is reported that the ice-age Antarctic was characterized by less exchange between the surface and the deep ocean and by an associated increase in the completeness with which Antarctic phytoplankton consumed the available nutrient supply, both of which would have lowered _p_CO 2atm. ArticleADS Google Scholar
Toggweiler, J. R. Variations in atmospheric CO2 driven by ventilation of the ocean’s deepest water. Paleoceanography14, 571–588 (1999) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Martin, J. H. Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: the iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography5, 1–13 (1990) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Stephens, B. B. & Keeling, R. F. The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial-interglacial CO2 variations. Nature404, 171–174 (2000)Reduced CO2flux across the sea-to-air interface due to sea-ice cover in the Antarctic is proposed and considered quantitatively as the major driver of lower ice-age _p_CO 2atm. ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Archer, D., Winguth, A., Lea, D. & Mahowald, N. What caused the glacial/interglacial atmospheric _p_CO2 cycles? Rev. Geophys.38, 159–189 (2000) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Sigman, D. M., McCorkle, D. C. & Martin, W. R. The calcite lysocline as a constraint on glacial/interglacial low-latitude production changes. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles12, 409–427 (1998) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Deutsch, C., Sigman, D. M., Thunell, R. C., Meckler, N. & Haug, G. H. Stable isotope constraints on the glacial/interglacial oceanic nitrogen budget. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles18 10.1029/2003GB002189 (2004)
Ren, H. et al. Foraminiferal isotope evidence of reduced nitrogen fixation in the ice age Atlantic Ocean. Science323, 244–248 (2009) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Marchitto, T. M., Lehman, S. J., Ortiz, J. D., Fluckiger, J. & van Geen, A. Marine radiocarbon evidence for the mechanism of deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise. Science316, 1456–1459 (2007) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Anderson, R. F. et al. Wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2 . Science323, 1443–1448 (2009) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Monnin, E. et al. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination. Science291, 112–114 (2001) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
McManus, J. F., François, R., Gherardi, J. M., Keigwin, L. D. & Brown-Leger, S. Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes. Nature428, 834–837 (2004)One of a number of important studies showing that ventilation of the deep ocean by the North Atlantic decreased abruptly in response to Heinrich Event 1, coincident with the first major step in Antarctic warming. ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Spero, H. & Lea, D. The cause of carbon isotope minimum events on glacial terminations. Science296, 522–525 (2002) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Barker, S. et al. Interhemispheric Atlantic seesaw response during the last deglaciation. Nature457, 1097–1050 (2009) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Ito, T. & Follows, M. J. Preformed phosphate, soft tissue pump and atmospheric CO2 . J. Mar. Res.63, 813–839 (2005) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Toggweiler, J. R., Murnane, R., Carson, S., Gnanadesikan, A. & Sarmiento, J. L. Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs: 2. Organic pump. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles17 1027 10.1029/2001GB001841 (2003) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Archer, D. E. et al. Model sensitivity in the effect of Antarctic sea ice and stratification on atmospheric _p_CO2 . Paleoceanography18 1012 10.1029/2002pa000760 (2003) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Marinov, I., Gnanadesikan, A., Toggweiler, J. R. & Sarmiento, J. L. The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide. Nature441, 964–967 (2006) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Orsi, A. H., Smethie, W. M. & Bullister, J. L. On the total input of Antarctic waters to the deep ocean: a preliminary estimate from chlorofluorocarbon measurements. J. Geophys. Res.107 17 10.1029/2001jc000976 (2002) Article Google Scholar
Mortlock, R. A. et al. Evidence for lower productivity in the Antarctic during the last glaciation. Nature351, 220–223 (1991)In this first large-scale reconstruction of Southern Ocean productivity during the last ice age, the Antarctic was found to be less productive than today, but the Subantarctic was found to be more productive. ArticleADS Google Scholar
Abelmann, A., Gersonde, R., Cortese, G., Kuhn, G. & Smetacek, V. Extensive phytoplankton blooms in the Atlantic sector of the glacial Southern Ocean. Paleoceanography21 PA1013 10.1029/2005PA001199 (2006) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Robinson, R. S. & Sigman, D. M. Nitrogen isotopic evidence for a poleward decrease in surface nitrate within the ice age Antarctic. Quat. Sci. Rev.27, 1076–1090 (2008) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Sikes, E. L., Samson, C. R., Guilderson, T. P. & Howard, W. R. Old radiocarbon ages in the southwest Pacific Ocean during the last glacial period and deglaciation. Nature405, 555–559 (2000) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Galbraith, E. D. et al. Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation. Nature449, 890–893 (2007) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Keigwin, L. D. Radiocarbon and stable isotope constraints on Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas ventilation in the western North Atlantic. Paleoceanography19 PA4012 10.1029/2004PA001029 (2004) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Hughen, K. et al. 14C activity and global carbon cycle changes over the past 50,000 years. Science303, 202–207 (2004) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Schmittner, A. Southern Ocean sea ice and radiocarbon ages of glacial bottom waters. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.213, 53–62 (2003) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Jaccard, S. L. et al. Subarctic Pacific evidence for a glacial deepening of the oceanic respired carbon pool. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.277, 156–165 (2009) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Keir, R. S. On the late Pleistocene ocean geochemistry and circulation. Paleoceanography3, 413–445 (1988) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Boyle, E. A. Vertical oceanic nutrient fractionation and glacial/interglacial CO2 cycles. Nature331, 55–56 (1988)Motivated by his palaeoceanographic data, this author recognized that (1) shifting regenerated nutrients and CO2from the mid-depth to abyssal ocean would drive a deep sea CaCO3dissolution event, helping to lower _p_CO 2atm**, and (2) accumulation of regenerated products in the abyssal (rather than mid-depth) ocean renders moot previous concerns regarding the lack of ice-age evidence for ocean suboxia.** ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Peacock, S., Lane, E. & Restrepo, J. M. A possible sequence of events for the generalized glacial-interglacial cycle. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles20 GB2010 10.1029/2005GB002448 (2006) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Kumar, N. et al. Increased biological productivity and export production in the glacial Southern Ocean. Nature378, 675–680 (1995) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Martinez-Garcia, A. et al. Links between iron supply, marine productivity, sea surface temperature, and CO2 over the last 1.1 Ma. Paleoceanography24 14 10.1029/2008pa001657 (2009) Article Google Scholar
Robinson, R. S. et al. Diatom-bound 15N/14N: new support for enhanced nutrient consumption in the ice age subantarctic. Paleoceanography20 PA3003 10.1029/2004PA001114 (2005) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Brzezinski, M. A. et al. A switch from Si(OH)4 to NO3− depletion in the glacial Southern Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett.29 12 10.1029/2001GL014349 (2002) Article Google Scholar
Loubere, P., Mekik, F., François, R. & Pichat, S. Export fluxes of calcite in the eastern equatorial Pacific from the Last Glacial Maximum to present. Paleoceanography19 PA2018 10.1029/2003PA000986 (2004) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Matsumoto, K., Sarmiento, J. L. & Brzezinski, M. A. Silicic acid ‘leakage’ from the Southern Ocean as a possible mechanism for explaining glacial atmospheric _p_CO2 . Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles16 10.1029/2001GB001442 (2002)
Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Ridgewell, A. J., Boyd, P. W. & Law, C. S. Effect of iron supply on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and implications for atmospheric CO2 . Nature407, 730–733 (2000) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Lynch-Stieglitz, J. et al. Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science316, 66–69 (2007)A literature review and an attempt at community consensus as to the nature of North Atlantic deep ocean circulation during the last ice age. ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Liu, Z. Y., Shin, S. I., Webb, R. S., Lewis, W. & Otto-Bliesner, B. L. Atmospheric CO2 forcing on glacial thermohaline circulation and climate. Geophys. Res. Lett.32 4 10.1029/2004gl021929 (2005) Article Google Scholar
Manabe, S. & Stouffer, R. J. Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the ocean-atmosphere system. Nature364, 215–218 (1993) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Toggweiler, J. R., Russell, J. L. & Carson, S. R. Midlatitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during the ice ages. Paleoceanography21 PA2005 10.1029/2005PA001154 (2006)Changes in the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds are proposed as the driver of reduced Antarctic overturning during ice ages. ArticleADS Google Scholar
de Boer, A. M., Toggweiler, J. R. & Sigman, D. M. Atlantic dominance of the meridional overturning circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr.38 435–450 10.1175/2007jp03731.1 (2008) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Sigman, D. M., Jaccard, S. L. & Haug, G. H. Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate. Nature428, 59–63 (2004) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
de Boer, A. M., Sigman, D. M., Toggweiler, J. R. & Russell, J. L. Effect of global ocean temperature change on deep ocean ventilation. Paleoceanography22 PA2210 10.1029/2005pa001242 (2007) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Gildor, H. & Tziperman, E. Physical mechanisms behind biogeochemical glacial-interglacial CO2 variations. Geophys. Res. Lett.28, 2421–2424 (2001) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Keeling, R. F. & Visbeck, M. Palaeoceanography: Antarctic stratification and glacial CO2 . Nature412, 605–606 (2001) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Watson, A. J. & Garabato, A. C. N. The role of Southern Ocean mixing and upwelling in glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2 change. Tellus B58, 73–87 (2006) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Adkins, J. F., McIntyre, K. & Schrag, D. P. The salinity, temperature, and δ18O of the glacial deep ocean. Science298, 1769–1773 (2002) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Paillard, D. & Parrenin, F. The Antarctic ice sheet and the triggering of deglaciations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.227, 263–271 (2004) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Broecker, W. S. Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: A bipolar seesaw? Paleoceanography13, 119–121 (1998) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Kuhlbrodt, T. et al. On the driving processes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Rev. Geophys.45 10.1029/2004rg000166 (2007)
Toggweiler, J. R. & Samuels, B. Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep Sea Res. I42, 477–500 (1995) Article Google Scholar
Munk, W. H. & Wunsch, C. Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep Sea Res. I45, 1977–2010 (1998) Article Google Scholar
Huang, R. X. Mixing and energetics of the oceanic thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr.29, 727–746 (1999) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Bouttes, N., Roche, D. M. & Paillard, D. Impact of strong deep ocean stratification on the glacial carbon cycle. Paleoceanography24 PA3203 10.1029/2008pa001707 (2009) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Hodell, D. A. & Venz-Curtis, K. A. Late Neogene history of deepwater ventilation in the Southern Ocean. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.7 Q09001 10.1029/2005GC001211 (2006) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Hodell, D. A., Venz, K. A., Charles, C. D. & Ninnemann, U. S. Pleistocene vertical carbon isotope and carbonate gradients in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.4 1004 10.1029/2002gc000367 (2003) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Takahashi, T. et al. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans. Deep Sea Res. II56, 554–577 (2009) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Maqueda, M. A. M. & Rahmstorf, S. Did Antarctic sea-ice expansion cause glacial CO2 decline? Geophys. Res. Lett.29 3 10.1029/2001gl013240 (2002) Article Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. G., Brody, E. A., Holm-Hansen, O., McClain, C. & Bishop, J. Light limitation of phytoplankton biomass and macronutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr.36, 1662–1677 (1991) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Martin, J. H., Fitzwater, S. E. & Gordon, R. M. Iron deficiency limits growth in Antarctic waters. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles4, 5–12 (1990) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Lefèvre, N. & Watson, A. J. Modeling the geochemical cycle of iron in the oceans and its impact on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles13, 727–736 (1999) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A. & Armand, L. Sea-surface temperature and sea lee distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum—a circum-Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records. Quat. Sci. Rev.24, 869–896 (2005) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Mahowald, N. et al. Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: a comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments. J. Geophys. Res.104, 15895–15916 (1999) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Sigman, D. M., de Boer, A. M. & Haug, G. H. in Past and Future Changes of the Oceanic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts (eds Schmittner, A., Chiang, J. H. C. & Hemming, S. R.) Geophysical Monograph 173, 335–350 (American Geophysical Union, 2007) Book Google Scholar
Hemming, S. R. Heinrich events: massive late Pleistocene detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint. Rev. Geophys.42 2003RG1005 10.1029/2003RG000128 (2004) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Huybers, P. & Denton, G. Antarctic temperature at orbital timescales controlled by local summer duration. Nature Geosci.1, 787–792 (2008) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Timmermann, A., Timm, O., Stott, L. & Menviel, L. The roles of CO2 and orbital forcing in driving Southern Hemispheric temperature variations during the last 21000 yr. J. Clim.22, 1626–1640 (2009) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Ahn, J. & Brook, E. J. Atmospheric CO2 and climate on millennial time scales during the last glacial period. Science322, 83–85 (2008) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Schmittner, A., Brook, E. & Ahn, J. in Past and Future Changes of the Oceanic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts (eds Schmittner, A., Chiang, J. H. C. & Hemming, S. R.) Geophysical Monograph 173, 315–334 (American Geophysical Union, 2007) Google Scholar
Venz, K. A., Hodell, D. A., Stanton, C. & Warnke, D. A. A 1.0 Myr record of glacial North Atlantic intermediate water variability from ODP site 982 in the northeast Atlantic. Paleoceanography14, 42–52 (1999) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Crowley, T. J. North Atlantic Deep Water cools the Southern Hemisphere. Paleoceanography7, 489–497 (1992) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Lamy, F. et al. Modulation of the bipolar seesaw in the southeast Pacific during Termination 1. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.259, 400–413 (2007) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Wolff, E. W. et al. Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles. Nature440, 491–496 (2006) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Cutler, K. B. et al. Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature change since the last interglacial period. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.206, 253–271 (2003) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Kohfeld, K. E., Le Quere, C., Harrison, S. P. & Anderson, R. F. Role of marine biology in glacial-interglacial CO2 cycles. Science308, 74–78 (2005) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Haug, G. H. & Sigman, D. M. Palaeoceanography: polar twins. Nature Geosci.2, 91–92 (2009) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Jaccard, S. L. et al. Glacial/interglacial changes in subarctic North Pacific stratification. Science308, 1003–1006 (2005) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Brunelle, B. G. et al. Evidence from diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes for subarctic Pacific stratification during the last ice age and a link to North Pacific denitrification changes. Paleoceanography22 PA1215 10.1029/2005PA001205 (2007) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Galbraith, E. D. et al. Consistent relationship between global climate and surface nitrate utilization in the western subarctic Pacific throughout the last 500 ka. Paleoceanography23 PA2212 10.1029/2007PA001518 (2008) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. A. Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography20 PA1003 10.1029/2004pa001071 (2005) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Luthi, D. et al. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. Nature453, 379–382 (2008) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Jouzel, J. et al. Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years. Science317, 793–796 (2007) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Hodell, D. A., Gersonde, R. & Blum, P. Leg 177 synthesis: insights into Southern Ocean paleoceanography on tectonic to millennial timescales. Proc. ODP Sci. Res.177 1–54 10.2973/odp.proc.sr.177.101.2002 (2002) Article Google Scholar
Berger, A. & Loutre, M. F. Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. Quat. Sci. Rev.10, 297–317 (1991) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Siegenthaler, U. et al. Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the late Pleistocene. Science310, 1313–1317 (2005) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
EPICA community members. Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature429, 623–628 (2004)
Grootes, P. M. & Stuiver, M. Oxygen 18/16 variability in Greenland snow and ice with 103 to 105-year time resolution. J. Geophys. Res.102, 26455–26470 (1997) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar