Activation of the mammalian immune system by siRNAs (original) (raw)

• Fire, A. et al. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391, 806–811 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mello, C.C. & Conte, D. Jr. Revealing the world of RNA interference. Nature 431, 338–342 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Yang, S., Tutton, S., Pierce, E. & Yoon, K. Specific double-stranded RNA interference in undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 7807–7816 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Baulcombe, D. RNA silencing in plants. Nature 431, 356–363 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Meister, G. & Tuschl, T. Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nature 431, 343–349 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Elbashir, S.M., Lendeckel, W. & Tuschl, T. RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs. Genes Dev. 15, 188–200 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Tomari, Y. & Zamore, P.D. Perspective: machines for RNAi. Genes Dev. 19, 517–529 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Elbashir, S.M. et al. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 411, 494–498 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Caplen, N.J., Parrish, S., Imani, F., Fire, A. & Morgan, R.A. Specific inhibition of gene expression by small double-stranded RNAs in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9742–9747 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Robinson, R. RNAi therapeutics: how likely, how soon? PLoS Biol. 2, E28 (2004).
  Article Google Scholar
• Sioud, M. & Sorensen, D.R. Cationic liposome-mediated delivery of siRNAs in adult mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 312, 1220–1225 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kariko, K., Bhuyan, P., Capodici, J. & Weissman, D. Small interfering RNAs mediate sequence-independent gene suppression and induce immune activation by signaling through toll-like receptor 3. J. Immunol. 172, 6545–6549 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sledz, C.A. & Williams, B.R. RNA interference in biology and disease. Blood 106, 787–794 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sledz, C.A., Holko, M., de Veer, M.J., Silverman, R.H. & Williams, B.R. Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 834–839 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kim, D.H. et al. Interferon induction by siRNAs and ssRNAs synthesized by phage polymerase. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 321–325 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Persengiev, S.P., Zhu, X. & Green, M.R. Nonspecific, concentration-dependent stimulation and repression of mammalian gene expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). RNA 10, 12–18 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Takeda, K. & Akira, S. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity. Int. Immunol. 17, 1–14 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hornung, V. et al. Sequence-specific potent induction of IFN-alpha by short interfering RNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7. Nat. Med. 11, 263–270 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Judge, A.D. et al. Sequence-dependent stimulation of the mammalian innate immune response by synthetic siRNA. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 457–462 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sioud, M. Induction of inflammatory cytokines and interferon responses by double-stranded and single-stranded siRNAs is sequence-dependent and requires endosomal localization. J. Mol. Biol. 348, 1079–1090 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Heil, F. et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303, 1526–1529 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Diebold, S.S., Kaisho, T., Hemmi, H., Akira, S. & Reis e Sousa, C. Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science 303, 1529–1531 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hemmi, H. et al. Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Nat. Immunol. 3, 196–200 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, A. & Medzhitov, R. Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. Nat. Immunol. 5, 987–995 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.J. IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23, 275–306 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Verthelyi, D. & Zeuner, R.A. Differential signaling by CpG DNA in DCs and B cells: not just TLR9. Trends Immunol. 24, 519–522 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Heil, F. et al. The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-specific stimulus loxoribine uncovers a strong relationship within the TLR7, 8 and 9 subfamily. Eur. J. Immunol. 33, 2987–2997 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Ito, T. et al. Interferon-alpha and interleukin-12 are induced differentially by Toll-like receptor 7 ligands in human blood dendritic cell subsets. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1507–1512 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rossi, M. & Young, J.W. Human dendritic cells: potent antigen-presenting cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. J. Immunol. 175, 1373–1381 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hornung, V. et al. Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1–10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J. Immunol. 168, 4531–4537 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nagase, H. et al. Expression and function of Toll-like receptors in eosinophils: activation by Toll-like receptor 7 ligand. J. Immunol. 171, 3977–3982 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hart, O.M., Athie-Morales, V., O'Connor, G.M. & Gardiner, C.M. TLR7/8-Mediated activation of human NK cells results in accessory cell-dependent IFN-γ production. J. Immunol. 175, 1636–1642 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Caron, G. et al. Direct stimulation of human T cells via TLR5 and TLR7/8: Flagellin and R-848 up-regulate proliferation and IFN-γ production by memory CD4+ T cells. J. Immunol. 175, 1551–1557 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bekeredjian-Ding, I.B. et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells control TLR7 sensitivity of naive B cells via type I IFN. J. Immunol. 174, 4043–4050 (2005).
  Article Google Scholar
• Kurt-Jones, E.A. et al. Use of murine embryonic fibroblasts to define Toll-like receptor activation and specificity. J. Endotoxin Res. 10, 419–424 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Roach, J.C. et al. The evolution of vertebrate Toll-like receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 9577–9582 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gorden, K.B. et al. Synthetic TLR agonists reveal functional differences between human TLR7 and TLR8. J. Immunol. 174, 1259–1268 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Peng, G. et al. Toll-like receptor 8-mediated reversal of CD4+ regulatory T cell function. Science 309, 1380–1384 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Verthelyi, D., Ishii, K.J., Gursel, M., Takeshita, F. & Klinman, D.M. Human peripheral blood cells differentially recognize and respond to two distinct CPG motifs. J. Immunol. 166, 2372–2377 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rutz, M. et al. Toll-like receptor 9 binds single-stranded CpG-DNA in a sequence- and pH-dependent manner. Eur. J. Immunol. 34, 2541–2550 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Honda, K. et al. Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction. Nature 434, 1035–1040 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Soutschek, J. et al. Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs. Nature 432, 173–178 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Heidel, J.D., Hu, S., Liu, X.F., Triche, T.J. & Davis, M.E. Lack of interferon response in animals to naked siRNAs. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 1579–1582 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sugiyama, T. et al. CpG RNA: identification of novel single-stranded RNA that stimulates human CD14+CD11c+ monocytes. J. Immunol. 174, 2273–2279 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Choe, J., Kelker, M.S. & Wilson, I.A. Crystal structure of human toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ectodomain. Science 309, 581–585 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Morrissey, D.V. et al. Potent and persistent in vivo anti-HBV activity of chemically modified siRNAs. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 1002–1007 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Obika, S. et al. Stability and structural features of the duplexes containing nucleoside analogues with fixed N-type conformation 2′ -O, 4′ -C. Tetrahedr. Lett. 39, 5401–5404 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Koshkin, A.A. et al. LNA (locked nucleic acid): synthesis of the adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methyl cytosine, thymine, and uracil bicyclonucleoside monomers, oligomerisation and unprecedented nucleic acid recognition. Tetrahedron 54, 3607–3630 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Chiu, Y.L. & Rana, T.M. siRNA function in RNAi: a chemical modification analysis. RNA 9, 1034–1048 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Chiu, Y.L. & Rana, T.M. RNAi in human cells: basic structural and functional features of small interfering RNA. Mol. Cell 10, 549–561 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sen, G. et al. The critical DNA flanking sequences of a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, but not the 6 base CpG motif, can be replaced with RNA without quantitative or qualitative changes in Toll-like receptor 9-mediated activity. Cell. Immunol. 232, 64–74 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Medzhitov, R. & Janeway, C.A. Jr. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science 296, 298–300 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Ishii, K.J. & Akira, S. Innate immune recognition of nucleic acids: beyond toll-like receptors. Int. J. Cancer 117, 517–523 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Karlin, S. & Burge, C. Dinucleotide relative abundance extremes: a genomic signature. Trends Genet. 11, 283–290 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Boule, M.W. et al. Toll-like receptor 9-dependent and -independent dendritic cell activation by chromatin-immunoglobulin G complexes. J. Exp. Med. 199, 1631–1640 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Koski, G.K. et al. Cutting edge: innate immune system discriminates between RNA containing bacterial versus eukaryotic structural features that prime for high-level IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 172, 3989–3993 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Scheel, B. et al. Toll-like receptor-dependent activation of several human blood cell types by protamine-condensed mRNA. Eur. J. Immunol. 35, 1557–1566 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kariko, K., Ni, H., Capodici, J., Lamphier, M. & Weissman, D. mRNA is an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 3. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 12542–12550 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kariko, K., Buckstein, M., Ni, H. & Weissman, D. Suppression of RNA recognition by toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity 23, 165–175 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Karlin, S., Doerfler, W. & Cardon, L.R. Why is CpG suppressed in the genomes of virtually all small eukaryotic viruses but not in those of large eukaryotic viruses? J. Virol. 68, 2889–2897 (1994).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Williams, B.R. Signal integration via PKR. Sci. STKE 89, RE2 (2001).
  Google Scholar
• Sato, M. et al. Distinct and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-alpha/beta gene induction. Immunity 13, 539–548 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, M. et al. Subcellular localization of Toll-like receptor 3 in human dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 171, 3154–3162 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sha, Q., Truong-Tran, A.Q., Plitt, J.R., Beck, L.A. & Schleimer, R.P. Activation of airway epithelial cells by toll-like receptor agonists. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 31, 358–364 (2004).
  Article Google Scholar
• Li, K., Chen, Z., Kato, N., Gale, M. Jr. & Lemon, S.M. Distinct poly(I-C) and virus-activated signaling pathways leading to interferon-beta production in hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 16739–16747 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Whitmore, M.M. et al. Synergistic activation of innate immunity by double-stranded RNA and CpG DNA promotes enhanced antitumor activity. Cancer Res. 64, 5850–5860 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hornung, V. et al. Replication-dependent potent IFN-alpha induction in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells by a single-stranded RNA virus. J. Immunol. 173, 5935–5943 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Yoneyama, M. et al. The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat. Immunol. 5, 730–737 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Andrejeva, J. et al. The V proteins of paramyxoviruses bind the IFN-inducible RNA helicase, mda-5, and inhibit its activation of the IFN-beta promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 17264–17269 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kato, H. et al. Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response. Immunity 23, 19–28 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Minakuchi, Y. et al. Atelocollagen-mediated synthetic small interfering RNA delivery for effective gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, e109 (2004).
  Article Google Scholar
• Kim, V.N. MicroRNA biogenesis: coordinated cropping and dicing. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 376–385 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Krieg, A.M. et al. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation. Nature 374, 546–549 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hemmi, H. et al. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408, 740–745 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Agrawal, S. & Kandimalla, E.R. Role of Toll-like receptors in antisense and siRNA. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 1533–1537 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar