Cancer immunotherapy via dendritic cells (original) (raw)

• Darnell, R. B. Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders: at the intersection of cancer, immunity, and the brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4529–4536 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Albert, M. L. et al. Tumor-specific killer cells in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Nature Med. 4, 1321–1324 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Diamond, M. S. et al. Type I interferon is selectively required by dendritic cells for immune rejection of tumors. J. Exp. Med. 208, 1989–2003 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Fuertes, M. B. et al. Host type I IFN signals are required for antitumor CD8+ T cell responses through CD8α+ dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 208, 2005–2016 (2011). References 3 and 4 demonstrate that DCs are essential for the generation of anti-tumour immunity in vivo.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Banchereau, J. & Steinman, R. M. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392, 245–252 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Steinman, R. M. & Banchereau, J. Taking dendritic cells into medicine. Nature 449, 419–426 (2007). References 5 and 6 are outstanding reviews that cover a decade of research on DCs starting from basic biology and moving onto pathophysiology and medicine.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Steinman, R. M. Decisions about dendritic cells: past, present, and future. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17 Nov 2011 [epub ahead of print].
• Steinman, R. M. & Cohn, Z. A. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J. Exp. Med. 137, 1142–1162 (1973).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Steinman, R. M. & Cohn, Z. A. in Mononuclear Phagocytes in Immunity, Infection, and Pathology (ed. van Furth, R.) 95–109 (Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, 1975).
  Google Scholar
• Shortman, K. & Naik, S. H. Steady-state and inflammatory dendritic-cell development. Nature Rev. Immunol. 7, 19–30 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Shortman, K. & Heath, W. R. The CD8+ dendritic cell subset. Immunol. Rev. 234, 18–31 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, D., Miller, J. & Merad, M. Dendritic cell and macrophage heterogeneity in vivo. Immunity 35, 323–335 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Liu, K. & Nussenzweig, M. C. Origin and development of dendritic cells. Immunol. Rev. 234, 45–54 (2010). An outstanding review summarizing the development of DCs and the identification of transcription factors that are specific to DC lineage
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Trombetta, E. S. & Mellman, I. Cell biology of antigen processing in vitro and in vivo. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23, 975–1028 (2005). An outstanding review that summarizes the principles of antigen capture, processing and presentation by DCs.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Banchereau, J. et al. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18, 767–811 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Itano, A. A. & Jenkins, M. K. Antigen presentation to naive CD4 T cells in the lymph node. Nature Immunol. 4, 733–739 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Albert, M. L. & Bhardwaj, N. Resurrecting the dead: DCs cross-present antigen derived from apoptotic cells on MHC I. Immunologist 6, 194–198 (1998).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Albert, M. L. et al. Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via αvβ5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1359–1368 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Heath, W. R. & Carbone, F. R. Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19, 47–64 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jego, G., Pascual, V., Palucka, A. K. & Banchereau, J. Dendritic cells control B cell growth and differentiation. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 8, 124–139 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Qi, H., Egen, J. G., Huang, A. Y. & Germain, R. N. Extrafollicular activation of lymph node B cells by antigen-bearing dendritic cells. Science 312, 1672–1676 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Batista, F. D. & Harwood, N. E. The who, how and where of antigen presentation to B cells. Nature Rev. Immunol. 9, 15–27 (2009).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bergtold, A., Desai, D. D., Gavhane, A. & Clynes, R. Cell surface recycling of internalized antigen permits dendritic cell priming of B cells. Immunity 23, 503–514 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Steinman, R. M., Hawiger, D. & Nussenzweig, M. C. Tolerogenic dendritic cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21, 685–711 (2003). This review describes the principles of tolerance induction by DCs.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Caux, C. et al. Activation of human dendritic cells through CD40 cross-linking. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1263–1272 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fujii, S., Liu, K., Smith, C., Bonito, A. J. & Steinman, R. M. The linkage of innate to adaptive immunity via maturing dendritic cells in vivo requires CD40 ligation in addition to antigen presentation and CD80/86 costimulation. J. Exp. Med. 199, 1607–1618 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Pulendran, B., Palucka, K. & Banchereau, J. Sensing pathogens and tuning immune responses. Science 293, 253–256 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Palucka, A. K. & Banchereau, J. How dendritic cells and microbes interact to elicit or subvert protective immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14, 420–431 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ueno, H. et al. Harnessing human dendritic cell subsets for medicine. Immunol. Rev. 234, 199–212 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cheng, P., Zhou, J. & Gabrilovich, D. Regulation of dendritic cell differentiation and function by Notch and Wnt pathways. Immunol. Rev. 234, 105–119 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Lopez, R. et al. CD8α+ and CD8α- subclasses of dendritic cells direct the development of distinct T helper cells in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 189, 587–592 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Pulendran, B. et al. Distinct dendritic cell subsets differentially regulate the class of immune response in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 1036–1041 (1999). References 31 and 32 demonstrate for the first time that distinct subsets of DCs induce different types of immune responses in vivo.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kool, M. et al. Cutting edge: alum adjuvant stimulates inflammatory dendritic cells through activation of the NALP3 inflammasome. J. Immunol. 181, 3755–3759 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Flach, T. L. et al. Alum interaction with dendritic cell membrane lipids is essential for its adjuvanticity. Nature Med. 17, 479–487 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pascual, V., Chaussabel, D. & Banchereau, J. A genomic approach to human autoimmune diseases. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 28, 535–571 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chevrier, N. et al. Systematic Discovery of TLR signaling components delineates viral-sensing circuits. Cell 147, 853–867 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dzionek, A. et al. BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood. J. Immunol. 165, 6037–6046 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Siegal, F. P. et al. The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science 284, 1835–1837 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Di Pucchio, T. et al. Direct proteasome-independent cross-presentation of viral antigen by plasmacytoid dendritic cells on major histocompatibility complex class I. Nature Immunol. 9, 551–557 (2008).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jego, G. et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce plasma cell differentiation through type I interferon and interleukin 6. Immunity 19, 225–234 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., Wang, Y. H., Ito, T., Arima, K. & Liu, Y. J. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate B-cell growth and differentiation via CD70. Blood 115, 3051–3057 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. J. IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23, 275–306 (2005). An outstanding summary of the biology of pDCs and the production of type I interferon family members.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bachem, A. et al. Superior antigen cross-presentation and XCR1 expression define human CD11c+CD141+ cells as homologues of mouse CD8+ dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 207, 1273–1281 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Crozat, K. et al. The XC chemokine receptor 1 is a conserved selective marker of mammalian cells homologous to mouse CD8α+ dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 207, 1283–1292 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Klechevsky, E. et al. Functional specializations of human epidermal Langerhans cells and CD14+ dermal dendritic cells. Immunity 29, 497–510 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Valladeau, J. & Saeland, S. Cutaneous dendritic cells. Semin. Immunol. 17, 273–283 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nestle, F. O., Zheng, X. G., Thompson, C. B., Turka, L. A. & Nickoloff, B. J. Characterization of dermal dendritic cells obtained from normal human skin reveals phenotypic and functionally distinctive subsets. J. Immunol. 151, 6535–6545 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Caux, C. et al. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus tumor necrosis factor α: II. Functional analysis. Blood 90, 1458–1470 (1997). The concept and the first demonstration of distinct subsets of human DCs eliciting different types of T cell immunity in vitro are presented.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ueno, H. et al. Dendritic cell subsets in health and disease. Immunol. Rev. 219, 118–142 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cheong, C. et al. Microbial stimulation fully differentiates monocytes to DC-SIGN/CD209+ dendritic cells for immune T cell areas. Cell 143, 416–429 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Romani, N. et al. Proliferating dendritic cell progenitors in human blood. J. Exp. Med. 180, 83–93 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Paquette, R. L. et al. Interferon-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor differentiate peripheral blood monocytes into potent antigen-presenting cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 64, 358–367 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chomarat, P., Dantin, C., Bennett, L., Banchereau, J. & Palucka, A. K. TNF skews monocyte differentiation from macrophages to dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 171, 2262–2269 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mohamadzadeh, M. et al. Interleukin 15 skews monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells with features of Langerhans cells. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1013–1020 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Levings, M. K. et al. Differentiation of Tr1 cells by immature dendritic cells requires IL-10 but not CD25+CD4+ Tr cells. Blood 105, 1162–1169 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zapata-Gonzalez, F. et al. 9-cis-Retinoic acid (9cRA), a retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand, exerts immunosuppressive effects on dendritic cells by RXR-dependent activation: inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ blocks some of the 9cRA activities, and precludes them to mature phenotype development. J. Immunol. 178, 6130–6139 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Penna, G. & Adorini, L. 1 α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J. Immunol. 164, 2405–2411 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jiang, A. et al. Disruption of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion induces a functionally distinct pathway of dendritic cell maturation. Immunity 27, 610–624 (2007).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. et al. The helicase DDX41 senses intracellular DNA mediated by the adaptor STING in dendritic cells. Nature Immunol. 12, 959–965 (2011).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Manicassamy, S. & Pulendran, B. Modulation of adaptive immunity with Toll-like receptors. Semin. Immunol. 21, 185–193 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, O. & Akira, S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140, 805–820 (2010). An outstanding review that focuses on how phagocytes recognize microbes.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Reis e Sousa, C. Dendritic cells in a mature age. Nature Rev. Immunol. 6, 476–483 (2006).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sancho, D. et al. Identification of a dendritic cell receptor that couples sensing of necrosis to immunity. Nature 458, 899–903 (2009). The first identification of a DC receptor that is involved in the recognition of necrotic cells; the engagement of this receptor leads to the generation of immunity.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dudziak, D. et al. Differential antigen processing by dendritic cell subsets in vivo. Science 315, 107–111 (2007). Targeting distinct subsets of DCs in vivo with specific antibodies generated distinct types of T cell responses through distinct antigen-processing pathways.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tesniere, A. et al. Immunogenic cancer cell death: a key-lock paradigm. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20, 504–511 (2008). This paper discusses how different types of cell death, including those induced by chemotherapy, might induce anti-tumour immunity.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Davis, I. D., Jefford, M., Parente, P. & Cebon, J. Rational approaches to human cancer immunotherapy. J. Leukoc. Biol. 73, 3–29 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dunne, A., Marshall, N. A. & Mills, K. H. TLR based therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 11, 404–411 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barrat, F. J. et al. Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Exp. Med. 202, 1131–1139 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. et al. DDX1, DDX21, and DHX36 helicases form a complex with the adaptor molecule TRIF to sense dsRNA in dendritic cells. Immunity 34, 866–878 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dhodapkar, M. V., Dhodapkar, K. M. & Palucka, A. K. Interactions of tumor cells with dendritic cells: balancing immunity and tolerance. Cell Death Differ. 15, 39–50 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ravichandran, K. S. Beginnings of a good apoptotic meal: the find-me and eat-me signaling pathways. Immunity 35, 445–455 (2011). An outstanding review on the recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chao, M. P. et al. Anti-CD47 antibody synergizes with rituximab to promote phagocytosis and eradicate non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cell 142, 699–713 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chomarat, P., Banchereau, J., Davoust, J. & Palucka, A. K. IL-6 switches the differentiation of monocytes from dendritic cells to macrophages. Nature Immunol. 1, 510–514 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hiltbold, E. M., Vlad, A. M., Ciborowski, P., Watkins, S. C. & Finn, O. J. The mechanism of unresponsiveness to circulating tumor antigen MUC1 is a block in intracellular sorting and processing by dendritic cells [In Process. Citation]. J. Immunol. 165, 3730–3741 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fiorentino, D. F. et al. IL-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells. J. Immunol. 146, 3444–3451 (1991).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Steinbrink, K., Wolfl, M., Jonuleit, H., Knop, J. & Enk, A. H. Induction of tolerance by IL-10-treated dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 159, 4772–4780 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Aspord, C. et al. Breast cancer instructs dendritic cells to prime interleukin 13-secreting CD4+ T cells that facilitate tumor development. J. Exp. Med. 204, 1037–1047 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• De Monte, L. et al. Intratumor T helper type 2 cell infiltrate correlates with cancer-associated fibroblast thymic stromal lymphopoietin production and reduced survival in pancreatic cancer. J. Exp. Med. 208, 469–478 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• DeNardo, D. G. et al. CD4+ T cells regulate pulmonary metastasis of mammary carcinomas by enhancing protumor properties of macrophages. Cancer Cell 16, 91–102 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cao, W. et al. Regulation of TLR7/9 responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by BST2 and ILT7 receptor interaction. J. Exp. Med. 206, 1603–1614 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Treilleux, I. et al. Dendritic cell infiltration and prognosis of early stage breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 7466–7474 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kukreja, A. et al. Enhancement of clonogenicity of human multiple myeloma by dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 203, 1859–1865 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bahlis, N. J. et al. CD28-mediated regulation of multiple myeloma cell proliferation and survival. Blood 109, 5002–5010 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Coukos, G., Benencia, F., Buckanovich, R. J. & Conejo-Garcia, J. R. The role of dendritic cell precursors in tumour vasculogenesis. Br. J. Cancer 92, 1182–1187 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Curiel, T. J. et al. Dendritic cell subsets differentially regulate angiogenesis in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 64, 5535–5538 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heslop, H. E., Brenner, M. K. & Rooney, C. M. Donor T cells to treat EBV-associated lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 679–680 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yee, C. et al. Adoptive T cell therapy using antigen-specific CD8+ T cell clones for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma: in vivo persistence, migration, and antitumor effect of transferred T cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16168–16173 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dudley, M. E. et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 298, 850–854 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Appay, V., Douek, D. C. & Price, D. A. CD8+ T cell efficacy in vaccination and disease. Nature Med. 14, 623–628 (2008). An outstanding review that discusses the key features and requirements for effective anti-tumour CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Araki, K., Youngblood, B. & Ahmed, R. The role of mTOR in memory CD8 T-cell differentiation. Immunol. Rev. 235, 234–243 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zhang, N. & Bevan, M. J. CD8+ T cells: foot soldiers of the immune system. Immunity 35, 161–168 (2011). An outstanding review that discusses the key features of CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bousso, P. & Robey, E. Dynamics of CD8+ T cell priming by dendritic cells in intact lymph nodes. Nature Immunol. 4, 579–585 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Chen, L. et al. Costimulation of antitumor immunity by the B7 counterreceptor for the T lymphocyte molecules CD28 and CTLA-4. Cell 71, 1093–1102 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shuford, W. W. et al. 4–1BB costimulatory signals preferentially induce CD8+ T cell proliferation and lead to the amplification in vivo of cytotoxic T cell responses. J. Exp. Med. 186, 47–55 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Waldmann, T. A. The biology of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15: implications for cancer therapy and vaccine design. Nature Rev. Immunol. 6, 595–601 (2006).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pardoll, D. M. & Topalian, S. L. The role of CD4+ T cell responses in antitumor immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10, 588–594 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Antony, P. A. et al. CD8+ T cell immunity against a tumor/self-antigen Is augmented by CD4+ T helper cells and hindered by naturally occurring T regulatory cells. J. Immunol. 174, 2591–2601 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sun, J. C. & Bevan, M. J. Defective CD8 T cell memory following acute infection without CD4 T cell help. Science 300, 339–342 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Corthay, A. et al. Primary antitumor immune response mediated by CD4+ T cells. Immunity 22, 371–383 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Quezada, S. A. et al. Tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells develop cytotoxic activity and eradicate large established melanoma after transfer into lymphopenic hosts. J. Exp. Med. 207, 637–650 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Le Floc'h, A. et al. α E β 7 integrin interaction with E-cadherin promotes antitumor CTL activity by triggering lytic granule polarization and exocytosis. J. Exp. Med. 204, 559–570 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Roncarolo, M. G., Bacchetta, R., Bordignon, C., Narula, S. & Levings, M. K. Type 1 T regulatory cells. Immunol. Rev. 182, 68–79 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fukaura, H. et al. Induction of circulating myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein-specific transforming growth factor-β1-secreting Th3 T cells by oral administration of myelin in multiple sclerosis patients. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 70–77 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kastenmuller, W. et al. Regulatory T cells selectively control CD8+ T cell effector pool size via IL-2 restriction. J. Immunol. 187, 3186–3197 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sasaki, K., Pardee, A. D., Okada, H. & Storkus, W. J. IL-4 inhibits VLA-4 expression on Tc1 cells resulting in poor tumor infiltration and reduced therapy benefit. Eur. J. Immunol. 38, 2865–2873 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Harlin, H. et al. Chemokine expression in melanoma metastases associated with CD8+ T-cell recruitment. Cancer Res. 69, 3077–3085 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vianello, F. et al. Murine B16 melanomas expressing high levels of the chemokine stromal-derived factor-1/CXCL12 induce tumor-specific T cell chemorepulsion and escape from immune control. J. Immunol. 176, 2902–2914 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gabrilovich, D. I. & Nagaraj, S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nature Rev. Immunol. 9, 162–174 (2009).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Menetrier-Caux, C., Gobert, M. & Caux, C. Differences in tumor regulatory T-cell localization and activation status impact patient outcome. Cancer Res. 69, 7895–7898 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Higano, C. S. et al. Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer 115, 3670–3679 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kantoff, P. W. et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 411–422 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schwartzentruber, D. J. et al. A phase III multi-institutional randomized study of immunization with the gp100:209–217 (210M) peptide followed by high-dose IL-2 compared with high-dose IL-2 alone in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. Abstr. 27, CRA9011 (2009).
  Article Google Scholar
• Schuster, S. J. et al. Idiotype vaccine therapy (BiovaxID) in follicular lymphoma in first complete remission: phase III clinical trial results. J. Clin. Oncol. Abstr. 27, 2 (2009).
  Article Google Scholar
• Kantoff, P. W. et al. Overall survival analysis of a phase II randomized controlled trial of a poxviral-based PSA-targeted immunotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 1099–1105 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Palucka, K., Ueno, H., Roberts, L., Fay, J. & Banchereau, J. Dendritic cells: are they clinically relevant? Cancer J. 16, 318–324 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Draube, A. et al. Dendritic cell based tumor vaccination in prostate and renal cell cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 6, e18801 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gilboa, E. The makings of a tumor rejection antigen. Immunity 11, 263–270 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Parmiani, G., De Filippo, A., Novellino, L. & Castelli, C. Unique human tumor antigens: immunobiology and use in clinical trials. J. Immunol. 178, 1975–1979 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Boon, T., Coulie, P. G., Van den Eynde, B. J. & van der Bruggen, P. Human T cell responses against melanoma. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24, 175–208 (2006). References 117–119 discuss the issue of tumour antigenicity.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Finn, O. Cancer Immunology. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 2704–2715 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Finn, O. J. Cancer vaccines: between the idea and the reality. Nature Rev. Immunol. 3, 630–641 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bonifaz, L. et al. Efficient targeting of protein antigen to the dendritic cell receptor DEC-205 in the steady state leads to antigen presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I products and peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance. J. Exp. Med. 196, 1627–1638 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bonifaz, L. C. et al. In vivo targeting of antigens to maturing dendritic cells via the DEC-205 receptor improves T cell vaccination. J. Exp. Med. 199, 815–824 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hawiger, D. et al. Dendritic cells induce peripheral T cell unresponsiveness under steady state conditions in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 194, 769–780 (2001). References 122–124 describe the seminal work demonstrating DC targeting in vivo with specific antibodies that target DC surface receptors and the consequences on T cell-mediated immune responses.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Soares, H. et al. A subset of dendritic cells induces CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-γ by an IL-12-independent but CD70-dependent mechanism in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 204, 1095–1106 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Li, D. et al. Targeting self- and foreign antigens to dendritic cells via DC-ASGPR generates IL-10-producing suppressive CD4+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 209, 109–121 (2012).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schlom, J., Gulley, J. L. & Arlen, P. M. Paradigm shifts in cancer vaccine therapy. Exp. Biol. Med. 233, 522–534 (2008).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hoos, A. et al. Improved endpoints for cancer immunotherapy trials. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 102, 1388–1397 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hodi, F. S. et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 711–723 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Paczesny, S. et al. Expansion of melanoma-specific cytolytic CD8+ T cell precursors in patients with metastatic melanoma vaccinated with CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 199, 1503–1511 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Welters, M. J. et al. Success or failure of vaccination for HPV16-positive vulvar lesions correlates with kinetics and phenotype of induced T-cell responses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 11895–11899 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gaucher, D. et al. Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. J. Exp. Med. 205, 3119–3131 (2008).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Querec, T. D. et al. Systems biology approach predicts immunogenicity of the yellow fever vaccine in humans. Nature Immunol. 10, 116–125 (2009).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pulendran, B., Li, S. & Nakaya, H. I. Systems vaccinology. Immunity 33, 516–529 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Greenberg, P. D. Ralph M. Steinman: a man, a microscope, a cell, and so much more. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 20871–20872 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Topalian, S. L., Weiner, G. J. & Pardoll, D. M. Cancer Immunotherapy comes of age. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 4828–4836 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hanahan, D. & Weinberg, R. A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646–674 (2011). An outstanding review that summarizes current concepts of cancer biology and for the first time incorporates inflammation and immune evasion into the paradigm of cancer–host interactions.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zitvogel, L. et al. Immunogenic tumor cell death for optimal anticancer therapy: the calreticulin exposure pathway. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 3100–3104 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ma, Y. et al. How to improve the immunogenicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 30, 71–82 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. et al. Augmented HER-2 specific immunity during treatment with trastuzumab and chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 5133–5143 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mitsunaga, M. et al. Cancer cell-selective in vivo near infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting specific membrane molecules. Nature Med. 17, 1685–1691 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Moore, K. W., de Waal Malefyt, R., Coffman, R. L. & O'Garra, A. Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19, 683–765 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Terabe, M. et al. NKT cell-mediated repression of tumor immunosurveillance by IL-13 and the IL-4R-STAT6 pathway. Nature Immunol. 1, 515–520 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Li, M. O., Wan, Y. Y., Sanjabi, S., Robertson, A. K. & Flavell, R. A. Transforming growth factor-β regulation of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24, 99–146 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Terabe, M. et al. Synergistic enhancement of CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor vaccine efficacy by an anti-transforming growth factor-β monoclonal antibody. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 6560–6569 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Peggs, K. S., Quezada, S. A., Korman, A. J. & Allison, J. P. Principles and use of anti-CTLA4 antibody in human cancer immunotherapy. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18, 206–213 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Peggs, K. S., Quezada, S. A., Chambers, C. A., Korman, A. J. & Allison, J. P. Blockade of CTLA-4 on both effector and regulatory T cell compartments contributes to the antitumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 206, 1717–1725 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Iwai, Y. et al. Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12293–12297 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gajewski, T. F. Failure at the effector phase: immune barriers at the level of the melanoma tumor microenvironment. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 5256–5261 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hamanishi, J. et al. Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes are prognostic factors of human ovarian cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 3360–3365 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gabrilovich, D. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects. Nature Rev. Immunol. 4, 941–952 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rabinovich, G. A., Gabrilovich, D. & Sotomayor, E. M. Immunosuppressive strategies that are mediated by tumor cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25, 267–296 (2007).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Watts, T. H. TNF/TNFR family members in costimulation of T cell responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23, 23–68 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Maus, M. V. et al. Ex vivo expansion of polyclonal and antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by artificial APCs expressing ligands for the T-cell receptor, CD28 and 4–1BB. Nature Biotech. 20, 143–148 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Watanabe, N. et al. Hassall's corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human thymus. Nature 436, 1181–1185 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Manicassamy, S. et al. Activation of β-catenin in dendritic cells regulates immunity versus tolerance in the intestine. Science 329, 849–853 (2010).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Murphy, G., Tjoa, B., Ragde, H., Kenny, G. & Boynton, A. Phase I clinical trial: T-cell therapy for prostate cancer using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with HLA-A0201-specific peptides from prostate-specific membrane antigen. Prostate 29, 371–380 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nestle, F. O. et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nature Med. 4, 328–332 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Holtl, L. et al. Cellular and humoral immune responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with antigen pulsed dendritic cells. J. Urol. 161, 777–782 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yu, J. S. et al. Vaccination of malignant glioma patients with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells elicits systemic cytotoxicity and intracranial T-cell infiltration. Cancer Res. 61, 842–847 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Reichardt, V. L. et al. Idiotype vaccination using dendritic cells after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a feasibility study. Blood 93, 2411–2419 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Timmerman, J. M. et al. Idiotype-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination for B-cell lymphoma: clinical and immune responses in 35 patients. Blood 99, 1517–1526 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Thurner, B. et al. Vaccination with Mage-3A1 peptide-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T cells and induces regression of some metastases in advanced stage IV melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1669–1678 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mackensen, A. et al. Phase I study in melanoma patients of a vaccine with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells generated in vitro from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Int. J. Cancer 86, 385–392 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Banchereau, J. et al. Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res. 61, 6451–6458 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fong, L. et al. Altered peptide ligand vaccination with Flt3 ligand expanded dendritic cells for tumor immunotherapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8809–8814 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dhodapkar, M. V., Steinman, R. M., Krasovsky, J., Munz, C. & Bhardwaj, N. Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 193, 233–238 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Geiger, J. D. et al. Vaccination of pediatric solid tumor patients with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells can expand specific T cells and mediate tumor regression. Cancer Res. 61, 8513–8519 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schuler-Thurner, B. et al. Rapid induction of tumor-specific type 1 T helper cells in metastatic melanoma patients by vaccination with mature, cryopreserved, peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1279–1288 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Nair, S. K. et al. Induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cancer patients by autologous tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Ann. Surg. 235, 540–549 (2002).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Palucka, A. K. et al. Dendritic cells loaded with killed allogeneic melanoma cells can induce objective clinical responses and MART-1 specific CD8+ T-cell immunity. J. Immunother. 29, 545–557 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Salcedo, M. et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients using dendritic cells loaded with an allogeneic tumor cell lysate. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 55, 819–829 (2006).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chang, D. H. et al. Sustained expansion of NKT cells and antigen-specific T cells after injection of α-galactosyl-ceramide loaded mature dendritic cells in cancer patients. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1503–1517 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Aarntzen, E. H. et al. Early identification of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo by [18F]-labeled 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxy-thymidine ([18F]FLT) PET imaging. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 18396–18399 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lesterhuis, W. J. et al. Route of administration modulates the induction of dendritic cell vaccine-induced antigen-specific T cells in advanced melanoma patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 5725–5735 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Romano, E. et al. Peptide-loaded Langerhans cells, despite increased IL15 secretion and T-cell activation in vitro, elicit antitumor T-cell responses comparable to peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vivo. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 1984–1997 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Okada, H. et al. Induction of CD8+ T-cell responses against novel glioma-associated antigen peptides and clinical activity by vaccinations with α-type 1 polarized dendritic cells and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 330–336 (2011).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar