- Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58: 71–96.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Nieto MA . The snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3: 155–166.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Peinado H, Olmeda D, Cano A . Snail, Zeb and bHLH factors in tumour progression: an alliance against the epithelial phenotype? Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7: 415–428.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Thiery JP, Sleeman JP . Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7: 131–142.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kalluri R, Weinberg RA . The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 1420–1428.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Thiery JP, Acloque H, Huang RY, Nieto MA . Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease. Cell 2009; 139: 871–890.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Wu Y, Zhou BP . New insights of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40: 643–650.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Li X, Lewis MT, Huang J, Gutierrez C, Osborne CK, Wu MF et al. Intrinsic resistance of tumorigenic breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 672–679.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou AY et al. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell 2008; 133: 704–715.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Moody SE, Perez D, Pan TC, Sarkisian CJ, Portocarrero CP, Sterner CJ et al. The transcriptional repressor Snail promotes mammary tumor recurrence. Cancer Cell 2005; 8: 197–209.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Polyak K, Weinberg RA . Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states: acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9: 265–273.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yang J, Weinberg RA . Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis. Dev Cell 2008; 14: 818–829.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Julien S, Puig I, Caretti E, Bonaventure J, Nelles L, van Roy F et al. Activation of NF-kappaB by Akt upregulates Snail expression and induces epithelium mesenchyme transition. Oncogene 2007; 26: 7445–7456.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lopez-Novoa JM, Nieto MA . Inflammation and EMT: an alliance towards organ fibrosis and cancer progression. EMBO Mol Med 2009; 1: 303–314.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Wu Y, Deng J, Rychahou PG, Qiu S, Evers BM, Zhou BP . Stabilization of snail by NF-kappaB is required for inflammation-induced cell migration and invasion. Cancer Cell 2009; 15: 416–428.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Feinberg AP . Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease. Nature 2007; 447: 433–440.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Jones PA, Baylin SB . The epigenomics of cancer. Cell 2007; 128: 683–692.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Cheng X, Blumenthal RM . Coordinated chromatin control: structural and functional linkage of DNA and histone methylation. Biochemistry 2010; 49: 2999–3008.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Eissenberg JC, Shilatifard A . Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation in development and differentiation. Dev Biol 2010; 339: 240–249.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Laurent L, Wong E, Li G, Huynh T, Tsirigos A, Ong CT et al. Dynamic changes in the human methylome during differentiation. Genome Res 2010; 20: 320–331.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Ruthenburg AJ, Allis CD, Wysocka J . Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. Mol Cell 2007; 25: 15–30.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Cedar H, Bergman Y . Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms. Nat Rev Genet 2009; 10: 295–304.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- McCabe MT, Brandes JC, Vertino PM . Cancer DNA methylation: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 3927–3937.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Bergamaschi A, Hjortland GO, Triulzi T, Sorlie T, Johnsen H, Ree AH et al. Molecular profiling and characterization of luminal-like and basal-like in vivo breast cancer xenograft models. Mol Oncol 2009; 3: 469–482.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Blick T, Widodo E, Hugo H, Waltham M, Lenburg ME, Neve RM et al. Epithelial mesenchymal transition traits in human breast cancer cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25: 629–642.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Hennessy BT, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Stemke-Hale K, Gilcrease MZ, Krishnamurthy S, Lee JS et al. Characterization of a naturally occurring breast cancer subset enriched in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem cell characteristics. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 4116–4124.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Sarrio D, Rodriguez-Pinilla SM, Hardisson D, Cano A, Moreno-Bueno G, Palacios J . Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer relates to the basal-like phenotype. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 989–997.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Storci G, Sansone P, Trere D, Tavolari S, Taffurelli M, Ceccarelli C et al. The basal-like breast carcinoma phenotype is regulated by SLUG gene expression. J Pathol 2008; 214: 25–37.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Wang Y, Zhou BP . Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Chin J Cancer 2011; 30: 603–611.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Lin Y, Wu Y, Li J, Dong C, Ye X, Chi YI et al. The SNAG domain of Snail1 functions as a molecular hook for recruiting lysine-specific demethylase 1. EMBO J. 2010; 29: 1803–1816.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Rudolph T, Yonezawa M, Lein S, Heidrich K, Kubicek S, Schafer C et al. Heterochromatin formation in Drosophila is initiated through active removal of H3K4 methylation by the LSD1 homolog SU(VAR)3-3. Mol Cell 2007; 26: 103–115.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Barrallo-Gimeno A, Nieto MA . Evolutionary history of the Snail/Scratch superfamily. Trends Genet 2009; 25: 248–252.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Chin K, DeVries S, Fridlyand J, Spellman PT, Roydasgupta R, Kuo WL et al. Genomic and transcriptional aberrations linked to breast cancer pathophysiologies. Cancer Cell 2006; 10: 529–541.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Mullins M, Perreard L, Quackenbush JF, Gauthier N, Bayer S, Ellis M et al. Agreement in breast cancer classification between microarray and quantitative reverse transcription PCR from fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 1273–1279.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dillon SC, Zhang X, Trievel RC, Cheng X . The ET-domain protein superfamily: protein lysine methyltransferases. Genome Biol. 2005; 6: 227.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Shinkai Y, Tachibana M . H3K9 methyltransferase G9a and the related molecule GLP. Genes Dev 2011; 25: 781–788.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Wu H, Min J, Lunin VV, Antoshenko T, Dombrovski L, Zeng H et al. Structural biology of human H3K9 methyltransferases. PLoS One 2010; 5: e8570.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Bindels S, Mestdagt M, Vandewalle C, Jacobs N, Volders L, Noel A et al. Regulation of vimentin by SIP1 in human epithelial breast tumor cells. Oncogene 2006; 25: 4975–4985.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Xie L, Law BK, Aakre ME, Edgerton M, Shyr Y, Bhowmick NA et al. Transforming growth factor beta-regulated gene expression in a mouse mammary gland epithelial cell line. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5: R187–R198.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Yang J, Mani SA, Donaher JL, Ramaswamy S, Itzykson RA, Come C et al. Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell 2004; 117: 927–939.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lombaerts M, van Wezel T, Philippo K, Dierssen JW, Zimmerman RM, Oosting J et al. E-cadherin transcriptional downregulation by promoter methylation but not mutation is related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 661–671.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Kreike B, van Kouwenhove M, Horlings H, Weigelt B, Peterse H, Bartelink H et al. Gene expression profiling and histopathological characterization of triple-negative/basal-like breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9: R65.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Neve RM, Chin K, Fridlyand J, Yeh J, Baehner FL, Fevr T et al. A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell 2006; 10: 515–527.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Prat A, Parker JS, Karginova O, Fan C, Livasy C, Herschkowitz JI et al. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the claudin-low intrinsic subtype of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12: R68.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Greiner D, Bonaldi T, Eskeland R, Roemer E, Imhof A . Identification of a specific inhibitor of the histone methyltransferase SU(VAR)3-9. Nat Chem Biol 2005; 1: 143–145.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Forneris F, Binda C, Battaglioli E, Mattevi A . LSD1: oxidative chemistry for multifaceted functions in chromatin regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33: 181–189.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Martin C, Zhang Y . The diverse functions of histone lysine methylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005; 6: 838–849.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dodge JE, Kang YK, Beppu H, Lei H, Li E . Histone H3-K9 methyltransferase ESET is essential for early development. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24: 2478–2486.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Tachibana M, Sugimoto K, Nozaki M, Ueda J, Ohta T, Ohki M et al. G9a histone methyltransferase plays a dominant role in euchromatic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and is essential for early embryogenesis. Genes Dev 2002; 16: 1779–1791.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Tachibana M, Ueda J, Fukuda M, Takeda N, Ohta T, Iwanari H et al. Histone methyltransferases G9a and GLP form heteromeric complexes and are both crucial for methylation of euchromatin at H3-K9. Genes Dev 2005; 19: 815–826.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Peters AH, Kubicek S, Mechtler K, O'Sullivan RJ, Derijck AA, Perez-Burgos L et al. Partitioning and plasticity of repressive histone methylation states in mammalian chromatin. Mol Cell 2003; 12: 1577–1589.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Rea S, Eisenhaber F, O'Carroll D, Strahl BD, Sun ZW, Schmid M et al. Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases. Nature 2000; 406: 593–599.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Fritsch L, Robin P, Mathieu JR, Souidi M, Hinaux H, Rougeulle C et al. A subset of the histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferases Suv39h1, G9a, GLP, and SETDB1 participate in a multimeric complex. Mol Cell 2010; 37: 46–56.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kouzarides T . Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 2007; 128: 693–705.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Fuks F . DNA methylation and histone modifications: teaming up to silence genes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005; 15: 490–495.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Jiao Y, Shi C, Edil BH, de Wilde RF, Klimstra DS, Maitra A et al. DAXX/ATRX, MEN1, and mTOR pathway genes are frequently altered in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Science 2011; 331: 1199–1203.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Jones S, Wang TL, Shih Ie M, Mao TL, Nakayama K, Roden R et al. Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling gene ARID1A in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Science 2010; 330: 228–231.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Wiegand KC, Shah SP, Al-Agha OM, Zhao Y, Tse K, Zeng T et al. ARID1A mutations in endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1532–1543.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Margueron R, Reinberg D . The Polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life. Nature 2011; 469: 343–349.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Wu Y, Evers BM, Zhou BP . Small C-terminal domain phosphatase enhances snail activity through dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 640–648.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Zhou BP, Deng J, Xia W, Xu J, Li YM, Gunduz M et al. Dual regulation of Snail by GSK-3beta-mediated phosphorylation in control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6: 931–940.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Xia W, Chen JS, Zhou X, Sun PR, Lee DF, Liao Y et al. Phosphorylation/cytoplasmic localization of p21Cip1/WAF1 is associated with HER2/neu overexpression and provides a novel combination predictor for poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 3815–3824.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Herman JG, Graff JR, Myohanen S, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB . Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 9821–9826.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Eswar N, Webb B, Marti-Renom MA, Madhusudhan MS, Eramian D, Shen MY et al. Comparative protein structure modeling using Modeller. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics 2006, Chapter 5:Unit 5.6.
- DeLano WL . Unraveling hot spots in binding interfaces: progress and challenges. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2002; 12: 14–20.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar