- Paget, S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1, 571–573 (1889).
Article Google Scholar
- Welch, D. Technical considerations for studying cancer metastasis in vivo. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 15, 272–306 (1997).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Khanna, C. & Hunter, K. Modeling metastasis in vivo. Carcinogenesis 26, 513–523 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Clifford, C.A., Mackin, A.J. & Henry, C.J. Treatment of canine hemangiosarcoma: 2000 and beyond. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14, 479–485 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Knapp, S. et al. Naturally-occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder- A relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol. 5, 47–59 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Guo, W. & Giancotti, F.G. Integrin signalling during tumour progression. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 816–826 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Cavallaro, U. & Christofori, G. Cell adhesion and signalling by cadherins and IG-CAMs in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 118–132 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Friedl, P. & Wolf, K. Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 362–374 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Folgueras, A.R., Pendas, A.M., Sanchez, L.M. & Lopez-Otin, C. Matrix metalloproteinases in cancer: from new functions to improved inhibition strategies. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48, 411–424 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Overall, C.M. & Kleifeld, O. Tumour microenvironment - opinion: validating matrix metalloproteinases as drug targets and anti-targets for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6, 227–239 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Goswami, S. et al. Macrophages promote the invasion of breast carcinoma cells via a colony-stimulating factor-1/epidermal growth factor paracrine loop. Cancer Res. 65, 5278–5283 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Balkwill, F. Chemokine biology in cancer. Semin. Immunol. 15, 49–55 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- McLean, G. et al. The role of focal-adhesion kinase in cancer- a new therapeutic opportunity. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5, 505–514 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Mitra, S., Hanson, D. & Schlaepfer, D. Focal adhesion kinase: In command and control of cell motility. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 56–68 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Playford, M. & Schaller, M. The interplay between Src and integrins in normal and tumor biology. Oncogene 23, 7928–7946 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Birchmeier, C., Birchmeier, W., Gherardi, E. & Vande Woude, G.F. Met, metastasis, motility and more. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 915–925 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Gao, C.F. et al. Proliferation and invasion: plasticity in tumor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10528–10533 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Zhan, M., Zhao, H. & Han, Z.C. Signalling mechanisms of anoikis. Histol. Histopathol. 19, 973–983 (2004).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weiss, L. et al. Haematogenous metastatic patterns in colonic carcinoma: an analysis of 1541 necropsies. J. Pathol. 150, 195–203 (1986).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Al-Mehdi, A. et al. Intravascular origin of metastasis from the proliferation of endothelium-attached tumor cells: a new model for metastasis. Nat. Med. 6, 100–102 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Mannori, G. et al. Inhibition of colon carcinoma cell lung colony formation by a soluble form of E-selectin. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 233–243 (1997).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Kim, Y.J., Borsig, L., Varki, N.M. & Varki, A. P-selectin deficiency attenuates tumor growth and metastasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9325–9330 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Khatib, A.M. et al. Characterization of the host proinflammatory response to tumor cells during the initial stages of liver metastasis. Am. J. Pathol. 167, 749–759 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Trepel, M., Arap, W. & Pasqualini, R. In vivo phage display and vascular heterogeneity: implications for targeted medicine. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6, 399–404 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Brown, D. & Ruoslahti, E. Metadherin, a cell surface protein in breast tumors that mediates lung metastasis. Cancer Cell 5, 365–374 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Luzzi, K.J. et al. Multistep nature of metastatic inefficiency: dormancy of solitary cells after successful extravasation and limited survival of early micrometastases. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 865–873 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Kaplan, R.N. et al. VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature 438, 820–827 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Hicklin, D.J. & Ellis, L.M. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 1011–1027 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- de Vos, F.Y., Willemse, P.H., de Vries, E.G. & Gietema, J.A. Endothelial cell effects of cytotoxics: balance between desired and unwanted effects. Cancer Treat. Rev. 30, 495–513 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Raghunand, N., Gatenby, R.A. & Gillies, R.J. Microenvironmental and cellular consequences of altered blood flow in tumours. Br. J. Radiol. 76 Spec No 1, S11–S22 (2003).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Rak, J. & Yu, J.L. Oncogenes and tumor angiogenesis: the question of vascular “supply” and vascular “demand”. Semin. Cancer Biol. 14, 93–104 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Folkman, J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 285, 1182–1186 (1971).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dameron, K.M., Volpert, O.V., Tainsky, M.A. & Bouck, N. Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1. Science 265, 1582–1584 (1994).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weinstat-Saslow, D. et al. Transfection of thrombospondin-1 cDNA into a human breast carcinoma cell lne reduces primary tumor growth, metastatic potneial and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 54, 6504–6511 (1994).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- O'Reilly, M.S. et al. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88, 277–285 (1997).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Asahara, T. et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275, 964–967 (1997).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Maniotis, A. et al. Vascular channel gformation by human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro: Vasculogenic mimicry. Am. J. Pathol. 155, 739–752 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Senger, D.R. et al. Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 219, 983–985 (1983).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Leung, D.W., Cachianes, G., Kuang, W.J., Goeddel, D.V. & Ferrara, N. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246, 1306–1309 (1989).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yang, J.C. et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 427–434 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Cobleigh, M.A. et al. A phase I/II dose-escalation trial of bevacizumab in previously treated metastatic breast cancer. Semin. Oncol. 30, 117–124 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Hurwitz, H. et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 2335–2342 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Motzer, R.J. et al. Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 16–24 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Arao, T. et al. ZD6474 inhibits tumor growth and intraperitoneal dissemination in a highly metastatic orthotopic gastric cancer model. Int. J. Cancer 118, 483–489 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Strumberg, D. Preclinical and clinical development of the oral multikinase inhibitor sorafenib in cancer treatment. Drugs Today (Barc.) 41, 773–784 (2005).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Weis, S.M. & Cheresh, D.A. Pathophysiological consequences of VEGF-induced vascular permeability. Nature 437, 497–504 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Criscuoli, M.L., Nguyen, M. & Eliceiri, B.P. Tumor metastasis but not tumor growth is dependent on Src-mediated vascular permeability. Blood 105, 1508–1514 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Price, D.J., Miralem, T., Jiang, S., Steinberg, R. & Avraham, H. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the stimulation of cellular invasion and signaling of breast cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ. 12, 129–135 (2001).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Graells, J. et al. Overproduction of VEGF165 concomitantly expressed with its receptors promotes growth and survival of melanoma cells through MAPK and PI3K signaling. J. Invest. Dermatol. 123, 1151–1161 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- So, J., Wang, F.Q., Navari, J., Schreher, J. & Fishman, D.A. LPA-induced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in vitro invasion and migration are mediated by VEGF receptor-2 (VEGF-R2). Gynecol. Oncol. 97, 870–878 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Mundy, G. Metastasis to the bone: Causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2, 584–593 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Logothetis, C.J. & Lin, S.H. Osteoblasts in prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5, 21–28 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Roodman, G. Mechanisms of disease. Mechanisms of bone metastasis. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1655–1664 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Roodman, G. Role of stromal-derived cytokines and growth factors in bone metastasis. Cancer 97 Suppl.3, 733–738 (2003).
Article Google Scholar
- Kozlow, W. & Guise, T.A. Breast cancer metastasis to bone: mechanisms of osteolysis and implications for therapy. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 10, 169–180 (2005).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Morgan, H., Tumber, A. & Hill, P.A. Breast cancer cells induce osteoclast formation by stimulating host IL-11 production and downregulating granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Int. J. Cancer 109, 653–660 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kang, Y. et al. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 3, 537–549 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lev, D.C. et al. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling restricts the growth of human breast cancer in the bone of nude mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 306–314 (2005).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Winding, B. et al. Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor inhibit growth of established breast cancer osteolytic lesions and prolong survival in mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 1932–1939 (2002).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Price, J.T. et al. The heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, enhances osteoclast formation and potentiates bone metastasis of a human breast cancer cell line. Cancer Res. 65, 4929–4938 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Isaacs, J., Xu, W. & Neckers, L. Heat shock protein 90 as a molecular target for cancer therapeutics. Cancer Cell 3, 213–217 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Guise, T.A. et al. Evidence for a causal role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer-mediated osteolysis. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 1544–1549 (1996).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Carducci, M.A. et al. Effect of endothelin-A receptor blockade with atrasentan on tumor progression in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a randomized, phase II, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 679–689 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Body, J.J. et al. A study of the biological receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand inhibitor, denosumab, in patients with multiple myeloma or bone metastases from breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 1221–1228 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dalton, W. The tumor microenvironment as a determinant of drug response and resistance. Drug Resist. Updat. 2, 285–288 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Neville-Webbe, H.L. et al. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) produced by bone marrow stromal cells protects breast cancer cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 86, 269–279 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Zvibel, I., Brill, S., Halpern, Z. & Papa, M. Hepatocyte extracellular matrix modulates expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors in human colon cancer cells. Exp. Cell Res. 245, 123–131 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Nakagawa, H. et al. Role of cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts in metastatic colon cancer to the liver and their expression profiles. Oncogene 23, 7366–7377 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Stessels, F. et al. Breast adenocarcinoma liver metastases, in contrast to colorectal cancer liver metastases, display a non-angiogenic growth pattern that preserves the stroma and lacks hypoxia. Br. J. Cancer 90, 1429–1436 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Vermeulen, P.B. et al. Liver metastases from colorectal adenocarcinomas grow in three patterns with different angiogenesis and desmoplasia. J. Pathol. 195, 336–342 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Stephan, S. et al. Effect of rapamycin alone and in combination with antiangiogenesis therapy in an orthotopic model of human pancreatic cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 6993–7000 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Streck, C.J. et al. Longterm recombinant adeno-associated, virus-mediated, liver-generated expression of an angiogenesis inhibitor improves survival in mice with disseminated neuroblastoma. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 199, 78–86 (2004).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Bruns, C.J. et al. Effect of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antibody DC101 plus gemcitabine on growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of human pancreatic cancer growing orthotopically in nude mice. Int. J. Cancer 102, 101–108 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Solorzano, C.C. et al. Inhibition of growth and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer growing in nude mice by PTK 787/ZK222584, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 16, 359–370 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kabbinavar, F.F. et al. Addition of bevacizumab to bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase II trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 3697–3705 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Takeda, A. et al. Role of angiogenesis in the development and growth of liver metastasis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 9, 610–616 (2002).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Saha, S. et al. A phosphatase associated with metastasis of colorectal cancer. Science 294, 1343–1346 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Zeng, Q. et al. PRL-3 and PRL-1 promote cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cancer Res. 63, 2716–2722 (2003).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kato, H. et al. High expression of PRL-3 promotes cancer cell motility and liver metastasis in human colorectal cancer: a predictive molecular marker of metachronous liver and lung metastases. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 7318–7328 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Herlevsen, M., Schmidt, D.S., Miyazaki, K. & Zoller, M. The association of the tetraspanin D6.1A with the alpha6beta4 integrin supports cell motility and liver metastasis formation. J. Cell Sci. 116, 4373–4390 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yezhelyev, M.V. et al. Inhibition of SRC tyrosine kinase as treatment for human pancreatic cancer growing orthotopically in nude mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 8028–8036 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Miyamoto, S. et al. Blockade of paracrine supply of insulin-like growth factors using neutralizing antibodies suppresses the liver metastasis of human colorectal cancers. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 3494–3502 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lassman, A. & DeAngelis, L. Brain Metastases. Neurol. Clin. 21, 1–23, vii (2003).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Bendell, J. et al. Central nervous system metastases in women who receive trastuzumab-based therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer 97, 2972–2977 (2003).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Clayton, A. et al. Incidence of cerebral metastases in patients treated with trastuzumab for metastatic breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 91, 639–643 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Omuro, A.M. et al. High incidence of disease recurrence in the brain and leptomeninges in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma after response to gefitinib. Cancer 103, 2344–2348 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Entschladen, F. & Drell, T.L.t., Lang, K., Joseph, J. & Zaenker, K.S. Neurotransmitters and chemokines regulate tumor cell migration: potential for a new pharmacological approach to inhibit invasion and metastasis development. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11, 403–411 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Xie, T.X. et al. Activation of stat3 in human melanoma promotes brain metastasis. Cancer Res. 66, 3188–3196 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kim, L., Huang, S., Lu, W., Lev, D.C. & Price, J. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression promotes the growth of breast cancer brain metastases in nude mice. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 21, 107–118 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yano, S. et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growt h factor is necessary but not sufficient for production and growth of brain metastasis. Cancer Res. 60, 4959–4967 (2000).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Minn, A.J. et al. Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature 436, 518–524 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Khanna, C. et al. The membrane-cytoskeleton linker ezrin is necessary for osteosarcoma metastasis. Nat. Med. 10, 182–186 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yu, Q. & Stamenkovic, I. Transforming growth factor-beta facilitates breast carcinoma metastasis by promoting tumor cell survival. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 21, 235–242 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Siegel, P.M., Shu, W., Cardiff, R.D., Muller, W.J. & Massague, J. Transforming growth factor beta signaling impairs Neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis while promoting pulmonary metastasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8430–8435 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Pinkas, J., Martin, S.S. & Leder, P. Bcl-2-mediated cell survival promotes metastasis of EpH4 betaMEKDD mammary epithelial cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2, 551–556 (2004).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Martin, S.S. et al. A cytoskeleton-based functional genetic screen identifies Bcl-xL as an enhancer of metastasis, but not primary tumor growth. Oncogene 23, 4641–4645 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Inbal, B. et al. DAP kinase links the control of apoptosis to metastasis. Nature 390, 180–184 (1997).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Wong, C. et al. Apoptosis: an early event in metastatic inefficiency. Cancer Res. 61, 333–338 (2001).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Sweeney, C.J. et al. The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide in combination with docetaxel reduces metastasis and improves survival in a xenograft model of breast cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 4, 1004–1012 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Jiang, Y. et al. Inhibition of anchorage-independent growth and lung metastasis of A549 lung carcinoma cells by IkappaBbeta. Oncogene 20, 2254–2263 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Ladeda, V., Adam, A., Puricello, L. & Joffe, E. Apoptotic cell death in mammary adenocarcinoma cells is prevented by soluble factors present in the target organ of metastasis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 69, 39–51 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Chen, Y., Wang, J., Chen, S. & Yang, B. Granulocytes mediates the Fas-L-associated apoptosis during lung metastasis of melanoma that determines the metastatic behavior. Br. J. Cancer 87, 359–365 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Lifsted, T. et al. Identification of inbred mouse strains harboring genetic modifiers of mammary tumor age of onset and metastatic progression. Int. J. Cancer 77, 640–644 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Park, Y.G. et al. Sipa1 is a candidate for underlying the metastasis efficiency modifier locus Mtes1. Nat. Genet. 37, 1055–1062 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Chekmareva, M. et al. Chromosome 17-mediated dormancy of AT6.1 prostate cancer micrmetastases. Cancer Res. 58, 4963–4969 (1998).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Goldberg, S., Harms, J., Quon, K. & Welch, D. Metastasis suppressed C8161 melanoma cells arrest in lung but fail to proliferate. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 17, 601–607 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Steeg, P. Metastasis suppressors alter the signal transduction of cancer cells. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 55–63 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Shevde, L. & Welch, D. Metastasis suppressor pathways - an evolving paradigm. Cancer Lett. 198, 1–20 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Vander Griend, D. et al. Suppression of metastatic colonization by the context-dependent activation of the c-jun NH2-terminal kinase kinases JNKK1/MKK4 and MKK7. Cancer Res. 65, 10984–10991 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- DeWald, D.B. et al. Metastasis suppression by breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 involves reduction of phosphoinositide signaling in MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 65, 713–717 (2005).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Saunders, M. et al. Breast cancer metastastic potential correlates with a breakdown in homospecific and heterospecific gap junctionalintercellular communication. Cancer Res. 61, 1765–1767 (2001).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Hartsough, M. et al. Nm23–H1 metastasis suppressor phosphorylation of Kinase suppressor of ras (KSR), via a histidine protein kinase pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 32389–32399 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Engel, M., Mazurek, S., Eigenbrodt, E. & Welter, C. Phosphoglycerate mutase-derived polypeptide inhibits glycolytic flux and induces cell growth arrest in tumor cell lines. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 35803–35812 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Palacios, F., Schweitzer, J., Boshans, R. & D'Souza-Schorey, C. ARF6-GTP recruits Nm23–H1 to facilitate dynamin-mediated endocytosis during adherens junctions disassembly. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 929–936 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Fournier, H. et al. Integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein 1a (ICAP-1a) interacts directly with the metastasis suppressor nm23–H2, and both proteins are targeted to newly formed cell adhesion sites upon integrin engagement. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 20895–20902 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- D'Angelo, A. et al. Prune cAMP phosphodiesterase binds nm23-H1 and promotes cancer metastasis. Cancer Cell 5, 137–149 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Ouatas, T., Halverson, D. & Steeg, P. Dexamethasone and medroxyprogesterone acetate elevate Nm23–H1 metastasis suppressor expression in metastatic human breast carcinoma cells: New uses for old compounds. Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 3763–3772 (2003).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Palmieri, D. et al. Medroxyprogesterone acetate elevation of Nm23–H1 metastasis suppressor expression in hormone receptor-negative breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97, 632–642 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Titus, B. et al. Endothelin axis is a target of the lung metastasis suppressor gene RhoGDI2. Cancer Res. 65, 7320–7327 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Ramaswamy, S., Ross, K., Lander, E. & Golub, T. A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nat. Genet. 33, 49–54 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Hunter, K., Welch, D. & Liu, E. Genetic background as a determinant of metastatic potential. Nat. Genet. 34, 23–24 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weigelt, B. et al. Gene expression profiles of primary breast tumors maintained in distant metastases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 15901–15905 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Perou, C.M. et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 406, 747–752 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Poste, G. & Fidler, I. The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis. Nature 283, 139–146 (1980).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Demicheli, R., Abbattista, A., Miceli, R., Valagussa, P. & Bonadonna, G. Time distribution of the recurrence risk for breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy: further support about the concept of tumor dormancy. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 41, 177–185 (1996).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Crowley, N.J. & Seigler, H.F. Relationship between disease-free interval and survival in patients with recurrent melanoma. Arch. Surg. 127, 1303–1308 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Naumov, G. et al. Persistence of solitary mammary carcinoma cells in a secondary site: A possible contributor to dormancy. Cancer Res. 62, 2162–2168 (2002).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Goodison, S. et al. Prolonged dormancy and site-specific growth potential of cancer cells spontaneously disseminated from nonmetastatic breast tumors as revealed by labeling with green fluorescent protein. Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 3808–3814 (2003).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Pantel, K. & Brakenhoff, R.H. Dissecting the metastatic cascade. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 448–456 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lindemann, F., Schlimok, G., Dirschedl, P., Witte, J. & Riethmuller, G. Prognostic significance of micrometastatic tumour cells in bone marrow of colorectal cancer patients. Lancet 340, 685–689 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Holmgren, L., O'Reilly, M. & Folkman, J. Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nat. Med. 1, 149–153 (1995).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Naumov, G. et al. Ineffectiveness of doxorubicin treatment on solitary dormant mammary carcinoma cells or late developing metastases. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 82, 199–206 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Cao, Y. et al. Expression of angiostatin cDNA in a murine fibrosarcoma suppresses primary tumor growth and produces long-term dormancy of metastases. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 1055–1063 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Al-Hajj, M. & Clarke, M.F. Self-renewal and solid tumor stem cells. Oncogene 23, 7274–7282 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Reya, T., Morrison, S.J., Clarke, M.F. & Weissman, I.L. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414, 105–111 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Al-Hajj, M., Wicha, M.S., Benito-Hernandez, A., Morrison, S.J. & Clarke, M.F. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3983–3988 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Al-Hajj, M., Becker, M.W., Wicha, M., Weissman, I. & Clarke, M.F. Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 14, 43–47 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dean, M., Fojo, T. & Bates, S. Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5, 275–284 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Liang, Y. et al. Selection with melphalan or paclitaxel (Taxol) yields variants with different patterns of multidrug resistance, integrin expression and in vitro invasiveness. Eur. J. Cancer 37, 1041–1052 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Wang, Z., Goulet, R., III, Stanton, K.J., Sadaria, M. & Nakshatri, H. Differential effect of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL and c-FLIP on sensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to paclitaxel and docetaxel. Anticancer Res. 25, 2367–2379 (2005).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Slamon, D. et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against Her2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses Her2. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 783–792 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Piccart-Gebhart, M.J. et al. Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 1659–1672 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Romond, E.H. et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 1673–1684 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Barlesi, F. et al. Gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) in non-small-cell lung cancer: a review of clinical trials from a daily practice perspective. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 19, 385–393 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Coussens, L., Fingleton, B. & Matrisian, L. Cancer Therapy - Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and cancer: Trials and tribulations. Science 295, 2387–2392 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Xue, C. et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression results in increased tumor cell motility in vivo coordinately with enhanced intravasation and metastasis. Cancer Res. 66, 192–197 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Nagle, J.A., Ma, Z., Byrne, M.A., White, M.F. & Shaw, L.M. Involvement of insulin receptor substrate 2 in mammary tumor metastasis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 9726–9735 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Lang, J.Y. et al. Antimetastatic effect of salvicine on human breast cancer MDA-MB-435 orthotopic xenograft is closely related to Rho-dependent pathway. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 3455–3464 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Shannon, K.E. et al. Anti-metastatic properties of RGD-peptidomimetic agents S137 and S247. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 21, 129–138 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Manni, A. et al. Effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis from MDA-MB-435 breast cancer xenografts in nude mice. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 20, 321–325 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Cairns, R.A. & Hill, R.P. Acute hypoxia enhances spontaneous lymph node metastasis in an orthotopic murine model of human cervical carcinoma. Cancer Res. 64, 2054–2061 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lovey, J., Fazekas, K., Ladanyi, A., Nemeth, G. & Timar, J. Low-dose irradiation and short-exposure suboptimal-dose paclitaxel adversely modulate metastatic potential of squamous carcinoma cells. Strahlenther. Onkol. 179, 812–818 (2003).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Nasulewicz, A. et al. Magnesium deficiency inhibits primary tumor growth but favors metastasis in mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1739, 26–32 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Epstein, R.J. Maintenance therapy to suppress micrometastasis: the new challenge for adjuvant cancer treatment. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 5337–5341 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Miller, J.C., Pien, H.H., Sahani, D., Sorensen, A.G. & Thrall, J.H. Imaging angiogenesis: applications and potential for drug development. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97, 172–187 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Sharma, V., Prior, J.L., Belinsky, M.G., Kruh, G.D. & Piwnica-Worms, D. Characterization of a 67Ga/68Ga radiopharmaceutical for SPECT and PET of MDR1 P-glycoprotein transport activity in vivo: validation in multidrug-resistant tumors and at the blood-brain barrier. J. Nucl. Med. 46, 354–364 (2005).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Messerli, S.M. et al. A novel method for imaging apoptosis using a caspase-1 near-infrared fluorescent probe. Neoplasia 6, 95–105 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Joyce, J.A. et al. Cathepsin cysteine proteases are effectors of invasive growth and angiogenesis during multistage tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 5, 443–453 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Chang, E. et al. Protease-activated quantum dot probes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 334, 1317–1321 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Jiang, T. et al. Tumor imaging by means of proteolytic activation of cell-penetrating peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 17867–17872 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Funovics, M.A., Weissleder, R. & Mahmood, U. Catheter-based in vivo imaging of enzyme activity and gene expression: feasibility study in mice. Radiology 231, 659–666 (2004).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Seymour, L. The design of clinical trials for new molecularly targeted compounds: progress and new initiatives. Curr. Pharm. Des. 8, 2279–2284 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Parulekar, W. & Eisenhauer, E. Phase I trial design for solid tumor studies of targeted, non-cytotoxic agents: Theory and practice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96, 990–997 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar