- Shoemaker, R. H. The NCI60 human tumour cell line anticancer drug screen. Nature Rev. Cancer 6, 813–823 (2006). A comprehensive review of the NCI60 anticancer drug discovery programme, highlighting its history, methodology and major achievements.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sledge, G. W. Jr, Loehrer, P. J. Sr, Roth, B. J. & Einhorn, L. H. Cisplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 6, 1811–1814 (1988).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Bezwoda, W. R., Seymour, L. & Ariad, S. High-dose etoposide in treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Oncology 49, 104–107 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Margolin, K. A. et al. Effective initial therapy of advanced breast cancer with fluorouracil and high-dose, continuous infusion calcium leucovorin. J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 1278–1283 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Gershenson, D. M. et al. A phase I study of a daily x3 schedule of intravenous vinorelbine for refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 70, 404–409 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Muggia, F. M. et al. Phase III randomized study of cisplatin versus paclitaxel versus cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with suboptimal stage III or IV ovarian cancer: a gynecologic oncology group study. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 106–115 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Rossi, A. et al. Single agent vinorelbine as first-line chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 23, 1657–1664 (2003).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kornblith, P. et al. In vitro responses of ovarian cancers to platinums and taxanes. Anticancer Res. 23, 543–548 (2003).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kornblith, P. et al. Breast cancer—response rates to chemotherapeutic agents studied in vitro. Anticancer Res. 23, 3405–3411 (2003).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kornblith, P. et al. Differential in vitro effects of chemotherapeutic agents on primary cultures of human ovarian carcinoma. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 14, 607–615 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kris, M. G. et al. Efficacy of gefitinib, an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, in symptomatic patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 290, 2149–2158 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Fukuoka, M. et al. Multi-institutional randomized phase II trial of gefitinib for previously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (The IDEAL 1 Trial) [corrected]. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 2237–2246 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Cohen, M. H. et al. United States Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval summary: Gefitinib (ZD1839; Iressa) tablets. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 1212–1218 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Thatcher, N. et al. Gefitinib plus best supportive care in previously treated patients with refractory advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer). Lancet 366, 1527–1537 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Shepherd, F. A. et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 123–132 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Moore, M. J. et al. Erlotinib plus gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase III trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 1960–1966 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Nieto, J., Grossbard, M. L. & Kozuch, P. Metastatic pancreatic cancer 2008: is the glass less empty? Oncologist 13, 562–576 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Saltz, L. B. et al. Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with refractory colorectal cancer that expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 1201–1208 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Vermorken, J. B. et al. Open-label, uncontrolled, multicenter phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of cetuximab as a single agent in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who failed to respond to platinum-based therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 2171–2177 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- William, W. N. Jr, Kim, E. S. & Herbst, R. S. Cetuximab therapy for patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Nature Clin. Pract Oncol. 6, 132–133 (2009).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Van Cutsem, E. et al. Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 1658–1664 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Cobleigh, M. A. et al. Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 2639–2648 (1999). One of the first large-scale clinical studies that highlighted the value of molecular markers in the selection of patients for treatment with targeted anticancer therapeutics.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Vogel, C. L. et al. Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 719–726 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Johnston, S. R. & Leary, A. Lapatinib: a novel EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor for cancer. Drugs Today (Barc) 42, 441–453 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kaufman, B. et al. Lapatinib monotherapy in patients with HER2-overexpressing relapsed or refractory inflammatory breast cancer: final results and survival of the expanded HER2+ cohort in EGF103009, a phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 10, 581–588 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Escudier, B. et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 125–134 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Llovet, J. M. et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 378–390 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Motzer, R. J. et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 115–124 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Demetri, G. D. et al. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 368, 1329–1338 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- O'Brien, S. G. et al. Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 994–1004 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dagher, R. et al. Approval summary: imatinib mesylate in the treatment of metastatic and/or unresectable malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3034–3038 (2002).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Demetri, G. D. et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 472–480 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Hochhaus, A. et al. Dasatinib induces notable hematologic and cytogenetic responses in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of imatinib therapy. Blood 109, 2303–2309 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- le Coutre, P. et al. Nilotinib (formerly AMN107), a highly selective BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is active in patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant accelerated-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 111, 1834–1839 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Davies, H. et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417, 949–954 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weinstein, I. B. Cancer. Addiction to oncogenes—the Achilles heal of cancer. Science 297, 63–64 (2002). A highly cited commentary that lays the theoretical framework for the concept of oncogene addiction, which forms the basis of many strategies for the modern development of anticancer therapeutics.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weinstein, I. B. & Joe, A. K. Mechanisms of disease: Oncogene addiction—a rationale for molecular targeting in cancer therapy. Nature Clin. Pract Oncol. 3, 448–457 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sharma, S. V. et al. A common signaling cascade may underlie “addiction” to the Src, BCR-ABL, and EGF receptor oncogenes. Cancer Cell 10, 425–435 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Sharma, S. V. & Settleman, J. Oncogene addiction: setting the stage for molecularly targeted cancer therapy. Genes Dev. 21, 3214–3231 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kaelin, W. G. Jr. The concept of synthetic lethality in the context of anticancer therapy. Nature Rev. Cancer 5, 689–698 (2005).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Garraway, L. A. & Sellers, W. R. Lineage dependency and lineage-survival oncogenes in human cancer. Nature Rev. Cancer 6, 593–602 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Luo, J., Solimini, N. L. & Elledge, S. J. Principles of cancer therapy: oncogene and non-oncogene addiction. Cell 136, 823–837 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Sharma, S. V., Bell, D. W., Settleman, J. & Haber, D. A. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. Nature Rev. Cancer 7, 169–181 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Linardou, H., Dahabreh, I. J., Bafaloukos, D., Kosmidis, P. & Murray, S. Somatic EGFR mutations and efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in NSCLC. Nature Rev. Clin. Oncol. 6, 352–366 (2009).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Neve, R. M. et al. A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell 10, 515–527 (2006). This study describes a genomic analysis of primary breast tumours and tumour-derived cell lines, demonstrating the remarkable conservation of genomic features and drug sensitivity in cell lines.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Sos, M. L. et al. Predicting drug susceptibility of non-small cell lung cancers based on genetic lesions. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 1727–1740 (2009). This report illustrates the utility of cell line profiling to reveal genotype-associated drug responses in lung cancer-derived cell lines.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- McDermott, U., Sharma, S. V. & Settleman, J. High-throughput lung cancer cell line screening for genotype-correlated sensitivity to an EGFR kinase inhibitor. Meth. Enzymol. 438, 331–341 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- McDermott, U. et al. Identification of genotype-correlated sensitivity to selective kinase inhibitors by using high-throughput tumor cell line profiling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 19936–19941 (2007). A study using large cell line panels (CMT1000) to explore the genomic basis of drug sensitivity, with particular emphasis on small-molecule selective kinase inhibitors.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- McDermott, U. et al. Genomic alterations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase may sensitize tumors to anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res. 68, 3389–3395 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Rodig, S. J. et al. Unique clinicopathologic features characterize ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma in the western population. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 5216–5223 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Shaw, A. T. et al. Clinical features and outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who harbor EML4-ALK. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 4247–4253 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- McDermott, U. et al. Ligand-dependent platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α activation sensitizes rare lung cancer and sarcoma cells to PDGFR kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res. 69, 3937–3946 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Rikova, K. et al. Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 131, 1190–1203 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Rosen, J. M. & Jordan, C. T. The increasing complexity of the cancer stem cell paradigm. Science 324, 1670–1673 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Trumpp, A. & Wiestler, O. D. Mechanisms of disease: cancer stem cells—targeting the evil twin. Nature Clin. Pract Oncol. 5, 337–347 (2008).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Irish, J. M., Kotecha, N. & Nolan, G. P. Mapping normal and cancer cell signalling networks: towards single-cell proteomics. Nature Rev. Cancer 6, 146–155 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Brock, A., Chang, H. & Huang, S. Non-genetic heterogeneity—a mutation-independent driving force for the somatic evolution of tumours. Nature Rev. Genet. 10, 336–342 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Chen, J., Odenike, O. & Rowley, J. D. Leukaemogenesis: more than mutant genes. Nature Rev. Cancer 10, 23–36 (2010).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lin, W. M. et al. Modeling genomic diversity and tumor dependency in malignant melanoma. Cancer Res. 68, 664–673 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Finn, R. S. et al. PD 0332991, a selective cyclin D kinase 4/6 inhibitor, preferentially inhibits proliferation of luminal estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Breast Cancer Res. 11, R77 (2009).
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
- Heiser, L. M. et al. Integrated analysis of breast cancer cell lines reveals unique signaling pathways. Genome Biol. 10, R31 (2009).
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
- Mirzoeva, O. K. et al. Basal subtype and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-phosphoinositide 3-kinase feedback signaling determine susceptibility of breast cancer cells to MEK inhibition. Cancer Res. 69, 565–572 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Kuo, W. L. et al. A systems analysis of chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to the polyamine analogue PG-11047. BMC Med. 7, 77 (2009).
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
- Barbie, D. A. et al. Systematic RNA interference reveals that oncogenic KRAS-driven cancers require TBK1. Nature 462, 108–112 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Dolma, S., Lessnick, S. L., Hahn, W. C. & Stockwell, B. R. Identification of genotype-selective antitumor agents using synthetic lethal chemical screening in engineered human tumor cells. Cancer Cell 3, 285–296 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Luo, J. et al. A genome-wide RNAi screen identifies multiple synthetic lethal interactions with the Ras oncogene. Cell 137, 835–848 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Scholl, C. et al. Synthetic lethal interaction between oncogenic KRAS dependency and STK33 suppression in human cancer cells. Cell 137, 821–834 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yagoda, N. et al. RAS-RAF-MEK-dependent oxidative cell death involving voltage-dependent anion channels. Nature 447, 864–868 (2007).
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
- Yang, W. S. & Stockwell, B. R. Synthetic lethal screening identifies compounds activating iron-dependent, nonapoptotic cell death in oncogenic-RAS-harboring cancer cells. Chem. Biol. 15, 234–245 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Borisy, A. A. et al. Systematic discovery of multicomponent therapeutics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7977–7982 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Lehar, J. et al. Synergistic drug combinations tend to improve therapeutically relevant selectivity. Nature Biotechnol. 27, 659–666 (2009). A study demonstrating the feasibility of testing drug combinations in a high-throughput fashion.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Engelman, J. A. et al. MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science 316, 1039–1043 (2007). This report describes studies using an in vitro cell culture model to reveal a clinically relevant mechanism of acquired resistance to a targeted small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with lung cancer.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Montagut, C. et al. Elevated CRAF as a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma. Cancer Res. 68, 4853–4861 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Drexler, H. G. et al. p53 alterations in human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines: in vitro artifact or prerequisite for cell immortalization? Leukemia 14, 198–206 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weaver, V. M. et al. Reversion of the malignant phenotype of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and in vivo by integrin blocking antibodies. J. Cell Biol. 137, 231–245 (1997).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Wang, F. et al. Reciprocal interactions between β1-integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor in three-dimensional basement membrane breast cultures: a different perspective in epithelial biology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14821–14826 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Jacks, T. & Weinberg, R. A. Taking the study of cancer cell survival to a new dimension. Cell 111, 923–925 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Abbott, A. Cell culture: biology's new dimension. Nature 424, 870–872 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Griffith, L. G. & Swartz, M. A. Capturing complex 3D tissue physiology in vitro. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 211–224 (2006).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Yamada, K. M. & Cukierman, E. Modeling tissue morphogenesis and cancer in 3D. Cell 130, 601–610 (2007). A comprehensive review of the use of 3D cultures to uncover aspects of tumour biology and metastases.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Wolf, K. et al. Compensation mechanism in tumor cell migration: mesenchymal-amoeboid transition after blocking of pericellular proteolysis. J. Cell Biol. 160, 267–277 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Sahai, E. & Marshall, C. J. Differing modes of tumour cell invasion have distinct requirements for Rho/ROCK signalling and extracellular proteolysis. Nature Cell Biol. 5, 711–719 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Friedrich, J., Seidel, C., Ebner, R. & Kunz-Schughart, L. A. Spheroid-based drug screen: considerations and practical approach. Nature Protoc 4, 309–324 (2009).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Hollingshead, M. G. et al. In vivo cultivation of tumor cells in hollow fibers. Life Sci. 57, 131–141 (1995).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Gorelik, E. et al. Microencapsulated tumor assay: new short-term assay for in vivo evaluation of the effects of anticancer drugs on human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 47, 5739–5747 (1987).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lanza, R. P. et al. Xenotransplantation of canine, bovine, and porcine islets in diabetic rats without immunosuppression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11100–11104 (1991).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Lacy, P. E., Hegre, O. D., Gerasimidi-Vazeou, A., Gentile, F. T. & Dionne, K. E. Maintenance of normoglycemia in diabetic mice by subcutaneous xenografts of encapsulated islets. Science 254, 1782–1784 (1991).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Johnson, J. I. et al. Relationships between drug activity in NCI preclinical in vitro and in vivo models and early clinical trials. Br. J. Cancer 84, 1424–1431 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Decker, S., Hollingshead, M., Bonomi, C. A., Carter, J. P. & Sausville, E. A. The hollow fibre model in cancer drug screening: the NCI experience. Eur. J. Cancer 40, 821–826 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Hall, L. A. et al. The hollow fiber assay: continued characterization with novel approaches. Anticancer Res. 20, 903–911 (2000).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Gudjonsson, T., Ronnov-Jessen, L., Villadsen, R., Bissell, M. J. & Petersen, O. W. To create the correct microenvironment: three-dimensional heterotypic collagen assays for human breast epithelial morphogenesis and neoplasia. Methods 30, 247–255 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Nelson, C. M. & Bissell, M. J. Modeling dynamic reciprocity: engineering three-dimensional culture models of breast architecture, function, and neoplastic transformation. Semin. Cancer Biol. 15, 342–352 (2005).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Lee, G. Y., Kenny, P. A., Lee, E. H. & Bissell, M. J. Three-dimensional culture models of normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. Nature Methods 4, 359–365 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Friedrich, J., Ebner, R. & Kunz-Schughart, L. A. Experimental anti-tumor therapy in 3-D: spheroids—old hat or new challenge? Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 83, 849–871 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Ballangrud, A. M. et al. Response of LNCaP spheroids after treatment with an α-particle emitter (213Bi)-labeled anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen antibody (J591). Cancer Res. 61, 2008–2014 (2001).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Carlsson, J. & Acker, H. Relations between pH, oxygen partial pressure and growth in cultured cell spheroids. Int. J. Cancer 42, 715–720 (1988).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dubessy, C., Merlin, J. M., Marchal, C. & Guillemin, F. Spheroids in radiobiology and photodynamic therapy. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 36, 179–192 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Durand, R. E. & Olive, P. L. Resistance of tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy modulated by the three-dimensional architecture of solid tumors and spheroids. Methods Cell Biol. 64, 211–233 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Khaitan, D., Chandna, S., Arya, M. B. & Dwarakanath, B. S. Establishment and characterization of multicellular spheroids from a human glioma cell line; implications for tumor therapy. J. Transl. Med. 4, 12 (2006).
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
- Mueller-Klieser, W. Three-dimensional cell cultures: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Am. J. Physiol. 273, C1109–C1123 (1997).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kunz-Schughart, L. A., Freyer, J. P., Hofstaedter, F. & Ebner, R. The use of 3-D cultures for high-throughput screening: the multicellular spheroid model. J. Biomol. Screen 9, 273–285 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Frankel, A., Buckman, R. & Kerbel, R. S. Abrogation of taxol-induced G2-M arrest and apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells grown as multicellular tumor spheroids. Cancer Res. 57, 2388–2393 (1997).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- dit Faute, M. A. et al. Distinctive alterations of invasiveness, drug resistance and cell-cell organization in 3D-cultures of MCF-7, a human breast cancer cell line, and its multidrug resistant variant. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 19, 161–168 (2002).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Hazlehurst, L. A., Landowski, T. H. & Dalton, W. S. Role of the tumor microenvironment in mediating de novo resistance to drugs and physiological mediators of cell death. Oncogene 22, 7396–7402 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Serebriiskii, I., Castello-Cros, R., Lamb, A., Golemis, E. A. & Cukierman, E. Fibroblast-derived 3D matrix differentially regulates the growth and drug-responsiveness of human cancer cells. Matrix Biol. 27, 573–585 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- David, L. et al. Hyaluronan hydrogel: an appropriate three-dimensional model for evaluation of anticancer drug sensitivity. Acta Biomater 4, 256–263 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Frankel, A., Man, S., Elliott, P., Adams, J. & Kerbel, R. S. Lack of multicellular drug resistance observed in human ovarian and prostate carcinoma treated with the proteasome inhibitor PS-341. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 3719–3728 (2000).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Eshleman, J. S. et al. Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin sensitizes U87 xenografts to fractionated radiation therapy. Cancer Res. 62, 7291–7297 (2002).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Liu, M. et al. Antitumor activity of rapamycin in a transgenic mouse model of ErbB2-dependent human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 65, 5325–5336 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Howes, A. L. et al. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, PX-866, is a potent inhibitor of cancer cell motility and growth in three-dimensional cultures. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 2505–2514 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Barbone, D., Yang, T. M., Morgan, J. R., Gaudino, G. & Broaddus, V. C. Mammalian target of rapamycin contributes to the acquired apoptotic resistance of human mesothelioma multicellular spheroids. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 13021–13030 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Friedrich, J. et al. A reliable tool to determine cell viability in complex 3-d culture: the acid phosphatase assay. J. Biomol. Screen 12, 925–937 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Mueller-Klieser, W. Multicellular spheroids. A review on cellular aggregates in cancer research. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 113, 101–122 (1987).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Poland, J. et al. Comparison of protein expression profiles between monolayer and spheroid cell culture of HT-29 cells revealed fragmentation of CK18 in three-dimensional cell culture. Electrophoresis 23, 1174–1184 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Oloumi, A., Lam, W., Banath, J. P. & Olive, P. L. Identification of genes differentially expressed in V79 cells grown as multicell spheroids. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 78, 483–492 (2002).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dardousis, K. et al. Identification of differentially expressed genes involved in the formation of multicellular tumor spheroids by HT-29 colon carcinoma cells. Mol. Ther. 15, 94–102 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Steel, G. G., Courtenay, V. D. & Peckham, M. J. The response to chemotherapy of a variety of human tumour xenografts. Br. J. Cancer 47, 1–13 (1983).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Fiebig, H. H., Maier, A. & Burger, A. M. Clonogenic assay with established human tumour xenografts: correlation of in vitro to in vivo activity as a basis for anticancer drug discovery. Eur. J. Cancer 40, 802–820 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Scholz, C. C., Berger, D. P., Winterhalter, B. R., Henss, H. & Fiebig, H. H. Correlation of drug response in patients and in the clonogenic assay with solid human tumour xenografts. Eur. J. Cancer 26, 901–905 (1990).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Sausville, E. A. & Feigal, E. Evolving approaches to cancer drug discovery and development at the National Cancer Institute, USA. Ann. Oncol. 10, 1287–1291 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kelland, L. R. Of mice and men: values and liabilities of the athymic nude mouse model in anticancer drug development. Eur. J. Cancer 40, 827–836 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Staquet, M. J., Byar, D. P., Green, S. B. & Rozencweig, M. Clinical predictivity of transplantable tumor systems in the selection of new drugs for solid tumors: rationale for a three-stage strategy. Cancer Treat Rep. 67, 753–765 (1983).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Suggitt, M. & Bibby, M. C. 50 years of preclinical anticancer drug screening: empirical to target-driven approaches. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 971–981 (2005).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kerbel, R. S. Human tumor xenografts as predictive preclinical models for anticancer drug activity in humans: better than commonly perceived-but they can be improved. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2, S134–S139 (2003).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Peterson, J. K. & Houghton, P. J. Integrating pharmacology and in vivo cancer models in preclinical and clinical drug development. Eur. J. Cancer 40, 837–844 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Takimoto, C. H. Why drugs fail: of mice and men revisited. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 229–230 (2001).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Frese, K. K. & Tuveson, D. A. Maximizing mouse cancer models. Nature Rev. Cancer 7, 645–658 (2007).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Gopinathan, A. & Tuveson, D. A. The use of GEM models for experimental cancer therapeutics. Dis. Model Mech. 1, 83–86 (2008).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Olive, K. P. et al. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling enhances delivery of chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Science 324, 1457–1461 (2009). A recent study highlighting important differences in drug efficacy in mice with transplanted tumours compared with genetically engineered mouse models of the same tumour type.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Stinson, S. F. et al. Morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics of human tumor cell lines for use in a disease-oriented anticancer drug screen. Anticancer Res. 12, 1035–1053 (1992).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Paull, K. D. et al. Display and analysis of patterns of differential activity of drugs against human tumor cell lines: development of mean graph and COMPARE algorithm. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 81, 1088–1092 (1989).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Scherf, U. et al. A gene expression database for the molecular pharmacology of cancer. Nature Genet. 24, 236–244 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weinstein, J. N. et al. Neural computing in cancer drug development: predicting mechanism of action. Science 258, 447–451 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- van Osdol, W. W., Myers, T. G., Paull, K. D., Kohn, K. W. & Weinstein, J. N. Use of the Kohonen self-organizing map to study the mechanisms of action of chemotherapeutic agents. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 86, 1853–1859 (1994).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weinstein, J. N. et al. An information-intensive approach to the molecular pharmacology of cancer. Science 275, 343–349 (1997).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Alvarez, M. et al. Generation of a drug resistance profile by quantitation of mdr-1/P-glycoprotein in the cell lines of the National Cancer Institute Anticancer Drug Screen. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2205–2214 (1995).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Monks, A., Scudiero, D. A., Johnson, G. S., Paull, K. D. & Sausville, E. A. The NCI anti-cancer drug screen: a smart screen to identify effectors of novel targets. Anticancer Drug Des. 12, 533–541 (1997).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Adams, J. et al. Proteasome inhibitors: a novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res. 59, 2615–2622 (1999).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Adams, J. Proteasome inhibition in cancer: development of PS-341. Semin. Oncol. 28, 613–619 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Holbeck, S. L. Update on NCI in vitro drug screen utilities. Eur. J. Cancer 40, 785–793 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yamori, T. Panel of human cancer cell lines provides valuable database for drug discovery and bioinformatics. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 52, S74–S79 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dan, S. et al. An integrated database of chemosensitivity to 55 anticancer drugs and gene expression profiles of 39 human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 62, 1139–1147 (2002).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Naasani, I., Seimiya, H., Yamori, T. & Tsuruo, T. FJ5002: a potent telomerase inhibitor identified by exploiting the disease-oriented screening program with COMPARE analysis. Cancer Res. 59, 4004–4011 (1999).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Nakatsu, N. et al. Chemosensitivity profile of cancer cell lines and identification of genes determining chemosensitivity by an integrated bioinformatical approach using cDNA arrays. Mol. Cancer Ther. 4, 399–412 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yaguchi, S. et al. Antitumor activity of ZSTK474, a new phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 98, 545–556 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Yamori, T. et al. Potent antitumor activity of MS-247, a novel DNA minor groove binder, evaluated by an in vitro and in vivo human cancer cell line panel. Cancer Res. 59, 4042–4049 (1999).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Shiwa, M. et al. Rapid discovery and identification of a tissue-specific tumor biomarker from 39 human cancer cell lines using the SELDI ProteinChip platform. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 309, 18–25 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Soda, M. et al. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 448, 561–566 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Cappuzzo, F. et al. Increased MET gene copy number negatively affects survival of surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 1667–1674 (2009).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Stephens, P. et al. Lung cancer: intragenic ERBB2 kinase mutations in tumours. Nature 431, 525–526 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Shigematsu, H. et al. Somatic mutations of the HER2 kinase domain in lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 65, 1642–1646 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Brose, M. S. et al. BRAF and RAS mutations in human lung cancer and melanoma. Cancer Res. 62, 6997–7000 (2002).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Pratilas, C. A. et al. Genetic predictors of MEK dependence in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 68, 9375–9383 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Yamamoto, H. et al. PIK3CA mutations and copy number gains in human lung cancers. Cancer Res. 68, 6913–6921 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Marks, J. L. et al. Novel MEK1 mutation identified by mutational analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway genes in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 68, 5524–5528 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Frei, E. 3rd. The National Cancer Chemotherapy Program. Science 217, 600–606 (1982).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Alley, M. C. et al. Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay. Cancer Res. 48, 589–601 (1988).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Grever, M. R., Schepartz, S. A. & Chabner, B. A. The National Cancer Institute: cancer drug discovery and development program. Semin. Oncol. 19, 622–638 (1992).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar