read - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

From Middle English reden, from Old English rǣdan (“to counsel, advise, consult; interpret, read”), from Proto-West Germanic *rādan, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaną (“advise, counsel”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to arrange”).

Cognate with Scots rede, red (“to advise, counsel, decipher, read”), Saterland Frisian räide (“to advise, counsel”), West Frisian riede (“to advise, counsel”), Dutch raden (“to advise; guess”), German raten (“to advise; guess”), Danish råde (“to advise”), Swedish råda (“to advise, counsel”), Persian رده (rade, “to order, to arrange, class”). In West Germanic the verb had a sense “interpret”, which developed further into “interpret letters” in English and “interpret by intuition, guess” on the continent. Compare rede.

A painting of a girl reading.

read (third-person singular simple present reads, present participle reading, simple past read, past participle read or (archaic, dialectal) readen)

  1. (transitive or intransitive) To look at and interpret letters or other information that is written.
    Synonyms: interpret, make out, make sense of, understand, scan
    Have you read this book?
    He doesn’t like to read.
    1. (ergative, of text) To be understood or physically read in a specific way.
      Arabic reads right to left.
      That sentence reads strangely.
    2. (transitive, metonymic) To read a work or works written by the named author.
      At the moment I'm reading Milton.
    • 1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond‎[2]:
      During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant […]
    • 1982, Robert M. Evenson, “"Liberated" Woman"”, in The Cincinnati Enquirer:
      She reads Playgirl magazine, goes to a male-strip joint and then complains about sexual harassment on the job.
    • 1983, James C. H. Shen, “A Round of Calls”, in Robert Myers, editor, The U.S. & Free China: How the U.S. Sold Out Its Ally‎[3], Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books Ltd., →ISBN, page 112:
      On this occasion he was carrying in his right hand a copy of the English-language China News, an odd touch because the President did not read English.
  2. (transitive or intransitive) To speak aloud words or other information that is written. (often construed with a to phrase or an indirect object)
    Synonyms: read aloud, read out, read out loud, speak
    He read us a passage from his new book.
    All right, class, who wants to read next?
  3. (transitive) To interpret, or infer a meaning, significance, thought, intention, etc., from.
    She read my mind and promptly rose to get me a glass of water.
    I can read his feelings in his face.
  4. To consist of certain text.
    Synonyms: say, run
    On the door hung a sign that read "No admittance".
  5. (ergative) To substitute a corrected piece of text in place of an erroneous one; used to introduce an emendation of a text.
    Synonym: sic pro
    • 1832, John Lemprière et al., Bibliotheca classica, Seventh Edition, W. E. Dean, page 263:
      In Livy, it is nearly certain that for Pylleon we should read Pteleon, as this place is mentioned in connection with Antron.
    • 2001, Astronomy & Astrophysics, volume 376, issue 3, p. 1039:
      The sign of coefficient a(3) in the general formula of Table 2 should be plus instead of minus. Thus, the formula should read […]
    1. (by extension, ironic or humorous, usually imperative) Used to introduce a blunter, actually intended meaning.
      Our school focuses primarily on the liberal arts (read "useless degrees").
      • 2009, Suzee Vlk et al., The GRE Test for Dummies, 6th edition, Wiley Publishing, →ISBN, page 191:
        Eliminate illogical (read: stupid) answer choices.
      • 2010 December 23, Tamara Weston, “From Tickle Me Elmo to Squinkies: Top 10 Toy Crazes”, in Time‎[4]:
        Parents, meanwhile, deplored [Bratz dolls] as far too adult (read: slutty) for kids, accusing the doe-eyed, pouty-lipped toys of fostering unhealthy body images among young girls.
      • 2023 May 12, Lia Mappoura, “I tried Glossier's brand new G Suit lip crèmes so you don't have to – you're welcome”, in Cosmopolitan‎[5]:
        I also did a long-wear test, as y'do and after scoffing my face with some food (read: I am feral when it comes to a midday snack, so what), the striking colour that I was wearing, named 'Jet', had stayed put. Pigment, check ✅.
  6. (transitive, telecommunications) To be able to hear what another person is saying over a radio connection.
    Synonyms: copy, hear, receive
    Do you read me?
  7. (transitive, rail transport) To observe and comprehend (a displayed signal).
    A repeater signal may be used where the track geometry makes the main signal difficult to read from a distance.
  8. (transitive, Commonwealth, except Scotland) To study (a subject) at a high level, especially at university.
    Synonyms: learn, study
    I am reading theology at university.
    • 1956, Anthony Burgess, Time for a Tiger (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 94:
      Crabbe wanted him to go to England, to read for a degree there.
  9. (computing, transitive) To fetch data from (a storage medium, etc.).
    to read a hard disk
    to read a port
    to read the keyboard
  10. (transitive, LGBTQ) To recognise (someone) as being transgender.
    Synonym: clock
    Every time I go outside, I worry that someone will read me.
  11. (at first especially in the black LGBTQ community) To call attention to the flaws of (someone) in a playful, taunting, or insulting way.
  1. (go) To imagine sequences of potential moves and responses without actually placing stones.
  2. (obsolete) To think, believe; to consider (that).
  3. (obsolete) To advise; to counsel. See rede.
  1. (obsolete) To tell; to declare; to recite.

to look at and interpret letters or other information

to speak aloud words or other information that is written

to interpret or infer a meaning, significance, thought, intention, etc. from — see also suss out

to consist of certain text

of text, etc., to be interpreted or read in a particular way

to substitute (a corrected piece of text in place of an erroneous one); used to introduce an emendation of a text

(informal, usually ironic) used after a euphemism to introduce the intended, more blunt meaning of a term

to be able to hear (in a radio connection)

to observe and comprehend (a displayed signal)

to make a study of

to imagine sequences of moves

Translations to be checked

read (plural reads)

  1. A reading or an act of reading, especially of an actor's part of a play or a piece of stored data.
    I had a read of the evening papers.
    • 1879, Frederick James Furnivall, letter to the editor of "The Spectator":
      One newswoman here lets magazines for a penny a read.
    • 1958, Philip Larkin, Self's the Man:
      And when he finishes supper / Planning to have a read at the evening paper / It's _Put a screw in this wall_— / He has no time at all […]
    • 2006, MySQL administrator's guide and language reference, page 393:
      In other words, the system can do 1200 reads per second with no writes, the average write is twice as slow as the average read, and the relationship is linear.
  2. (in combination) Something to be read; a written work.
    His thrillers are always a gripping read.
  3. A person's interpretation or impression of something.
    What's your read of the current political situation?
    On the quarterback's first read of the situation, his target receiver was not open.
  4. (at first especially in the black LGBTQ community) An instance of reading (“calling attention to someone's flaws; a taunt or insult”).
    • 1997, Framing Culture: Africanism, Sexuality and Performance, page 186 (also discussing Paris is Burning):
      [As] Corey points out, "if you and I are both black queens then we can't call each other black queens because that's not a read. That's a [fact]."
    • 2003, Philip Auslander, Performance: Media and technology, page 185:
      Like most African-American women, Pearlie Mae uses snapping in many of the same ways that black gay men use it: to accentuate a read.
    • 2013, bell hooks, Teaching Critical Thinking: Practical Wisdom, →ISBN:
      I learned that it was acceptable to be witty, especially if you were one of the wearblackallthetime, deconstructivist, radical, feministbitchydiva girls who could give a harsh read (i.e., critique) or throw shade […] .
  5. (biochemistry) The identification of a specific sequence of genes in a genome or bases in a nucleic acid string.

a reading or an act of reading

(in combination) something to be read; a written work

a person's interpretation or impression of something

From Middle English redde (simple past), red, rad (past participle), from Old English rǣdde (simple past), (ġe)rǣded (past participle), conjugations of rǣdan (“to read”); see above.

read

  1. simple past and past participle of read

  2. ^ Dobson, E[ric] J. (1957), English pronunciation 1500-1700‎[1], second edition, volume II: Phonology, Oxford: Clarendon Press, published 1968, →OCLC, § 116, page 632:
    (b) The variation is commonest in read. It has ẹ̄ in Hart, Laneham, Robinson, Jonson, Price, Cooper, the ‘homophone’ lists of Hodges (‘near alike’; contrast EP), Price, Coles, Strong, Young, Cooper, WSC-RS, Cocker, and Brown. It has ę̄ in the ABC for chyldren, Smith, Bullokar, Gil, Hodges EP (contrast his ‘near alike’ list in SH-PD), Wallis, Wilkins, the Treatise of Stops (possibly with a variant ẹ̄)), The Protestant Tutor, and Willis’s rhymelist (see Vol. I, p. 426).

read

  1. nominative plural of rida

Proto-West Germanic *raud

Old English rēad

From Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-.

Germanic cognates: Old Frisian rād (West Frisian read), Old Saxon rōd (Low German root, rod), Dutch rood, Old High German rōt (German rot), Old Norse rauðr (Danish rød, Swedish röd, Icelandic rauður), Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs).

Indo-European cognates: Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), Latin ruber, Old Irish rúad, Lithuanian raũdas, Russian рудо́й (rudój).

rēad

  1. red
    • The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
      An. DCCLXXIII Hēr ōþēowde rēad Crīstes mǣl on heofonum æfter sunnan setlgange. ⁊ þȳ ġēare ġefuhtan Myrċe ⁊ Cantware æt Ottanforda. ⁊ wundorlīċe nǣddran wǣron ġesāwene on Sūðseaxna lande.
      Year 773 In this year a red crucifix appeared in the heavens after the setting of the sun. And in that year, Mercia and Kent fought at Otford.
    • Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
      Moyses, ðurh Godes mihte, āwende eal heora wæter tō rēadum blōde, and hē āfylde eal heora land mid froggon, and siððan mid gnættum, eft mid hundes lūsum, ðā flugon into heora mūðe and heora næsðyrlum; and sē Ælmihtiġa ðone mōdiġan cyning mid þām eaðelicum ġesċeaftum swā gėswencte...
      Moses, through the power of God, turned all their water into red blood, and filled all of their land with frogs, and then with gnats, and afterwards with dogflies, which flew into their mouths and their nostrils; the Almighty punished their proud king in that way with every kind of creature...
    • Wonders of the East
      Þǣr beoð akende ǣmættan swā miċle swā hundas. Hī habbað fēt swylċe græshoppan, hī syndon rēades hīwes ⁊ blaces. Þā ǣmettan delfað gold up of eorðan fram foran nihte ōþ þa fīftan tīd dæġes.
      Ants are born there as big as dogs. They have feet like grasshoppers, and are red and black in color. The ants dig gold up from the earth from before the night until the fifth hour of the day.

Declension of rēad — Strong

Declension of rēad — Weak

Colors in Old English · dēage (layout · text)

hwīt grǣġ blæc, sweart
rēad, rēod; basu ġeolurēad; brūn ġeolu
grēne
blāw blāw
purpuren

read

  1. past participle of rea

From Old Frisian rād.

read

  1. red
Inflection of read
uninflected read
inflected reade
comparative reader
positive comparative superlative
predicative/adverbial read reader it readstit readste
indefinite c. sing. reade readere readste
n. sing. read reader readste
plural reade readere readste
definite reade readere readste
partitive reads readers —

Colors in West Frisian · kleuren (layout · text)

wyt griis, skier swart
read oranje; brún giel
grien
blaugrien blau
fiolet pears rôze