Bayode Michie | Federal University Of Technology Akure,Nigeria (original) (raw)

Papers by Bayode Michie

Academia Biology, Sep 23, 2024

The majority of metabolic activities occur in adiabatic environments; carbon uptake in soils serv... more The majority of metabolic activities occur in adiabatic environments; carbon uptake in soils serves as a signal for thermal heat fluxes, and plants can spontaneously generate heat during metabolic processes. We discuss calorimetric studies that use basic chemical approaches, such as isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to investigate plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, vegetative growth, seed germination rate, and micropropagation viability. Calorimetric studies of waste materials, wastewater sludge, and effluents were also considered in concert with specified thermophysical variables that define these environmental phenomena, such as enhanced thermal and heat capacity. The IMC and DSC performance characteristics were also evaluated. Biologically exothermic reactions—which involve biotransformation mechanisms during composting, wastewater reuse, and organic sludge stability as physiochemical attributes of solid and liquid wastes via changes in heat release—influence plant dynamic stress variables. It is advised that these calorimetric studies be used in plant, soil, and waste bodies for ecosystem safety and integrity. IMC not only enhances our understanding of plant responses to stress and pathogens but also aids in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 by enhancing diagnostic capabilities and disease management. Furthermore, IMC contributes to SDG 9 by fostering scientific research and innovation in microbiology, aligning with goals for industry, innovation, and infrastructure. The ongoing integration of DSC techniques with cutting-edge analytical methodologies could also permit the implementation of Smart, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound (SMART) goals for a precise and quantifiable strategy in environmental impact assessments.

Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2013

The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of Andrographis paniculat... more The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of Andrographis paniculata against selective human pathogens. The plant parts of A. paniculata such as leaf, stem and root were studied for its antibacterial activity. Different solvents were used to extract the active components from the plant parts. The antibacterial activity was studied against selective human pathogens viz., Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Among the different solvents, methanol extract showed greater antibacterial activity against E. coli (32.8 mm) followed by Salmonella Typhi (24.7 mm), Pseudomonas sp. (24.2 mm) and Staphylococcus sp. (18.4 mm). So the future investigation was carried out for leaf extract using methanol as solvent to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration for selective human pathogens. The results reveal that 75 µl was optimum for all the test cultures. It shows more activity in E. coli (32.3 mm) followed by S. Typhi (28.1 mm), Staphylococcus sp. (14.1 mm) and Pseudomonas sp. (13.4 mm).

Nusantara bioscience, Dec 3, 2021

The use of microbial agents to treat infectious wounds based on ethnobotanical knowledge is still... more The use of microbial agents to treat infectious wounds based on ethnobotanical knowledge is still minimal. Antibacterial activity of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L.Ellis & Saroja leaf crude extracts and commercial antibiotics were evaluated against bacterial isolates associated with wound samples using agar well diffusion and disc diffusion techniques, respectively. Phytochemical analysis of the sections was carried out using standard methods. Saponin (58 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical in the methanol extract while flavonoid (0.1 mg/g) was the lowest percentage in the coldwater extract. Methanol extract had had the highest Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) of 33 mm against Staphylococcus aureus coagulasepositive, while the lowest ZOI (5 mm) against S. aureus coagulase-positive was obtained from cold water extract. Methanol extract resulted in the highest ZOI ranging from 16 mm to 17 mm against Escherichia coli while the lowest ZOI was obtained from coldwater extract (3-4 mm). The highest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of all extracts (100 mg/mL) was obtained against P. aeruginosa while the lowest MIC value was obtained against coagulase-positive S. aureus (12.5 mg/mL). All extracts contain Octadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, and phytol. The study's outcome revealed that methanol extract had the highest inhibitory activity against bacteria isolated from wound samples compared to other crude extracts and ciprofloxacin. Jatropha tanjorensis could be used as a potent herbal remedy to reduce the adverse effects of wound infection.

The Journal of medical research, Mar 23, 2021

Reports of the COVID-19 pandemic show an elevated level of mortality among patients, with some in... more Reports of the COVID-19 pandemic show an elevated level of mortality among patients, with some inclining hazards distinguished as age, underlying infection conditions; hypertension, diabetes, and so on, immune-compromised conditions and viral dose during exposure. Different investigations portray an elevated level of super-spreading occasions, which proposes that heterogeneity in infectivity may altogether affect the elements of its transmission. This review is intended to make the perception herd immunity needs to play in COVID-19 transmission concealment inferable from its circumspect viability for the destruction of numerous maladies and indeed, give the premise to vaccines and their applications serving as a proviso for immune individuals that will prompt a huge decrease in disease event and spread. On account of the ebb and flow of the COVID-19 scourge, this may give the perfect viewpoint to totally eradicate the illness in our local communities in the event that a vaccine is before long evolved.

Bacterial Empire, May 25, 2021

Introduction: Moringa oleifera seed is a bio-flocculant liable to purify water and verified to be... more Introduction: Moringa oleifera seed is a bio-flocculant liable to purify water and verified to be one of the generally efficient prime coagulants for water treatment. M. oleifera seeds also have the potentials to eliminate a broad variety of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter ludwigii, from domestic wastewater. Objective: The comparative bio-flocculating ability and antimicrobial activities of powdered Moringa oleifera seeds and alum for the treatment of domestic wastewater from a university student' hostels were explored. Methods: Collection of wastewater samples, physicochemical analysis of wastewater samples and treatment of the wastewater samples with powdered M. oleifera seeds and alum were conducted using standard techniques. Enumeration and identification of bacteria using biochemical depiction and (16S RNA) with fungi after treatment were employed via standard protocols. Results: The optimum pH obtained using powdered M. oleifera seeds was 6.00-7.38 and in line with the recommended WHO standard. This study revealed that the bacterial count in wastewater samples of Jibowu and Abiola hostels after treatment with 2g of powdered M. oleifera seeds and 6g of alum was high (199.67±0.89 CFU/ml); low (26.00±0.57 CFU/ml) for powdered M. oleifera seeds and high (87.00±0.57 CFU/ml); low (6.33±0.57 CFU/ml) for alum respectively. The fungal count of the wastewater samples for Akindeko and Jibowu hostels after treatment with 2g of powdered M. oleifera seeds and 6g of alum was high (26.00±0.57 Sfu/ml); low (5.00±0.57 Sfu/ml) for powdered M. oleifera seeds and high (19.00±0.58 Sfu/ml); low (2.00±0.57 Sfu/ml) for alum respectively. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis with NCBI-certified B. cereus mkbk1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa mkbk 2 and Enterobacter ludwigii mkbk 3 were isolated from the wastewater samples. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the bio-flocculating ability of powdered M. oleifera seeds accentuated better antimicrobial efficacy of M. oleifera over alum as a proviso to the blend of powdered M. oleifera seeds and alum for the treatment of domestic wastewaters.

Research Square (Research Square), May 9, 2022

Background The continuous increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agen... more Background The continuous increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agents elicits a source of concern for public health. Developing a method that allows for swift evaluation of the antibiotic sensitivity pro le of bacteria is a major leap in antimicrobial research and could be one of the deciding factors in providing a lasting solution to antimicrobial resistance. The gradual and continuous reduction in the cost and turnaround time of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has enabled scientists to develop WGS-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing using computational methods. The genes present on the ResFinder database were blasted against the WGS of the bacterial isolates obtained from NCBI database, and the best-matching genes were automatically generated by the system. Results Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected from the strains tested though not innate, thereby suggesting that they must have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Additionally, it was revealed that speci c genes confer resistance to speci c group of antibiotics. Conclusion The in-silico method of antimicrobial resistance research provides for easy interpretation and reproducibility of results thereby reducing the cost and time utilized.

Bulletin of the National Research Centre, Jun 18, 2022

Background: Microorganisms' survival is based on the importance of growth factors found in the mi... more Background: Microorganisms' survival is based on the importance of growth factors found in the microbial environment, as well as their overwhelming appetite for survival which is controlled by their genetic material. This study was designed to investigate the virulence patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium associated with soft cheese. Two hundred and sixty (260) soft cheese samples were collected from vendors at Akure, Ikare and Owo in Ondo State, Nigeria. Molecular characterization of six (6) Salmonella enterica isolates for the possession of iro B, stn, hil A and spv C gene were revealed through multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, sequencing and genome blasting, respectively. Results: Four (4) possess only iro B; two (2) possess only stn gene; and another three (3) possess hil A gene as none of the isolates possess spv C gene. This study revealed antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is present in locally made soft cheese samples. It also revealed that virulence genes comprising hil A, stn and iro B as well as plasmids-mediating antibiotic resistance are present in S. enterica serovar typhimurium found in locally produced cheese. Conclusions: The presence of molecularly elucidated virulence genes comprising Iro B, Stn and Hil A makes the soft cheese potentially viable for pathogenicity. This study recommends food-borne salmonellosis should be constantly monitored with appropriate cleaning of preparatory paraphernalia in cheese production. Constant sensitization of nomads to improve their awareness on milk-borne zoonosis and its associated risk factors is needed.

Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica, Jul 14, 2022

Xylan is a complex hetero-polysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides held together by... more Xylan is a complex hetero-polysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides held together by glycosidic and ester bonds. Extracellular xylanase fashioned by numerous microbes principally from bacterial species such as Bacillus species are responsible for cleaving the glycosidic linkages. Microbial xylanases exhibit different substrate specificities and biochemical peculiarities. This study was carried out for optimization of cultivation conditions for xylanase production using the bacterium Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Kolanut husk as a component of cultivation medium. The bacterium was isolated from Kolanut plantation waste soil and screened for the production of xylanase qualitatively on xylan nutrient agar and quantitatively under submerged fermentation. The different conditions optimized included substrate concentration, additional sugars, incubation period, temperature, initial pH, nitrogen supplementation and inoculum mass through one factor at a time approach. Maximum xylanase production was obtained at substrate concentration of (1 % xylan and 1.5 % Kolanut husk), nitrogen source (yeast extract plus peptone), carbon source (sucrose), incubation period (24 h), pH (5.0), temperature (35 o C) and inoculum size (1 %). Lysinibacillus fusiformis has been proven to be a promising bacterium for xylanase production using Kolanut husk as substrate. The use of Kolanut husk as foremost carbon source is predominantly precious as being an agricultural waste, affordable, and locally available compared to expensive commercially sold xylan. Kolanut husk + Xylan [%] Substrate optimization Absorbance Enzyme activity [µmol.min-1 .mL-1 ] Protein concentration Specific enzyme activity [µmol.min-1 .mg-1 ] K1.0 + X0.5 0.80 ± 0.00 a 303.06 ± 0.54 a 1.87 ± 0.01 a 162.84 ± 0.07 d KI.0+ X1.0 1.01 ± 0.00 d 384.13 ± 0.59 e 2.09 ± 0.05 b 190.69 ± 0.85 f K0.5+X1.0 0.97 ± 0.01 c 367.12 ± 1.16 c 2.38 ± 0.01 c 153.37 ± 0.49 b K1.5+X0.5 0.79 ± 0.00 a 374.65 ± 0.87 d 2.38 ± 0.07 c 166.72 ± 0.43 d K1.5+X1.0 1.12 ± 0.00 e 422.54 ± 1.44 f 2.39 ± 0.01 c 178.55 ± 0.23 e 2.0K.H 0.92 ± 0.00 b 348.36 ± 0.31 b 2.36 ± 0.02 c 147.21 ± 1.17 a

Microbes and Infectious Diseases (Print), Mar 22, 2021

Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yards... more Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yardstick that efficiently distinguishes pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Effects of pH, temperature and incubation period were studied on capsulepositive bacteria isolated from Onyearugbulem stream, Akure. Methods: Water samples from Onyearugbulem stream in Akure was collected in sterile 500ml sample bottles. Water samples obtained from the stream were subjected to microbiological analysis. Implicated bacteria were tested for haemolysis and virulence determination via blood agar (5% v/v) and for the presence of capsule using India ink. ß-haemolytic bacteria were subjected to different temperature (15 °C-60 °C) and pH (6.0-9.0) ranges. pH conditions were achieved by the addition of 0.01M NaOH and 0.01M HCl to media before sterilization. The zones of clearance (mm) were measured at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Results: Proteus penneri showed the highest haemolytic activity (56 mm) at 28 °C after a duration of 72 h. Bacillus cereus showed the highest haemolytic activity (52 mm) at pH 8.5, after 72 h Dye degradation was optimum at 10 to 12 h at 37 °C which showed the haemolytic bacterial organisms were capsule-positive. Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed that bacteria present in Onyearugbulem stream contained virulent factors with highest activity at ambient temperature (28 °C) which indicate the poor quality of the stream and thereby constitute serious health threat to man and animals.

International Journal of Pathogen Research

Aim: The prevalence, sensitivity profile and resistance of Gram-positive bacteria in wounds to co... more Aim: The prevalence, sensitivity profile and resistance of Gram-positive bacteria in wounds to commercial antibiotics were ascertained in this study. Place and duration of study: University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Nigeria, between January and June 2019. Methodology: Wound swabs sample collection, isolation of bacteria, identification of Gram-positive bacteria isolates and antibiotics sensitivity testing of isolated bacteria were determined employing standard protocols. Result: Three Gram-positive bacteria were isolated and presumptively identified to be S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. S. aureus had the highest prevalence of 53% followed by S. epidermidis with 42% and S. pyogenes accounting for the least occurrence of 5%. Ninety percent (90%) of ten S. aureus strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin while only 10% had intermediate activity. The least resistance of S. aureus strains was against pefloxacin (40%), while to streptomycin, 87.5% of eight S. ...

Background The continuous increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agen... more Background The continuous increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agents elicits a source of concern for public health. Developing a method that allows for swift evaluation of the antibiotic sensitivity profile of bacteria is a major leap in antimicrobial research and could be one of the deciding factors in providing a lasting solution to antimicrobial resistance. The gradual and continuous reduction in the cost and turnaround time of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has enabled scientists to develop WGS-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing using computational methods. The genes present on the ResFinder database were blasted against the WGS of the bacterial isolates obtained from NCBI database, and the best-matching genes were automatically generated by the system. Results Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected from the strains tested though not innate, thereby suggesting that they must have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Addition...

Microbes and Infectious Diseases, 2022

Background This study was carried out to monitor the levels of faecal pollution markers in catfis... more Background This study was carried out to monitor the levels of faecal pollution markers in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and their growing waters in selected earthen and concrete ponds. Water and catfish samples were collected weekly in the months of February, March, April, May, June and July, 2019. The concentrations of enteric bacteria in the water and catfish samples were determined using membrane filtration and pour plate methods, respectively. The rate of bioaccumulation of faecal indicator bacteria was obtained by dividing the log concentration of each organism in catfish by the corresponding log concentration in the growing waters. Result The concentration of faecal coliforms in catfish samples from concrete and earthen ponds ranged from 1.41 to 2.28 log10 CFU/100 ml and 1.3 to 2.47 log10 CFU/100 ml respectively and in growing waters from the concrete and earthen ponds; 1.43 to 2.41 log10 CFU/100 ml and 1.50 to 2.80 log10 CFU/100 ml respectively. Faecal coliforms exhibited pos...

South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 2021

Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa enumerated... more Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa enumerated from wound swabs and urine samples from the University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Nigeria. Place of Study: University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, between January and May, 2019. Methodology: Wound swabs and urine samples were collected from patients of University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure. Enumeration and identification of P. aeruginosa isolates was employed. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted on the enumerated P. aeruginosa strains from both clinical specimens via standard disc diffusion protocol. The susceptibility and resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa isolates was established utilizing clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) standard. Results: Ciprofloxacin was observed to display the highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 17.00±1.00 mm for P. aeruginosa isolate 1 and likewise the highest ZOI of ...

Nigerian Journal of Technological Research, 2021

In this study, the effects of different steeping methods on the microbial quality of ‘ogi’ produc... more In this study, the effects of different steeping methods on the microbial quality of ‘ogi’ produced from Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) grains were carried out. The sorghum grains were divided into four parts; the first part (Sample A) was steeped with cold water at 30+ 2oC for 72 h and washed with water before milling, the second part (Sample B) was steeped with cold water at 30+2oC for 72 h but was not washed before milling, the third part (Sample C) was steeped with hot water at 30+2oC for 24 h and washed before milling, while the fourth part (Sample D) was steeped with hot water at 30+2oC for 24 h and was not washed before milling. The processed raw ‘ogi’ samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques to enumerate the microorganisms present. The highest bacterial count of 3.5 x 103cfu/ml was observed in sample B, the highest fungal count of 2.5 x 104 sfu/ml was observed in sample B, while sample C yields the lowest bacterial count of 8.0 x 102 cfu/ml and fungal count of ...

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Background The global development of innovative antimicrobial drugs and drug design techniques ha... more Background The global development of innovative antimicrobial drugs and drug design techniques has been necessitated by the persistent increase of multidrug resistant infections. Regardless of advances in technology for detecting pathogenic bacteria and their resistance genes (DNA-based assays), most bacteriological studies of infections still use conventional cultural techniques and susceptibility testing as reference standards. Commonly used conventional assays such as the disc diffusion test and broth micro-dilution have been effective in defining pathogen susceptibility and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of antimicrobial agents. However, they are still prone to error and time consuming, hence, not sufficient in the face of the urgent need for answers to sporadic worldwide disease maladies. Main body In this review, we describe a developing but promising method for gauging/measuring the amount of energy released when a cell is actively metabolizing, which may th...

African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology

Background: Hospital wastewaters contain blends of inorganic, natural constituents and contaminan... more Background: Hospital wastewaters contain blends of inorganic, natural constituents and contaminants that carry significant health risk when released directly into the environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between faecal indicator bacteria in diarrheagenic stools and wastewaters generated in University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital complex, Akure, Nigeria.Methodology: Quantification of faecal indicator bacteria was carried out on diarrheagenic faecal samples collected from 55 hospitalized patients and 68 wastewater samples from the medical laboratory science and laundry units of the hospital over of period of 12 weeks. Standard membrane filtration technique was performed using membrane intestinal enterococcus (m-ENT), membrane faecal coliform (m-FC), membrane lauryl sulphate (MLSA), eosin methylene blue (EMB) and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar plates, which were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours (MLSA, EMB and SSA), 44ºC for 24 hours (m-FC); and 37º...

The multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index and detection of resistant genes in the bacterial c... more The multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index and detection of resistant genes in the bacterial consortium of urine samples collected from University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure (UNIMEDTH) was evaluated with all microbiological and biotechnological techniques employed utilizing specified standards in this study. <em>Escherichia coli </em>had the highest bacterial count (311.50 ± 0.707 CFU/ml) while <em>Staphylococcus saprophyticus </em>had the least (13.00 ± 2.828 CFU/ml). <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, and <em>Pseudomonas</em> <em>aeruginosa</em> isolate showed marked resistance against four classes of antibiotics tested. The MAR index of bacterial isolates ranged from 0.5 to 1.0. Fluoroquinolone-resistant <em>P. aeruginosa</em> identified to be <em>P. aeruginosa</em> via 16S rDNA analysis sequence analysis of 417 base pairs with strain mcbay1 deposited in GenBank with accession nu...

Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yards... more Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yardstick that efficiently distinguishes pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Effects of pH, temperature and incubation period were studied on capsulepositive bacteria isolated from Onyearugbulem stream, Akure. Methods: Water samples from Onyearugbulem stream in Akure was collected in sterile 500ml sample bottles. Water samples obtained from the stream were subjected to microbiological analysis. Implicated bacteria were tested for haemolysis and virulence determination via blood agar (5% v/v) and for the presence of capsule using India ink. ß-haemolytic bacteria were subjected to different temperature (15 °C-60 °C) and pH (6.0-9.0) ranges. pH conditions were achieved by the addition of 0.01M NaOH and 0.01M HCl to media before sterilization. The zones of clearance (mm) were measured at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Results: Proteus penneri showed the highest haemolytic activity (56 mm) at 28 °C after a duration of 72 h. Bacillus cereus showed the highest haemolytic activity (52 mm) at pH 8.5, after 72 h Dye degradation was optimum at 10 to 12 h at 37 °C which showed the haemolytic bacterial organisms were capsule-positive. Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed that bacteria present in Onyearugbulem stream contained virulent factors with highest activity at ambient temperature (28 °C) which indicate the poor quality of the stream and thereby constitute serious health threat to man and animals.

Academia Biology, Sep 23, 2024

The majority of metabolic activities occur in adiabatic environments; carbon uptake in soils serv... more The majority of metabolic activities occur in adiabatic environments; carbon uptake in soils serves as a signal for thermal heat fluxes, and plants can spontaneously generate heat during metabolic processes. We discuss calorimetric studies that use basic chemical approaches, such as isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to investigate plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, vegetative growth, seed germination rate, and micropropagation viability. Calorimetric studies of waste materials, wastewater sludge, and effluents were also considered in concert with specified thermophysical variables that define these environmental phenomena, such as enhanced thermal and heat capacity. The IMC and DSC performance characteristics were also evaluated. Biologically exothermic reactions—which involve biotransformation mechanisms during composting, wastewater reuse, and organic sludge stability as physiochemical attributes of solid and liquid wastes via changes in heat release—influence plant dynamic stress variables. It is advised that these calorimetric studies be used in plant, soil, and waste bodies for ecosystem safety and integrity. IMC not only enhances our understanding of plant responses to stress and pathogens but also aids in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 by enhancing diagnostic capabilities and disease management. Furthermore, IMC contributes to SDG 9 by fostering scientific research and innovation in microbiology, aligning with goals for industry, innovation, and infrastructure. The ongoing integration of DSC techniques with cutting-edge analytical methodologies could also permit the implementation of Smart, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound (SMART) goals for a precise and quantifiable strategy in environmental impact assessments.

Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2013

The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of Andrographis paniculat... more The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of Andrographis paniculata against selective human pathogens. The plant parts of A. paniculata such as leaf, stem and root were studied for its antibacterial activity. Different solvents were used to extract the active components from the plant parts. The antibacterial activity was studied against selective human pathogens viz., Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Among the different solvents, methanol extract showed greater antibacterial activity against E. coli (32.8 mm) followed by Salmonella Typhi (24.7 mm), Pseudomonas sp. (24.2 mm) and Staphylococcus sp. (18.4 mm). So the future investigation was carried out for leaf extract using methanol as solvent to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration for selective human pathogens. The results reveal that 75 µl was optimum for all the test cultures. It shows more activity in E. coli (32.3 mm) followed by S. Typhi (28.1 mm), Staphylococcus sp. (14.1 mm) and Pseudomonas sp. (13.4 mm).

Nusantara bioscience, Dec 3, 2021

The use of microbial agents to treat infectious wounds based on ethnobotanical knowledge is still... more The use of microbial agents to treat infectious wounds based on ethnobotanical knowledge is still minimal. Antibacterial activity of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L.Ellis & Saroja leaf crude extracts and commercial antibiotics were evaluated against bacterial isolates associated with wound samples using agar well diffusion and disc diffusion techniques, respectively. Phytochemical analysis of the sections was carried out using standard methods. Saponin (58 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical in the methanol extract while flavonoid (0.1 mg/g) was the lowest percentage in the coldwater extract. Methanol extract had had the highest Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) of 33 mm against Staphylococcus aureus coagulasepositive, while the lowest ZOI (5 mm) against S. aureus coagulase-positive was obtained from cold water extract. Methanol extract resulted in the highest ZOI ranging from 16 mm to 17 mm against Escherichia coli while the lowest ZOI was obtained from coldwater extract (3-4 mm). The highest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of all extracts (100 mg/mL) was obtained against P. aeruginosa while the lowest MIC value was obtained against coagulase-positive S. aureus (12.5 mg/mL). All extracts contain Octadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, and phytol. The study's outcome revealed that methanol extract had the highest inhibitory activity against bacteria isolated from wound samples compared to other crude extracts and ciprofloxacin. Jatropha tanjorensis could be used as a potent herbal remedy to reduce the adverse effects of wound infection.

The Journal of medical research, Mar 23, 2021

Reports of the COVID-19 pandemic show an elevated level of mortality among patients, with some in... more Reports of the COVID-19 pandemic show an elevated level of mortality among patients, with some inclining hazards distinguished as age, underlying infection conditions; hypertension, diabetes, and so on, immune-compromised conditions and viral dose during exposure. Different investigations portray an elevated level of super-spreading occasions, which proposes that heterogeneity in infectivity may altogether affect the elements of its transmission. This review is intended to make the perception herd immunity needs to play in COVID-19 transmission concealment inferable from its circumspect viability for the destruction of numerous maladies and indeed, give the premise to vaccines and their applications serving as a proviso for immune individuals that will prompt a huge decrease in disease event and spread. On account of the ebb and flow of the COVID-19 scourge, this may give the perfect viewpoint to totally eradicate the illness in our local communities in the event that a vaccine is before long evolved.

Bacterial Empire, May 25, 2021

Introduction: Moringa oleifera seed is a bio-flocculant liable to purify water and verified to be... more Introduction: Moringa oleifera seed is a bio-flocculant liable to purify water and verified to be one of the generally efficient prime coagulants for water treatment. M. oleifera seeds also have the potentials to eliminate a broad variety of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter ludwigii, from domestic wastewater. Objective: The comparative bio-flocculating ability and antimicrobial activities of powdered Moringa oleifera seeds and alum for the treatment of domestic wastewater from a university student' hostels were explored. Methods: Collection of wastewater samples, physicochemical analysis of wastewater samples and treatment of the wastewater samples with powdered M. oleifera seeds and alum were conducted using standard techniques. Enumeration and identification of bacteria using biochemical depiction and (16S RNA) with fungi after treatment were employed via standard protocols. Results: The optimum pH obtained using powdered M. oleifera seeds was 6.00-7.38 and in line with the recommended WHO standard. This study revealed that the bacterial count in wastewater samples of Jibowu and Abiola hostels after treatment with 2g of powdered M. oleifera seeds and 6g of alum was high (199.67±0.89 CFU/ml); low (26.00±0.57 CFU/ml) for powdered M. oleifera seeds and high (87.00±0.57 CFU/ml); low (6.33±0.57 CFU/ml) for alum respectively. The fungal count of the wastewater samples for Akindeko and Jibowu hostels after treatment with 2g of powdered M. oleifera seeds and 6g of alum was high (26.00±0.57 Sfu/ml); low (5.00±0.57 Sfu/ml) for powdered M. oleifera seeds and high (19.00±0.58 Sfu/ml); low (2.00±0.57 Sfu/ml) for alum respectively. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis with NCBI-certified B. cereus mkbk1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa mkbk 2 and Enterobacter ludwigii mkbk 3 were isolated from the wastewater samples. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the bio-flocculating ability of powdered M. oleifera seeds accentuated better antimicrobial efficacy of M. oleifera over alum as a proviso to the blend of powdered M. oleifera seeds and alum for the treatment of domestic wastewaters.

Research Square (Research Square), May 9, 2022

Background The continuous increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agen... more Background The continuous increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agents elicits a source of concern for public health. Developing a method that allows for swift evaluation of the antibiotic sensitivity pro le of bacteria is a major leap in antimicrobial research and could be one of the deciding factors in providing a lasting solution to antimicrobial resistance. The gradual and continuous reduction in the cost and turnaround time of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has enabled scientists to develop WGS-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing using computational methods. The genes present on the ResFinder database were blasted against the WGS of the bacterial isolates obtained from NCBI database, and the best-matching genes were automatically generated by the system. Results Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected from the strains tested though not innate, thereby suggesting that they must have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Additionally, it was revealed that speci c genes confer resistance to speci c group of antibiotics. Conclusion The in-silico method of antimicrobial resistance research provides for easy interpretation and reproducibility of results thereby reducing the cost and time utilized.

Bulletin of the National Research Centre, Jun 18, 2022

Background: Microorganisms' survival is based on the importance of growth factors found in the mi... more Background: Microorganisms' survival is based on the importance of growth factors found in the microbial environment, as well as their overwhelming appetite for survival which is controlled by their genetic material. This study was designed to investigate the virulence patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium associated with soft cheese. Two hundred and sixty (260) soft cheese samples were collected from vendors at Akure, Ikare and Owo in Ondo State, Nigeria. Molecular characterization of six (6) Salmonella enterica isolates for the possession of iro B, stn, hil A and spv C gene were revealed through multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, sequencing and genome blasting, respectively. Results: Four (4) possess only iro B; two (2) possess only stn gene; and another three (3) possess hil A gene as none of the isolates possess spv C gene. This study revealed antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is present in locally made soft cheese samples. It also revealed that virulence genes comprising hil A, stn and iro B as well as plasmids-mediating antibiotic resistance are present in S. enterica serovar typhimurium found in locally produced cheese. Conclusions: The presence of molecularly elucidated virulence genes comprising Iro B, Stn and Hil A makes the soft cheese potentially viable for pathogenicity. This study recommends food-borne salmonellosis should be constantly monitored with appropriate cleaning of preparatory paraphernalia in cheese production. Constant sensitization of nomads to improve their awareness on milk-borne zoonosis and its associated risk factors is needed.

Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica, Jul 14, 2022

Xylan is a complex hetero-polysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides held together by... more Xylan is a complex hetero-polysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides held together by glycosidic and ester bonds. Extracellular xylanase fashioned by numerous microbes principally from bacterial species such as Bacillus species are responsible for cleaving the glycosidic linkages. Microbial xylanases exhibit different substrate specificities and biochemical peculiarities. This study was carried out for optimization of cultivation conditions for xylanase production using the bacterium Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Kolanut husk as a component of cultivation medium. The bacterium was isolated from Kolanut plantation waste soil and screened for the production of xylanase qualitatively on xylan nutrient agar and quantitatively under submerged fermentation. The different conditions optimized included substrate concentration, additional sugars, incubation period, temperature, initial pH, nitrogen supplementation and inoculum mass through one factor at a time approach. Maximum xylanase production was obtained at substrate concentration of (1 % xylan and 1.5 % Kolanut husk), nitrogen source (yeast extract plus peptone), carbon source (sucrose), incubation period (24 h), pH (5.0), temperature (35 o C) and inoculum size (1 %). Lysinibacillus fusiformis has been proven to be a promising bacterium for xylanase production using Kolanut husk as substrate. The use of Kolanut husk as foremost carbon source is predominantly precious as being an agricultural waste, affordable, and locally available compared to expensive commercially sold xylan. Kolanut husk + Xylan [%] Substrate optimization Absorbance Enzyme activity [µmol.min-1 .mL-1 ] Protein concentration Specific enzyme activity [µmol.min-1 .mg-1 ] K1.0 + X0.5 0.80 ± 0.00 a 303.06 ± 0.54 a 1.87 ± 0.01 a 162.84 ± 0.07 d KI.0+ X1.0 1.01 ± 0.00 d 384.13 ± 0.59 e 2.09 ± 0.05 b 190.69 ± 0.85 f K0.5+X1.0 0.97 ± 0.01 c 367.12 ± 1.16 c 2.38 ± 0.01 c 153.37 ± 0.49 b K1.5+X0.5 0.79 ± 0.00 a 374.65 ± 0.87 d 2.38 ± 0.07 c 166.72 ± 0.43 d K1.5+X1.0 1.12 ± 0.00 e 422.54 ± 1.44 f 2.39 ± 0.01 c 178.55 ± 0.23 e 2.0K.H 0.92 ± 0.00 b 348.36 ± 0.31 b 2.36 ± 0.02 c 147.21 ± 1.17 a

Microbes and Infectious Diseases (Print), Mar 22, 2021

Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yards... more Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yardstick that efficiently distinguishes pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Effects of pH, temperature and incubation period were studied on capsulepositive bacteria isolated from Onyearugbulem stream, Akure. Methods: Water samples from Onyearugbulem stream in Akure was collected in sterile 500ml sample bottles. Water samples obtained from the stream were subjected to microbiological analysis. Implicated bacteria were tested for haemolysis and virulence determination via blood agar (5% v/v) and for the presence of capsule using India ink. ß-haemolytic bacteria were subjected to different temperature (15 °C-60 °C) and pH (6.0-9.0) ranges. pH conditions were achieved by the addition of 0.01M NaOH and 0.01M HCl to media before sterilization. The zones of clearance (mm) were measured at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Results: Proteus penneri showed the highest haemolytic activity (56 mm) at 28 °C after a duration of 72 h. Bacillus cereus showed the highest haemolytic activity (52 mm) at pH 8.5, after 72 h Dye degradation was optimum at 10 to 12 h at 37 °C which showed the haemolytic bacterial organisms were capsule-positive. Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed that bacteria present in Onyearugbulem stream contained virulent factors with highest activity at ambient temperature (28 °C) which indicate the poor quality of the stream and thereby constitute serious health threat to man and animals.

International Journal of Pathogen Research

Aim: The prevalence, sensitivity profile and resistance of Gram-positive bacteria in wounds to co... more Aim: The prevalence, sensitivity profile and resistance of Gram-positive bacteria in wounds to commercial antibiotics were ascertained in this study. Place and duration of study: University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Nigeria, between January and June 2019. Methodology: Wound swabs sample collection, isolation of bacteria, identification of Gram-positive bacteria isolates and antibiotics sensitivity testing of isolated bacteria were determined employing standard protocols. Result: Three Gram-positive bacteria were isolated and presumptively identified to be S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. S. aureus had the highest prevalence of 53% followed by S. epidermidis with 42% and S. pyogenes accounting for the least occurrence of 5%. Ninety percent (90%) of ten S. aureus strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin while only 10% had intermediate activity. The least resistance of S. aureus strains was against pefloxacin (40%), while to streptomycin, 87.5% of eight S. ...

Background The continuous increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agen... more Background The continuous increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agents elicits a source of concern for public health. Developing a method that allows for swift evaluation of the antibiotic sensitivity profile of bacteria is a major leap in antimicrobial research and could be one of the deciding factors in providing a lasting solution to antimicrobial resistance. The gradual and continuous reduction in the cost and turnaround time of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has enabled scientists to develop WGS-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing using computational methods. The genes present on the ResFinder database were blasted against the WGS of the bacterial isolates obtained from NCBI database, and the best-matching genes were automatically generated by the system. Results Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected from the strains tested though not innate, thereby suggesting that they must have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Addition...

Microbes and Infectious Diseases, 2022

Background This study was carried out to monitor the levels of faecal pollution markers in catfis... more Background This study was carried out to monitor the levels of faecal pollution markers in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and their growing waters in selected earthen and concrete ponds. Water and catfish samples were collected weekly in the months of February, March, April, May, June and July, 2019. The concentrations of enteric bacteria in the water and catfish samples were determined using membrane filtration and pour plate methods, respectively. The rate of bioaccumulation of faecal indicator bacteria was obtained by dividing the log concentration of each organism in catfish by the corresponding log concentration in the growing waters. Result The concentration of faecal coliforms in catfish samples from concrete and earthen ponds ranged from 1.41 to 2.28 log10 CFU/100 ml and 1.3 to 2.47 log10 CFU/100 ml respectively and in growing waters from the concrete and earthen ponds; 1.43 to 2.41 log10 CFU/100 ml and 1.50 to 2.80 log10 CFU/100 ml respectively. Faecal coliforms exhibited pos...

South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 2021

Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa enumerated... more Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa enumerated from wound swabs and urine samples from the University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Nigeria. Place of Study: University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, between January and May, 2019. Methodology: Wound swabs and urine samples were collected from patients of University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure. Enumeration and identification of P. aeruginosa isolates was employed. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted on the enumerated P. aeruginosa strains from both clinical specimens via standard disc diffusion protocol. The susceptibility and resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa isolates was established utilizing clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) standard. Results: Ciprofloxacin was observed to display the highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 17.00±1.00 mm for P. aeruginosa isolate 1 and likewise the highest ZOI of ...

Nigerian Journal of Technological Research, 2021

In this study, the effects of different steeping methods on the microbial quality of ‘ogi’ produc... more In this study, the effects of different steeping methods on the microbial quality of ‘ogi’ produced from Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) grains were carried out. The sorghum grains were divided into four parts; the first part (Sample A) was steeped with cold water at 30+ 2oC for 72 h and washed with water before milling, the second part (Sample B) was steeped with cold water at 30+2oC for 72 h but was not washed before milling, the third part (Sample C) was steeped with hot water at 30+2oC for 24 h and washed before milling, while the fourth part (Sample D) was steeped with hot water at 30+2oC for 24 h and was not washed before milling. The processed raw ‘ogi’ samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques to enumerate the microorganisms present. The highest bacterial count of 3.5 x 103cfu/ml was observed in sample B, the highest fungal count of 2.5 x 104 sfu/ml was observed in sample B, while sample C yields the lowest bacterial count of 8.0 x 102 cfu/ml and fungal count of ...

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Background The global development of innovative antimicrobial drugs and drug design techniques ha... more Background The global development of innovative antimicrobial drugs and drug design techniques has been necessitated by the persistent increase of multidrug resistant infections. Regardless of advances in technology for detecting pathogenic bacteria and their resistance genes (DNA-based assays), most bacteriological studies of infections still use conventional cultural techniques and susceptibility testing as reference standards. Commonly used conventional assays such as the disc diffusion test and broth micro-dilution have been effective in defining pathogen susceptibility and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of antimicrobial agents. However, they are still prone to error and time consuming, hence, not sufficient in the face of the urgent need for answers to sporadic worldwide disease maladies. Main body In this review, we describe a developing but promising method for gauging/measuring the amount of energy released when a cell is actively metabolizing, which may th...

African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology

Background: Hospital wastewaters contain blends of inorganic, natural constituents and contaminan... more Background: Hospital wastewaters contain blends of inorganic, natural constituents and contaminants that carry significant health risk when released directly into the environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between faecal indicator bacteria in diarrheagenic stools and wastewaters generated in University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital complex, Akure, Nigeria.Methodology: Quantification of faecal indicator bacteria was carried out on diarrheagenic faecal samples collected from 55 hospitalized patients and 68 wastewater samples from the medical laboratory science and laundry units of the hospital over of period of 12 weeks. Standard membrane filtration technique was performed using membrane intestinal enterococcus (m-ENT), membrane faecal coliform (m-FC), membrane lauryl sulphate (MLSA), eosin methylene blue (EMB) and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar plates, which were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours (MLSA, EMB and SSA), 44ºC for 24 hours (m-FC); and 37º...

The multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index and detection of resistant genes in the bacterial c... more The multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index and detection of resistant genes in the bacterial consortium of urine samples collected from University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure (UNIMEDTH) was evaluated with all microbiological and biotechnological techniques employed utilizing specified standards in this study. <em>Escherichia coli </em>had the highest bacterial count (311.50 ± 0.707 CFU/ml) while <em>Staphylococcus saprophyticus </em>had the least (13.00 ± 2.828 CFU/ml). <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, and <em>Pseudomonas</em> <em>aeruginosa</em> isolate showed marked resistance against four classes of antibiotics tested. The MAR index of bacterial isolates ranged from 0.5 to 1.0. Fluoroquinolone-resistant <em>P. aeruginosa</em> identified to be <em>P. aeruginosa</em> via 16S rDNA analysis sequence analysis of 417 base pairs with strain mcbay1 deposited in GenBank with accession nu...

Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yards... more Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yardstick that efficiently distinguishes pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Effects of pH, temperature and incubation period were studied on capsulepositive bacteria isolated from Onyearugbulem stream, Akure. Methods: Water samples from Onyearugbulem stream in Akure was collected in sterile 500ml sample bottles. Water samples obtained from the stream were subjected to microbiological analysis. Implicated bacteria were tested for haemolysis and virulence determination via blood agar (5% v/v) and for the presence of capsule using India ink. ß-haemolytic bacteria were subjected to different temperature (15 °C-60 °C) and pH (6.0-9.0) ranges. pH conditions were achieved by the addition of 0.01M NaOH and 0.01M HCl to media before sterilization. The zones of clearance (mm) were measured at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Results: Proteus penneri showed the highest haemolytic activity (56 mm) at 28 °C after a duration of 72 h. Bacillus cereus showed the highest haemolytic activity (52 mm) at pH 8.5, after 72 h Dye degradation was optimum at 10 to 12 h at 37 °C which showed the haemolytic bacterial organisms were capsule-positive. Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed that bacteria present in Onyearugbulem stream contained virulent factors with highest activity at ambient temperature (28 °C) which indicate the poor quality of the stream and thereby constitute serious health threat to man and animals.