Animal Ecology, Terrestrial Mammals, Conservation Research Papers (original) (raw)

Amaç: 2007 - 2015 yılları arasında arazide karşılaşılan, hakkında kısıtlı da olsa veriler edinilen memelilere ilişkin bilginin paylaşılması mevcut çalışmanın amacını teşkil etmektedir. Bu veriler, fotoğraflar, kısmen düzenli olarak kaydedilmiş veriler ve kısa notlar olarak sunulmuştur. Bildiriye numaralandırılmış bir isim verilmesi sayesinde çalışmaların tekrarlı hale getirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Gereçler ve Yöntemler: Çalışma kapsamında, karşılaşılmış 9 memeli organizmanın (Sciurus vulgaris, Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes, Martes sp., Tursiops truncatus, bir Chiroptera üyesi, Erinaceus concolor, Lutra lutra ve Meles meles), 3 ilde (Aydın, Denizli ve Muğla) bulundukları yerler harita üzerinde gösterilmiş, karşılaşma tarihleri, koordinatları, bulunuş şekilleri ve birey sayıları kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca her organizmaya ait görsellerle çalışma zenginleştirilmiştir. İhbarlarla gelen bilgiler sayesinde veriler desteklenmiştir. Aktif saha çalışmalarının gerçekleştirilmesinde hem profesyonel fotoğraf makinalarından hem de fotokapan kullanım yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır.
Sonuç: Çalışmanın çıktıları değerlendirildiğinde, türlerin bulunuşlarının zorluğu dikkat çekmektedir. Ayrıca Meles meles gibi bazı türlerin ölü olarak bulunması gibi sorunların varlığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bu bakış açısı geliştirildiğinde, ülkemizde yapılacak kapsamlı mamalojik çalışmaların önemi ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmalara ait sonuçların, söz konusu organizmalarla iç içe yaşam süren yöre insanları ile paylaşılması bilim insanlarının yükümlülüğüdür.

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- Conservation Biology, Biology, Ecology, Mammalogy

The Ripu Reserve Forest of Assam was one of the best managed forest in India. Deforestation and encroachment were the major threats to the sustainability of this natural landscape. To arrest this trend of suicidal destruction, a large part (422 km 2) of Ripu RF was legally notified as "Raimona National Park" for long term conservation of its wildlife and their habitats in the landscape. A baseline survey was carried out in 2x2 km 2 sampling grids sytematically to assess the richness and relative abundance of mammalian fauna in the Raimona NP. Based on all the direct sightings, indirect evidences including the camera trap photo captured records, presence of a total 29 species of mammalian fauna consisting of endangered (4), vulnerable (4), near threatened (1) and least concern (20) species have confirmed in the landscape. An effective management plan is very essential for conservation of wildlife and their habitats in the park.

- by Nazrul Islam and +1
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- Animal Ecology, Terrestrial Mammals, Conservation

In September 2021, the Cat Specialist Group completed the Red List Assessment for mainland clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa (Gray et al. 2021) for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM. Since the previous Red List assessment (Grassman et al. 2016), there have been several published studies investigating the range-wide distribution of remaining habitat and recent occurrence records (e.g., Macdonald et al. 2019, Petersen et al. 2020a). These assisted the most recent assessment, as did new published estimates on site-specific population densities (e.g., Singh & Macdonald 2017, Petersen et al. 2020b, Fig. 1.). This latest assessment resulted in the species maintaining its status as globally Vulnerable.

- by Anthony J Giordano and +1
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- Southeast Asia, Forest Fragmentation, Carnivora, Environmental Sustainability
- by Candelaria Estavillo
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- Zoology, Forestry, Tropical Ecology, Biology

The Malayan sun bear Helarctos malayanus, is categorized globally as a Critically Endangered species on the IUCN Red List. However, recent studies have indicated that sun bear have disappeared from large areas, probably as a result of habitat loss, a low prey base and poaching, indicating this species may not be as common in India as previously believed. Our findings indicate that the species has declined dramatically, with confirmation of presence at only some sites in provinces, despite extensive surveys. Current populations are small and fragmented, and occur mainly in tiger reserve. In Namdapha Tiger Reserve, 379 different bear signs were identified along 43 transects. The number of claw marks was found to be highest as compared to number of scats, nests, diggings, dens and footprints. All these bear signs were observed in summer, monsoon and winter months in different forest types in Namdapha Tiger Reserve. The mean signs were highest during the winter months (41.5±5.80), followed by monsoon months (31.0±6.25) and summer months (22.25±3.83) during the study periods. There was a distinct relationship between season, elevation and density of bear signs per unit area (R 2 Linear = 0.81488). The density of bear signs showed an increasing trend with the increasing elevation in the tiger reserve. But from 1500m and above, the density of bear signs decreased drastically. In India, there is no information on the population status, distribution and ecology of sun bear. Our findings are the first reliable estimates of the current distribution and status of the Malayan sun bear in India, and provide valuable information that will help guide the conservation efforts.

- by Andrés Arias-Alzate
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- Environmental Education, Conservation Biology, Mammalogy, Biodiversity

The paper introduces a viable short range signal triangulation method, which will enable users to identify and monitor animals in a given area. “Zig-bee- Zig bee pairs” are used as a more precise and a relatively long-lasting alternative to the traditional radio collars. Additionally, the collar itself ‘broadcasts’ the animal’s current state (EEG, ECG , EMG) and can trigger an S.O.S signal in case of an emergency. Allowing authorities to react to certain cases where the animal might be in critical danger (for rescue) and also allow end users to map certain behavioral patterns in animals.

Program restorasi rusa jawa (Cervus timorensis) di Hutan Pendidikan Wanagama I tentu harus disertai dengan tersedianya habitat yang sesuai. Adanya proses seleksi habitat menjadikan Rusa jawa hanya ditemukan pada tempat-tempat tertentu saja. Hal ini menunjukkan komponen habitat dapat mempengaruhi populasi satwa. Shaw (1985) menyatakan bahwa komponen dasar habitat meliputi pakan (food), pelindung (cover), air (water), dan ruang (space). Tujuan dari penelitian ini dikhususkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komponen pelindung terhadap kehadiran Cervus timorensis di Hutan Pendidikan Wanagama I. Pengujian statistik dengan logistic regression menunjukkan bahwa variabel kepadatan pohon memiliki pengaruh signifikan (0,016) dan bersifat positif terhadap kehadiran Rusa jawa. Dari hasil pengujian dapat diketahui bahwa variabel yang berfungsi sebagai pelindung dari perubahan temperatur (thermal cover) memiliki pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadap kehadiran rusa jawa daripada variabel pelindung yang berfungsi sebagai tempat bersembunyi (hiding cover).

Esta investigación fue posible gracias a Santiago Espinosa, quien me permitió realizar en conjunto el proyecto: "Efectos de la carretera y cacería en la conservación del jaguar y su presa en el Parque Nacional Yasuní, Ecuador". También, a... more

Responses of specific fauna communities in mine-affected areas may have been understudied. Such information might be useful to the conservation and policy decision makers. Using the most common metrics, secondary data of species assemblage were analyzed to describe species diversity of key terrestrial fauna and its temporal variation for a period of five years in the 3 permanent monitoring stations (Mountain Beach Resort, Mt. Mina-asog and Nursery) of San Roque Metals Inc. Most (74.6%) of the overall terrestrial vertebrate fauna are resident species while 25.4% are endemic. Measures of species richness and population density indicated an increasing trend in most of the vertebrate taxa except for the non-flying mammals and reptiles with a very scanty data which might be accounted as limitations in sampling. In general, increasing trend towards the 2015 monitoring was observed in the species richness and population density in the 3 monitoring stations. Species richness was slightly higher in the 2 monitoring stations inside the mining claim. Population density of all vertebrate taxa was however higher in the station outside the mining area. Species composition in the 3 permanent stations differs throughout the monitoring periods. Based on the IUCN criteria, 7.2% of the recorded species are threatened. The increasing trend in the diversity index of most vertebrate taxa, the persistence of most of the endemic species and the presence of threatened species may suggests that the mining activity might not have affected the diversity of the key terrestrial fauna. This might be attributed to the gallery of forests or corridor within the mine site that act as a refuge for the disturbed animals. Results signify the importance of a wide forested area in mining affected landscapes. It is suggested for the enhancement of reforested areas and immediate rehabilitation of mined-out areas for a wider corridor within and near the mine claim

89 LE PATRIMOINE NATUREL 91 4 90

- by Fred JACQ and +1
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- Botany, Entomology, Pacific Island Studies, Conservation Biology
- by José F. González-Maya and +2
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- Evolutionary Biology, Education, Conservation Biology, Conservation

Niño-Ramírez, José Antonio (editor). 2005. Memorias del XVIII Congreso Nacional de Zoología. Sede Biblioteca Universitaria "Raúl Rangel Frias", Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Del 4 al 7 de octubre de... more

Autino, A. G. y Montero, R. 2012. Guía de Vertebrados de Bajo La Alumbrera, Catamarca, Argentina. Minera Alumbrera Limited, 224 pp. Edición rústica: ISBN 978-987-28792-0-4; Edición cartoné: ISBN 978-987-28792-1-1. Contiene información... more

- by Ricardo Montero
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- Biology, Amphisbaenians, Biodiversity, Mammals

Esta enfermedad, transmitida por roedores silvestres, ha tenido una rápida emergencia en países latinoamericanos como Brasil, Argentina, Paraguay y Chile, considerándose ya una zoonosis panamericana, al ser conocida también en América del... more

- by Ricardo Figueroa
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- Environmental Education, Conservation Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity

Invasion Biology, the study of biota redistributed via human agency, has traditionally traced its founding to Charles Elton’s 1958 book The Ecology of invasions by Animals and Plants. But there were many substantial, scientific pre-Eltonian accounts and analyses of redistributed biota dating back at least to the mid-1700s; and non-Eltonian treatments appeared into the late 1950s. Elton began writing on the topic by 1925. From 1931 to 1948 he developed his ideas on conservation in association with Aldo Leopold. Their “competitive collaboration” is explored and documented, showing that each supported and contextualized the other. Elton was, in part, inspired to write The Ecology of invasions by Animals and Plants in dissatisfied response to an earlier effort by American Marston Bates. The two authors, and these works, are compared and contrasted. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals is analyzed in detail, showing how Elton framed his arguments in terms of warfare and cold-war era nuclear alarmism, making a plea for action without providing a strong theoretical basis for preventing the redistribution of biota. The republication of Elton’s book in 2000 iincited a new round of interpretation, but even while its proponents hailed the book as invasion biology’s ‘bible,’ they prepared to replace it with more modern texts. The narrative shows how a ideas about the origins of life on earth, the role of humans in nature, a sense of place and biogeographical belonging, and concerns about the unintended consequences of human agency motivated scientists to attempt to impute order to, and impose it upon, the historically contingent distribution of biota.

Donald Redfield Griffin (1915–2003), Windows on nonhuman minds, in Michel Weber and Anderson Weekes (eds.), Process Approaches to Consciousness in Psychology, Neuroscience, and Philosophy of Mind (Whitehead Psychology Nexus Studies II), Albany, New York, State University of New York Press, 2009, pp. 219 sq. [This is one of the last publications of D. R. Griffin, received in March 2002.]

- by Michel Weber
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- Ethology, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Science, Animal Science
- by Lisa Elkins Goodman
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- Real Estate, Business Ethics, Transportation Engineering, Botany

Debido al avance en el desarrollo de investigaciones de diversa índole que involucran mamíferos, cada año se reportan
cambios en la riqueza de especies registradas en el territorio nacional. Un esfuerzo notable encaminado a actualizar el
conocimiento de este grupo en el país señaló la presencia de 492 especies para el año 2013 (Solari et al. 2013). Este número
se incrementó a 500 especies para el año 2014, a partir de revisiones sistemáticas o adiciones de nuevas localidades de
distribución para varias especies neotropicales (Ramírez-Chaves & Suárez-Castro 2014) y en esta revisión se aumenta el
número de especies a 518 para el país. El incremento ha sido mayor para murciélagos (orden Chiroptera), grupo que
actualmente cuenta con el número más alto de especies de mamíferos registradas en Colombia (205 especies). Sin embargo, el uso de nuevas técnicas y exploraciones de campo realizadas por diferentes investigadores han generado una gran cantidad de conocimiento para otros grupos, por lo que es necesario sintetizar la información de manera constante para que esté disponible a todos aquellos involucrados en estudiar y conservar la biodiversidad del país. Con el fin de actualizar el número de especies de mamíferos registradas en el territorio nacional, presentamos una valoración y actualización con los cambios recientes para Colombia durante los últimos meses.

- by José F. González-Maya and +1
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- Systematics (Taxonomy), Conservation Biology, Taxonomy, Mammalogy
- by spartaco gippoliti and +1
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- Zoology, Biodiversity Conservation, Animal Ecology, Terrestrial Mammals, Conservation, Captive Breeding

"The Barking Owl Ninox connivens population in the Pilliga forests of northern New South Wales is the largest known in southern Australia. Breeding pairs in this population occupy large home-ranges across less than half of the forest. In this thesis, I quantify the diet of Barking Owls in the Pilliga. I consider a number of hypotheses that could explain the species’ large home ranges and restricted distribution, particularly those that are related to prey availability.
This is the first diet study of a Barking Owl population to incorporate data from many territories over several years and all seasons of the year. Radio-tracking of nine owls provided the opportunity to begin a substantial collection of prey remains (regurgitated pellets, food debris and faecal material). Ultimately, the collection period spanned 2003 – 2009, with prey remains from 19 territories in the Pilliga and one territory in a small forest to the south near Dubbo. In total, 1546 regurgitated pellets and 315 faecal samples were collected and examined. Foraging observations improved the understanding of the results.
Barking Owls in the Pilliga forests preyed on most species of diurnal and nocturnal birds, as well as Sugar Gliders, bats and insects, with a few items being taken from the ground. Prey size ranged from 0.3 gram insects to ~800 gram cockatoos and mammals, a similar size to the owls. Most prey were native animals in contrast to some other studies.
The proportions of consumed prey, as determined by pellet analysis, were compared with available prey, as determined by bird counts, spotlight surveys, small mammal trapping, bat surveys and insect netting. Prey items from all prey groups were available from all sampled areas of the Pilliga. Barking Owls distribution was positively associated with prey availability: significantly with the biomass of birds and with flying insect numbers. Mammal groups were not significantly different but showed the same positive trend.
Spatial availability of total prey biomass offered a good explanation for the distribution of Barking Owls within the Pilliga forests. Crucial food resources, particularly available biomass of diurnal birds and nocturnally active prey, may limit the population density and distribution of owls in what appears to be marginal rather than prime habitat. Land cleared for agriculture, because of its higher productivity, may have previously supported higher densities of Barking Owls when wooded."

Más del 43% de los bosques de los departamentos de Sucre y Bolívar en Colombia han desaparecido, incluyendo gran parte de la ecorregión de los Montes de María; una de las áreas que cuenta con una gran diversidad de especies de primates y a su vez, con grandes áreas de sabana, las cuales han contribuido a un cambio en la distribución de estas especies en el paisaje. La degradación de la ecoregión impone un reto significativo sobre la conservación de primates y sobre el futuro de este grupo al largo plazo, sin contar con información actual de su estado de conservación. Debido a esta situación, se evaluó la distribución y el estado poblacional de los primates en esta ecorregión. Para tal fin, se seleccionaron 18 zonas de los departamentos de Sucre y Bolívar que estuvieran dentro de los límites de la ecorregión. En general se encontró: 1) un total de cinco especies y un total de 220 individuos; 2) que el tamaño poblacional y la diversidad de primates en la región no están determinados por el tamaño, la forma y la distancia a centros
poblados del fragmento donde fueron encontrados los individuos; 3) que ninguno de los cinco atributos calculados afectan la distribución y ocupación de primates y; 4) que Alouatta seniculus y Saguinus oedipus presentaron afinidad por ocupar áreas irregulares (>10h), con vegetación secundaria, áreas agrícolas y pastos. También se observó que algunas especies presentaron respuestas diferentes de acuerdo a las variables de parche, siendo más vulnerables aquellas con requerimientos más específicos de hábitat. Esto supone que son otras características inherentes al hábitat las que influyen en la dinámica de estas poblaciones. Finalmente, se propone tomar estos resultados como soporte para la toma de decisiones a nivel de paisaje y región, a la vez que se plantean nuevos interrogantes sobre los verdaderos conductores y generadores de amenazas y mecanismos potenciales para reducir el riesgo de extinción local de algunas especies.

- by Luisa Fernando Larrotta Salazar and +1
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- Primatology, Biology, Mammalogy, Biodiversity

Moose (Alces alces), the largest among the deer, have both high recreational and economic value in Scandinavia and elsewhere. To efficiently manage such a valuable species, the key factors affecting their fitness and performance must be understood. Moose generally have high productivity and calf survival in predator free areas, however in recent years, populations at the southern edge of their distribution, such as on the predator free island of Ӧland in Sweden, there have been reports of low calf survival. Individuals are found to carry Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which has been thought to be one of the factors causing the low survival. The aim of this study was to identify what abiotic and biotic factors may also be affecting female moose performance and their calf survival. GPS data from 18 collared moose was used in conjunction with home range, activity, diet, survival and habitat analysis. Moose did not alter the size of their seasonal home ranges or their activity level. Agricultural areas and feeding stations have become the preferred areas in the core home ranges during the winter season. The diet analysis revealed that nearly two thirds of the moose’s winter diet contained agricultural produce. Moose are having to utilise areas where in other populations, individuals tend to avoid. This could probably be one of the reasons for females to be of lower quality and therefore not being able to ensure calf survival. With changing climates and human land use moose continue to be under such environmental pressures, which may therefore jeopardize their future survival and reproduction.

A pesar de los esfuerzos de investigación y conservación sobre el Jaguar en los últimos años, aún hay áreas geográficas en las que es prioritario establecer la existencia de poblaciones actuales. El nororiente de Antioquia, Colombia, es una de las regiones para las cuales datos de presencia han empezado a ser obtenidos de manera metódica en años recientes. Aquí se presenta el registro de una hembra con un subadulto en esta zona, logrado mediante el uso de cámaras-automáticas de detección de movimiento (cámaras trampa); este registro, junto con otros anteriormente obtenidos, sugieren la presencia histórica y actual de Jaguares en la región, más que ser una zona únicamente de paso y dispersión, podría mantener una población residente de esta especie. Esta información indicaría que esta es una zona clave para la conservación del Jaguar en el país. Palabras Clave: conservación, distribución, Felidae, Magdalena Medio, población.

Relationship of mammals and vegetation species in Gunung Ciremai National Park. The study of fod resources and the distribution of mammalia was conducted in Palutungan, Linggarjati, Seda, Cibeureum, Sayana, Bandorasa, Pajambon and Sukamukti resort at Gunung Ciremai from May to July 2007. The mammals was observed in this study were Sus scrofa, Muntiacus muntjak, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Nycticebus javanicus, Trachypithecus auratus, Macaca fascicularis, and Presbytis aygula. The relationship between number of those species and vegetation density are presented. Further, the existence forrelation of the carnivore of Panthera pardus melas and Prionailurus bengalensis have positive correlation with Paradoxurus hermaphroditus. The observation also indicated that there are no significantly related correlation population distribution of Muntiacus muntjak vs Sus scrofa, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Presbytis aygula; Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vs Trachypithecus auratus; and Nycticebus javanicus vs Presbytis aygula.

Small mammals are primarily represented by species from three orders of mammals, Rodentia (mainly the family Muridae), Insectivora (mainly Soricidae) and Chiroptera. Uganda has a rich and diverse rodent, shrew and bat fauna. The main factor for this richness is the wide range of altitudinal variation and the complex array of different vegetation types. Many Ugandan forests are under pressure from the current exponential human population increase and the resultant anthropogenic forces. This has made most forests shrink in size and has reduced habitat quality for small mammal communities. Amidst all these changes, little is known about current species composition and ecology of the different small mammal communities in Ugandan forests.

Poster presented at CIEEM Conference, Belfast, November 2014

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Distribución de Mustelidae en El Salvador, sistematización y actualización de registros (Segunda Parte)

Insectivorous bat have an important ecological role as biological control for nocturnal insect population. One individual insectivorous bat eats up to 600 individuals’ number of insect in an hour. Insectivorous bat from Microchiroptera sub order, dependent on intact expanses of forest. Nowadays, forest as a bat habitat has severe loss caused by logging, forest conversion, and fire, which in turn lead to a decrease habitat quality and quantity. Diversity of Microchiroptera was investigated in an intact forest and secondary forest which burnt in 1997, in Way Canguk Research Station at Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park from June to December 2007. The total sampling effort using harp trap were 95 traps night, investigating on each habitat using four harp traps. This study captured 1376 individuals of 19 species and five families consist of 1382 individuals of 19 species in an intact primary forest and 341 individuals of 15 species in secondary forest. Bat family was caught in this study are Hipposideridae, Vespertilionidae, Rhinolophidae, Megadermatidae, and Nycteridae. Shanon’s diversity index in secondary forest is 2.0537±0.0026 higher than primary forest (1.5424±0.0012). The Kerivoula intermedia, Murina cyclotis, Rhinolophus trifoliatus, and Hipposideros diadema species are only found in primary forest. Hipposideros larvatus is the insectivorous bat species most abundance in Way Canguk Station Research.

A study was conducted to identify pollen consummed by fruits bat in Bogor Botanical Garden from March 2008 to June 2009. The types of crown of the flower, pollen and pollen size which chosen by fruit bats were analysed by using high detrended canonical correspondent. The result indicated that there are three major groups of bats based on the similarities of food type or flower resources consumed by fruit bats. The groups were (1) males of Macroglossus sobrinus and the females of Eonycteris spelaea, (2) Cynopterus brachyotis and the females of C. minutus, and (3) males and females of C. titthaheileus, females of C. brachyotis and Macroglossus sobrinus, males of C. sphinx and C. minutus, and females of C. sphinx.

Análisis espacial y temporal de la estructura de la comunidad de mamíferos medianos y grandes de la Reserva de la Biosfera Selva El Ocote, en el sureste mexicano Spatial and temporal analysis of the structure of the community of medium and large body sized mammals in the Biosphere Reserve El Ocote, southern Mexico Resumen Las áreas naturales protegidas (ANP) son muy importantes para frenar el impacto antrópico. Sin embargo, es difícil medir su efectividad debido a que se carece de información de referencia. Evaluamos la variación espacio-temporal en la estructura y composición de la comunidad de mamíferos medianos y grandes (> 500 g) en la Reserva de la Biosfera Selva El Ocote (REBISO) y comparamos la riqueza de especies registradas entre 2013 y 2016 vs. las especies reportadas en 1996. Además, comparamos la riqueza y la composición de especies entre la zona núcleo, la de amortiguamiento y el área de influencia. En 2,835 días cámara-trampa se registraron 19 especies (79.2% de las previamente reportadas) pertenecientes a 13 familias y 7 órdenes. Cuniculus paca y Dasyprocta mexicana fueron las especies más frecuentes. Leopardus pardalis y L. wiedii fueron más frecuentes en la zona núcleo que en la zona de amortiguamiento o área de influencia, mientras que Didelphis virginiana y Nasua narica, fueron más frecuentes en la zona de amortiguamiento o en el área de influencia que en la zona núcleo. Los muestreos multianuales son fundamentales para tener una línea base que permita evaluar el efecto de las perturbaciones sobre la biodiversidad en las ANP.

Póster para campañas de difusión/educación.
Las águilas son muy importantes para la " buena salud " de la selva. Estas aves, como predadores, regulan las poblaciones de otras especies y mantienen el equilibrio ecológico. Conservando las águilas, cuidamos nuestra selva. La selva nos brinda muchos beneficios, como por ejemplo: regula el clima y por eso es un escudo natural ante catástrofes como inundaciones y tornados; nos garantiza la buena calidad de los suelos que cultivamos y el agua que usamos todos los días; es nuestro banco genético ya que es el hogar de la mayor cantidad de especies animales y vegetales (biodiversidad); es el lugar elegido por turistas de todo el mundo; es fuente de nuestra identidad cultural... y mucho más.

The malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus Raffles 1821) in Indonesia is only be found on the island of Sumatera and Borneo. Malayan sun bear is under threat either caused by natural or human disturbance. The objectives of this study were to identify the presence and habitat use assess dominant habitat components that affect sun bear's population. The studied comprises of vegetation analysis, line transect, field observation and drawing the habitat profile. The existence of sun bear data was collected by indirect encounter. Habitat used by sun bear was both on Tall Pole Forest/TPF) and pet swamp transition forest (TRF) vegetation type. Sun bear only used trees on their daily activity with average height and diameter was 20 m and 51 cm respectively. Based on factor analysis, the dominant habitat factors that determined the existence of sun bear were vegetation density, canopy cover, the amount of tree and feeding tree individual and the amount of tree and feeding tree species.

Large continuous rainforests are the main hope for sustaining the population of large-bodied vertebrates that cannot cope with fragmentation or unsustainable hunting. The Brazilian Atlantic forest is considered a biodiversity hotspot and although highly fragmented, it still contains large forest patches that may be important for the conservation of mammals that require large areas. Here, we estimated species richness, density and biomass of medium-and large-sized mammals along the largest remnant of the Atlantic rainforest, Brazil (the Serra do Mar bioregion), an estimated area of 8000 km 2. We recorded 44 species based on 4090 km of diurnal line transects and camera traps, animal tracks and interviews in 11 continental regions and two large land-bridge islands. We found high levels of similarity in mammalian composition between pairs of sites in the continental forest sites (0.84– 1), but much lower similarity between pairs from the continental forest sites and the two large land-bridge islands (0.29–0.74) indicating potential local extinctions or poor dispersal of continental mammals to these islands. In addition, we found that the density and biomass varied 16-and 70-fold among sites, respectively. Mammalian biomass declined by up to 98% in intensively hunted sites and was 53-fold lower than in other Neotropical non-fragmented forests. Although this large forest remnant is able to maintain a high diversity of medium-and large-bodied mammal species, their low density and biomass may affect the long-term persistence of these populations and the ecosystem services they provide.

- by Mauro Galetti and +4
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- Conservation Biology, Bushmeat Hunting, Animal Ecology, Terrestrial Mammals, Conservation, Distance Sampling

A variety of Amazonian mammals serve as sources of food for its human inhabitants, but hunting can have a strong negative
impact on them. Diversity, abundance, biomass, and average group size of medium-sized and large mammals are compared
across two forest areas of the northern Amazon: the Viruá National Park (protected) and the Novo Paraíso settlement (a
human settlement where hunting is permitted). Hunting pressure was also characterized in Novo Paríso. A total of 33
mammal species were recorded. There were no significant differences in the sighting rates, relative abundance and biomass, and mammal group sizes between the two areas, although the totals of all these variables were higher in Viruá due to the higher abundance of Tayassu pecari, which was not recorded at Novo Paraíso. It is suggested that T. pecari may be on the verge of local extinction, as it was the most hunted species in the settlement area. Through interviews with 50 hunters, we estimate that 541 mammals of 20 species were hunted during the study year, resulting in an estimated biomass take of 8517 kg. While the hunting intensity in Novo Paraíso may be sustainable in the short term, the reported decline of hunting efficiency, combined with the extirpation of T. pecari , suggests that mammal abundance may decline there in the near future. In the study year, 849 hunts were carried out in a hunting effort of 4575 hours, with a maximum distance
travelled of 5.4 km. There was an average of 4.82 consumers for each hunt, and a per capita harvest rate of 2.24 individuals/
consumer year. Hunting was not only for subsistence, but also for retaliation, although some species may not be hunted due
to cultural taboos. The need for quantification of harvesting rates to maintain hunting at sustainable levels is highlighted.

N Ú M . 1 1 8 e n e r o -f e b r e r o D e 2 0 1 5 issn: 1870-1760 El ocElotE El ocelote pertenece al conjunto de gatos silvestres manchados, que en méxico incluye además al jaguar y al margay o tigrillo. En algunas regiones del país se le conoce también como tigrillo y en sudamérica como pichigueta, mojocuan o manigordo, el de las manos gordas, porque sus patas delanteras son más grandes que las traseras. 1

Brown and polar bears have become prominent examples in phylogeography, but previous phylogeographic studies relied largely on maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or were geographically restricted. The male-specific Y chromosome, a natural counterpart to mtDNA, has remained underexplored. Although this paternally inherited chromosome is indispensable for comprehensive analyses of phylogeographic patterns, technical difficulties and low variability have hampered its application in most mammals. We developed 13 novel Y-chromosomal sequence and microsatellite markers from the polar bear genome and screened these in a broad geographic sample of 130 brown and polar bears. We also analyzed a 390-kb-long Y-chromosomal scaffold using sequencing data from published male ursine genomes. Y chromosome evidence support the emerging understanding that brown and polar bears started to diverge no later than the Middle Pleistocene. Contrary to mtDNA patterns, we found 1) brown and polar bears to be reciprocally monophyletic sister (or rather brother) lineages, without signals of introgression, 2) male-biased gene flow across continents and on phylogeographic time scales, and 3) male dispersal that links the Alaskan ABC islands population to mainland brown bears. Due to female philopatry, mtDNA provides a highly structured estimate of population differentiation, while male-biased gene flow is a homogenizing force for nuclear genetic variation. Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing both maternally and paternally inherited loci for a comprehensive view of phylogeographic history, and that mtDNA-based phylogeographic studies of many mammals should be reevaluated. Recent advances in sequencing technology render the analysis of Y-chromosomal variation feasible, even in nonmodel organisms.

Program restorasi rusa jawa (Cervus timorensis) di Hutan Pendidikan Wanagama I tentu harus disertai dengan tersedianya habitat yang sesuai bagi spesies tersebut. Salah satu komponen habitat yang penting adalah ketersediaan tumbuhan pakan yang selanjutnya akan menentukan daya dukung habitat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ketersediaan pakan rusa jawa melalui analisis tingkat produktivitas tumbuhan pakan yang tumbuh di petak 14, Hutan Pendidikan Wanagama I. Pengukuran produktivitas hijauan pakan dilakukan dalam 5 plot contoh berukuran 1x1 meter untuk rumput serta 2x2 meter untuk tumbuhan bawah dan semai. Jumlah ketersediaan hijauan pakan rusa jawa (Cervus timorensis) di petak 14 adalah 5.184.557,77 kg/tahun atau setara dengan bobot kering sebesar 1.271.788,64 kg/tahun.