Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Research Papers (original) (raw)

Past research with high temperature molten carbonate electrochemical cells has shown that carbon dioxide can be separated from flue gas streams produced by pulverized coal combustion for power generation. However, the presence of trace contaminants, i.e., sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides, will impact the electrolyte within the cell. If a lower temperature cell could be devised that would utilize the benefits of commercially-available, upstream desulfurization and denitrification in the power plant, then this CO2 separation technique can approach more viability in the carbon sequestration area. Recent work has led to the assembly and successful operation of a low temperature electrochemical cell. In the proof-of-concept testing with this cell, an anion exchange membrane was sandwiched between gas-diffusion electrodes consisting of nickel-based anode electrocatalysts on carbon paper. When a potential was applied across the cell and a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide was flowed over the wetted electrolyte on the cathode side, a stream of CO2 to O2 was produced on the anode side, suggesting that carbonate/bicarbonate ions are the CO2 carrier in the membrane. Since a mixture of CO2 and O2 is produced, the possibility exists to use this stream in oxy-firing of additional fuel.From this research, a novel concept for efficiently producing a carbon dioxide rich effluent from combustion of a fossil fuel was proposed. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are captured from the flue gas of a fossil-fuel combustor by one or more electrochemical cells or cell stacks. The separated stream is then transferred to an oxy-fired combustor which uses the gas stream for ancillary combustion, ultimately resulting in an effluent rich in carbon dioxide. A portion of the resulting flow produced by the oxy-fired combustor may be continuously recycled back into the oxy-fired combustor for temperature control and an optimal carbon dioxide rich effluent.

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- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Sequestration
- by Dr Manish Kumar and +1
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- Biomaterials, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

Due to industrialization and urbanization, as humans continue to rely on fossil fuels, carbon dioxide (CO2) will
inevitably be generated and result in an increase of Global Warming Gases (GWGs). However, their prospect is
misted up because of the environmental and economic intimidation posed by probable climate shift, generally
called it as the “green house effect”. Among all GWGs, the major contributor in greenhouse effect is CO2.
Mitigation strategies that include capture and storage of CO2 by biological means may reduce the impact of CO2
emissions on environment. The biological CO2 sequestration has significant advantage, since increasing atmospheric
CO2 level supports productivity and overall storage capacity of the natural system. This paper reviews
CO2 sequestration mechanism in bacteria and their pathways for production of value added products such as,
biodiesel, bioplastics, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), biosurfactants and other related biomaterials.

Oil fields offer a significant potential for storing CO 2 and will most likely be the first large scale geological targets for sequestration as the infrastructure, experience and permitting procedures already exist. The problem of co-optimizing oil production and CO 2 storage differs significantly from current gas injection practice due to the cost-benefit imbalance resulting from buying CO 2 for enhanced oil recovery projects. Consequently, operators aim to minimize the amount of CO 2 required to sweep an oil reservoir. For sequestration purposes, where high availability of low cost CO 2 is assumed, the design parameters of enhanced oil recovery processes must be redefined to optimize the amount of CO 2 left in the reservoir at the time of abandonment. To redefine properly the design parameters, thorough insight into the mechanisms controlling the pore scale displacement efficiency and the overall sweep efficiency is essential. We demonstrate by calculation examples the different mechanisms controlling the displacement behavior of CO 2 sequestration schemes, the interaction between flow and phase equilibrium and how proper design of the injection gas composition and well completion are required to co-optimize oil production and CO 2 storage.

A B S T R A C T To meet the CO 2 emission reduction targets, carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) comes as an evolve technology. CCU concept is turning into a feedstock and technologies have been developed for transformation of CO 2 into useful organic products. At industrial scale, utilization of CO 2 as raw material is not much significant as compare to its abundance. Mechanisms in nature have evolved for carbon concentration, fixation and utilization. Assimilation and subsequent conversion of CO 2 into complex molecules are performed by the photosynthetic and chemolithotrophic organisms. In the last three decades, substantial research is carry out to discover chemical and biological conversion of CO 2 in various synthetic and biological materials, such as carboxylic acids, esters, lactones, polymer biodiesel, bio-plastics, bio-alcohols, exopolysaccharides. This review presents an over view of catalytic transformation of CO 2 into biofuels and biomaterials by chemical and biological methods.

- by Dr Manish Kumar and +1
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- Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions may be offset by sequestering carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) through the carbonation of magnesium silicate minerals to form magnesium carbonate minerals. The hydromagnesite [Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 ·4H 2 O] playas of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada provide a natural model to examine mineral carbonation on a watershed scale. At near surface conditions, CO 2 is biogeochemically sequestered by microorganisms that are involved in weathering of bedrock and precipitation of carbonate minerals. The purpose of this study was to characterize the weathering regime in a groundwater recharge zone and the depositional environments in the playas in the context of a biogeochemical model for CO 2 sequestration with emphasis on microbial processes that accelerate mineral carbonation. Regions with ultramafic bedrock, such as Atlin, represent the best potential sources of feedstocks for mineral carbonation. Elemental compositions of a soil profile show significant depletion of MgO and enrichment of SiO 2 in comparison to underlying ultramafic parent material. Polished serpentinite cubes were placed in the organic horizon of a coniferous forest soil in a groundwater recharge zone for three years. Upon retrieval, the cube surfaces, as seen using scanning electron microscopy, had been colonized by bacteria that were associated with surface pitting. Degradation of organic matter in the soil produced chelating agents and acids that contributed to the chemical weathering of the serpentinite and would be expected to have a similar effect on the magnesium-rich bedrock at Atlin. Stable carbon isotopes of groundwater from a well, situated near a wetland in the southeastern playa, indicate that ∼ 12% of the dissolved inorganic carbon has a modern origin from soil CO 2 . The mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of the hydromagnesite playas suggest that there are three distinct depositional environments: (1) the wetland, characterized by biologically-aided precipitation of carbonate minerals from waters concentrated by evaporation, (2) isolated wetland sections that lead to the formation of consolidated aragonite sediments, and (3) the emerged grassland environment where evaporation produces mounds of hydromagnesite. Examination of sediments within the southeastern playa-wetland suggests that cyanobacteria, sulphate reducing bacteria, and diatoms aid in producing favourable geochemical conditions for precipitation of carbonate minerals. The Atlin site, as a biogeochemical model, has implications for creating carbon sinks that utilize passive microbial, geochemical and physical processes that aid in mineral carbonation of magnesium silicates. These processes could be exploited for the purposes of CO 2 sequestration by creating conditions similar to those of the Atlin site in environments, artificial or natural, where the precipitation of magnesium carbonates would be suitable. Given the vast quantities of Mg-rich bedrock that exist throughout the world, this study has significant implications for reducing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and combating global climate change.

- by G. Southam and +2
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- Geology, Geochemistry, Carbon Dioxide, Scanning Electron Microscopy

The application of hydrated Mg-carbonates as CO 2 sequestering media is a pressing environmental challenge, which requires a deep knowledge of the phase transitions occurring in the Mg\CO 2 \H 2 O system as well as the thermal and structural stability of these phases. In this paper we investigate the phase transition of nesquehonite (MgCO 3 ·3H 2 O) to dypingite (Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 · 5H 2 O), occurring after an incubation of months and years in solution, at ambient conditions. However, as the kinetics of this process resulted to be slow, the phase transition of dypingite to hydromagnesite (Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 ·4H 2 O) was investigated at non-ambient conditions using in situ real-time high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction. Moreover, the thermal behaviour of dypingite and its decomposition have been also investigated with the aim to explore the appropriateness of this carbonate and the products of its decomposition as sinks of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. The results suggest that the dypingite structure remains unaffected up to 438 K. At temperature above this threshold, dypingite transforms into hydromagnesite. A further increase in temperature converts the well-ordered hydromagnesite into a "collapsed form" at 528 K. The heating of dypingite does not produce a loss of CO 2 as the intermediate phases have the same CO 2 :Mg molar ratio. The final product of the heating is periclase MgO. Its nucleation occurs at temperature ranging from 573 to 663 K and it becomes the only phase in the temperature range 633-678 K. These results highlighted that dypingite assures a stable storage of CO 2 in the conditions that prevail at the Earth's surface. Moreover, the transformation of dypingite in more thermodynamically stable hydromagnesite, occurring without release of CO 2 , enhances the safety of carbon dioxide disposal in solid form. Furthermore, the observed volume changes during phase transitions, which in turn could affect the porosity and permeability of the geological reservoir, have been evaluated in order to improve the prediction of the safe and permanent storage of CO 2 in underground.

- by Paolo Ballirano and +1
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- Geology, Geochemistry, Chemical Geology, Thermal Stability

Many areas of algae technology have developed over the last decades, and there is an established market for products derived from algae, dominated by health food and aquaculture. In addition, the interest for active biomolecules from algae is increasing rapidly. The need for CO 2 management, in particular capture and storage is currently an important technological, economical and global political issue and will continue to be so until alternative energy sources and energy carriers diminish the need for fossil fuels. This review summarizes in an integrated manner different technologies for use of algae, demonstrating the possibility of combining different areas of algae technology to capture CO 2 and using the obtained algal biomass for various industrial applications thus bringing added value to the capturing and storage processes. Furthermore, we emphasize the use of algae in a novel biological process which produces H 2 directly from solar energy in contrast to the conventional CO 2 neutral biological methods. This biological process is a part of the proposed integrated CO 2 management scheme. #

- by Jiri Muller
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- Technology, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Biomass

Carbonation of silicate-based minerals and industrial residues can help to reduce CO 2 emissions as well as produce useful materials. However, until a full understanding of the chemistry and microstructural development of carbonation products is obtained, their utilization in engineering applications may remain limited. In respect of this, the present work examines microstructural properties of accelerated carbonated dicalcium silicate and Portland cement by using the complementary analytical techniques of XRD, SEM, TG-DTA, and NMR MAS. It was found that carbon dioxide reacts with calcium silicates to form calcite and aragonite and a polymerized silicate product comprised of cross-linked Q 3 co-ordinated silicon and fully polymerized Q 4 co-ordinated silicon. The extent of silicate polymerization was higher in carbonated dicalcium silicate, however, in the Portland cement-derived product, Al substitution in the Si-framework was detected. The amount of CO 2 that reacted with dicalcium silicate and Portland cement was 48 and 37% by mass, respectively.

- by Mike Thomas
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- Chemical Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Microstructures, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
- by colin hills
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- Chemical Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Microstructures, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

Moist calcium silicate minerals are known to readily react with carbon dioxide (CO2). The reaction products can cause rapid hardening and result in the production of monolithic materials. Today, accelerated carbonation is a developing technology, which may have potential for the treatment of wastes and contaminated soils and for the sequestration of CO2, an important greenhouse gas. This paper reviews recent developments in this emerging technology and provides information on the parameters that control the process. The effects of the accelerated carbonation reaction on the solid phase are discussed and future potential applications of this technology are also considered.

- by Paula Carey
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- Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Environmental Pollution, Diffusion

Chemical scrubbing a b s t r a c t

- by Bruce Jefferson
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- Water, Carbon Dioxide, Multidisciplinary, Biofuels

Microbial fuel cell with 3% dairy waste was operated for 18 days and that with 6% dairy waste water for 33 days with the help of algae as analytic microflora mixture. Fuel cell with 3% dairy waste shown a maximum current peak at 145.6 µA at 13 th day and in case of 6% dairy waste a maximum of 195.4 µA current was obtained. With an external resistance (22 ohm) the MFC having 3% dairy wastewater had maximum power density and current density of 0.149mW/m 2 and 6.356 mA/m 2 were observed on the 1 st day which got reduced to 0.011 mW/m 2 and 0.002mA/m 2 respectively on the 15 th day. For higher dairy wastewater concentration (6%) the values of maximum power density and current density of0.01036527 mW/m 2 and 0.85663377 mA/m 2 were observed on 1 st day, which got reduced to 0.00166872 mW/m 2 and 0.72642544 mA/m 2 on 15 th day. The reactor design for this study was quite successful for using photosynthesis ability of algae for oxygen (3.6 to 5.5 mg/l) supply to cathode. Beside this the green algae is also helpful in CO 2 sequestration.

- by sidharth prasad mishra
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- Microbial Fuel Cells, Livestock, Biomass production, Algal Culture

Proteomics and metabolomics analysis has become a powerful tool for characterization of microbial ability
for fixation of Carbon dioxide. Bacterial community of palaeoproterozoic metasediments was enriched
in the shake flask culture in the presence of NaHCO3. One of the isolate showed resistance to NaHCO3
(100 mM) and was identified as Serratia sp. ISTD04 by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Carbon dioxide fixing
ability of the bacterium was established by carbonic anhydrase enzyme assay along with proteomic analysis
by LC–MS/MS. In proteomic analysis 96 proteins were identified out of these 6 protein involved in
carbon dioxide fixation, 11 in fatty acid metabolism, indicating the carbon dioxide fixing potency of bacterium
along with production of biofuel. GC–MS analysis revealed that hydrocarbons and FAMEs produced
by bacteria within the range of C13–C24 and C11–C19 respectively. Presence of 59% saturated and
41% unsaturated organic compounds, make it a better fuel composition

Global warming and climate change problems have led to the consolidation of
international efforts to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide. The technology of carbon
capture and storage is the key link in the strategy aimed at cutting carbon dioxide
emissions. The article gives a view of positive and negative aspects of the introduction
of the carbon dioxide sequestration technology. The authors have determined the
impact of the project’s public perception on the efficiency of its execution. The authors
have revealed factors, which influence the way the public perceives carbon dioxide
sequestration projects; a model has been developed to form public perception of carbon
capture and storage projects and recommendations on how to form the positive attitude
of stakeholders to these projects

The Serratia sp. strain ISTD04 has been identified as a carbon dioxide (CO2)-sequestering bacterium isolated from marble mining
rocks in the Umra area, Rajasthan, India. This strain grows chemolithotrophically on media that contain sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3) as the sole carbon source. Here, we report the genome sequence of 5.07 Mb Serratia sp. ISTD04.

- by Dr Manish Kumar and +1
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- Microbiology, Genomics, Bacteria, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
- by Erika Francisco
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- Technology, Production, Carbon Dioxide, Biomass

Because the photosynthesis ability of old artificial forest stands is inferior to that of young stands, the utilization of these logs is benefit to the sequestration of carbon dioxide. Hence, construction of wooden patios, trails, and retaining wall to substitute concrete ones could reduce the carbon dioxide emission in Taiwan. According the research data, the energy consumption during wood processing was very low, so did the carbon dioxide emission. Because concrete was replaced and about 50% of wood consists of carbon which is from carbon dioxide sequestration, both the utilization of wood and artificial forest planted could reduce the carbon dioxide concentration. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of carbon dioxide emission and sequestration by using wooden structure in both wooden leisure and eco-technological facilities. Results shown when check dam constructed by ACQ treated Japanese cedar following O&D (outdoor) method and CNS3000 K4 criterion with 40 years lifetime could reduce about 30 tons of carbon dioxide emission, which is equivalent to the carbon dioxide expiration of 92 persons per year. On another case, 61 tons of carbon dioxide emission was reduced, which is equivalent to the carbon dioxide expiration of 190 persons per year. If the high energy consumption materials, such as steel and cement, could be substituted by wood or wooden material, it could be beneficial to the sustainable management of the earth environment.

- by Farching Lin
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- Mechanical Engineering, Technology, Renewable Energy, Carbon Dioxide

fluid mixing in steady and transient buoyancy-driven flows induced by laminar natural convection in porous layers is presented. This problem follows a highly nonlinear dynamics and its accurate modeling poses numerical challenges. Based on the Taylor dispersion theory, a one-dimensional analytical model is developed for steady and transient velocity fields. To investigate steady-state mixing, a unicellular steady velocity field is established by maintaining a thermal gradient across a porous layer of finite thickness. A passive tracer is then introduced into the flow field and the mixing process is studied. In the case of transient flows, as the convective flow grows and decays with time the behavior of the dispersion coefficient is characterized by a four-parameter Weibull function. The simple analytical model developed here can recover scaling relations that have been reported in the literature to characterize the mixing process in steady and transient buoyancy-driven flows.

- by Hassan Hassanzadeh
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- Chemical Engineering, Dispersion, Porous Media, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

Chemical scrubbing a b s t r a c t

- by Ewan McAdam
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- Water, Carbon Dioxide, Multidisciplinary, Biofuels

The magnesite deposits of Malentrata (Tuscany, Italy) were derived from serpentinite silicification–carbonation of the Ligurian ophiolite, and represent a natural analogue of in situ CO2 mineral sequestration. Carbonation of magnesium silicate minerals (e.g. serpentine, olivine) at temperatures below 200 °C is an exothermal process, involving incorporation of carbon dioxide into stable carbonates (e.g. magnesite, dolomite). Serpentinites at Malentrata were transformed to a brownish friable rock characterized by the occurrence of opal, chromian montmorillonite, Fe-rich magnesite and minor iron sulfides and oxides. Widespread lenses of cohesive rocks occur within the altered serpentines, resulting from the complete silicification of the protolith. The pervasive alteration of serpentinite was accompanied by the formation of a network of magnesite and dolomite veinlets, and large magnesite–dolomite veins along major structures. Field observations, petrography and mineral chemistry define the following crystallization sequence in the major veins: i) early microgranular Fe-poor magnesite, ii) comb-textured Fe-rich magnesite and dolomite cementing the early brecciated magnesite vein infill, and iii) late quartz, chalcedony, and rare opal in the cavities. The mineral assemblage observed both in veins and in host rock is indicative of low-temperature hydrothermal alteration driven by Si- and CO2-rich fluids under relatively low pH conditions. Pervasive and cyclic hydraulic fracturing maintained a high structural permeability during the whole hydrothermal event, creating conduits for the input and output fluids. The concomitant presence of CO2 and silica in the fluid enhanced the congruent dissolution of serpentine and hampered immediate carbonate deposition. The Mg-bearing solutions were focused out of the reactor zone, and promoted massive carbonate veining along the main structural discontinuities. This two-steps reaction (dissolution of serpentinite followed by carbonate precipitation outside the reacting volume) seems to be very efficient and provide new insights on in situ and ex situ induced mineral carbonation and its industrial applications.

- by Chiara Boschi
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- Geology, Geochemistry, Carbon Dioxide, Mineral Chemistry

The objective of this work was to evaluate different operational strategies for photobioreactors to remove carbon dioxide using the cyanobacteria, Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli. Two types of reactor configuration, bubble column and airlift were evaluated under three different operational conditions to treat air containing 15% carbon dioxide: simple operation, air recirculation and two sequential reactors. The results obtained showed that the reactor configuration and the operational mode were both determinant criteria for the performance of photobioreactors in the biological conversion of carbon dioxide. Operations with air recirculation showed possibilities for use in small-scale operations, but two-stage sequential photobioreactors (elimination capacity and removal efficiency of 12,217 g carbon /m 3 reactor day and 52.5%, respectively) were shown to be the operational mode with greatest potential for application on an industrial scale by the increased removal efficiency.

- by Eduardo Lopes and +2
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- Chemical Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Operations Strategy, Carbon Sequestration

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright

- by Telma Teixeira Franco
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- Chemical Engineering, Production, Biochemical Engineering, Carbon Dioxide

In recent years, storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in saline aquifers has gained intensive research interest. The implementation, however, requires further research studies to ensure it is safe and secure operation. The primary objective is to secure the CO 2 which relies on a leak-proof formation. Reservoir pressure is a key aspect for assessment of the cap rock integrity. This work presents a new pressure control methodology based on a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme to diminishing risk of carbon dioxide (CO 2) back leakage to the atmosphere due to a fail in the integrity of the formation cap rock. The CO 2 sequestration process in saline aquifers is simulated using ECLIPSE-100 as black oil reservoir simulator while the proposed control scheme is realized in MATLAB software package to prevent overpressurization. A modified form of growing and pruning radial basis function (MGAP-RBF) neural network model is identified online for prediction of reservoir pressure behaviors. MGAP-RBF is recursively trained via extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithms. A set of miscellaneous test scenarios has been conducted using an interface program to exchange ECLIPSE and MATLAB in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology in guiding saline aquifer to follow some desired time-dependent pressure profiles during the CO 2 injection process.

h i g h l i g h t s As the injected CO 2 migrates upwards, it results in a patchy saturation within the reservoir. A stack of equivalent isotropic/anisotropic layers can model seismic response from these patchy saturated reservoirs. These equivalent layers are also capable of predicting the CO 2 saturation within the reservoir volumes. Time-lapse seismic data could be inverted for equivalent layers to predict CO 2 saturation for post-injection monitoring. Such monitoring requires combining seismic with reservoir flow simulation and geomechanical analyses.

- by Subhashis Mallick
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- Engineering, Economics, Seismic Anisotropy, Applied Energy
- by Christian Larroche
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- Carbon Dioxide, Carbon, Waste Management, Multidisciplinary

The present work involved screening of a previously reported carbon concentrating oleaginous bacterial
strain Serratia sp. ISTD04 for production of PHA and optimization of process parameters for enhanced
PHA and biomass generation. The selected bacterial strain was screened for PHA production based on
Nile red staining followed by visualization under fluorescence microscope. Spectrofluorometric measurement
of Nile red fluorescence of the bacterial culture was also done. Confirmatory analysis of PHA accumulation
by GC–MS revealed the presence of 3-hydroxyvalerate. Detection of characteristic peaks in the
FT-IR spectrum further confirmed the production of PHA by the bacterium. Response Surface
Methodology was used for optimization of pH and carbon sources’ concentrations for higher PHA production.
There was almost a 2 fold increase in the production of PHA following optimization as compared to
un-optimized condition. The study thus establishes the production of PHA by Serratia sp. ISTD04.

- by Derek Elsworth
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- Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Energy

Investigation into the volumetric and energetic properties of two atomistic models mimicking carbon 9 dioxide geometry and quadrupole moment covered the liquid-vapor coexistence curve. Thermodynamic 10 integration over a polynomial path was used to calculate free energy. Computational results showed that 11 the model using GROMOS Lennard-Jones parameters was unsuitable for bulk or interface CO 2 simula-12 tions. On the other hand, the model with potential fitted to reproduce only the correct density-pressure 13 relationship in the supercritical region proved to yield the correct enthalpy of vaporization and free energy 14 of liquid CO 2 in the low temperature region. NPT molecular dynamics was used to estimate the water-CO 2 15 interfacial tension and solubilities at 276 K for a liquid-liquid system at 100 and 300 atm. Ó 2002 Pub-16 lished by Elsevier Science Ltd.

- by Bjørn Kvamme
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- Thermodynamics, Carbon Dioxide, Computer Simulation, Interfacial Tension

- by Colin D Hills
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- Chemical Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Microstructures, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration