Transesterification Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Chemistry, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Production, Transesterification

The research presents experimental study and investigation on the production of biodiesel from African sweet orange seeds oil. The seeds were obtained, sundried, crushed and weighed. Chemical extraction method was used to extract oil from the crushed seeds using soxhlet extractor with n-hexane as a solvent. The physicochemical properties of the oil determined were; flash 1510C, fire point 1730C, acid value 82%, product percentage yield 40% and specific gravity 0.920 at 150C. The production of Biodiesel was carried out through transesterification process from the extracted oil using methanol as catalyst. The results of the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are; Cloud point 60C, Pour point 20C, Flash point 1400C, Density 0.86g/cm and Kinematic viscosity 1.938 mm2/s. The effect of methanol on the yielding of biodiesel at constant ratios of oil and catalyst was determined to be 68% at 10ml, 77% at 9ml and 72% at 7ml. The results obtained are in conformity when compare...

- by Engr. Dahiru Yahya Dasin
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- Biodiesel, Oil and gas, Physicochemical, Transesterification

In this research work, a mathematical model was simulated for Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) as an extension of the work of Abowei et al., (2013) exploiting the transesterification kinetic of Olatunji et. al., (2012) at an isothermal condition. The Kinetic model of Olatunji et. al., (2012) was obtained through laboratory experiment on which ester was produced using alcohol to oil molar ratios of 6:1, 9:1 and 12:1 at isothermal reaction temperature of 50 o C. The simulated model equations was able show reactor dimensions as a function of Olatunji et. al., (2012) kinetic parameters. The model equations were further analyzed with MATLAB programming technique, and results obtained for reactor dimensions can be used to predict the volume to be produced at different time intervals and reaction rate which demonstrated high dependency functionality of Olatunji et. al., (2012) proposed kinetic model parameters.

This study focused on producing high quality and yield of biodiesel from novel non-edible seed oil of abundantly available wild Raphnus raphanistrum L. using an efficient, recyclable and eco-friendly copper modified mont-morillonite (MMT) clay catalyst. The maximum biodiesel yield of 83% was obtained by base catalyzed trans-esterification process under optimum operating conditions of methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, reaction temperature of 150 • C, reaction time of 5 h and catalyst loading of 3.5%. The synthesized catalyst and biodiesel were characterized for their structural features and chemical compositions using various state-of-the-art techniques, including x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H, 13 C) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were estimated including kinematic viscosity (4.36 cSt), density (0.8312 kg/ L), flash point (72 • C), acid value (0.172 mgKOH/g) and sulphur content (0.0002 wt.%). These properties were compared and found in good agreement with the International Biodiesel Standards of American (ASTM-951, 6751), European Committee (EN-14214) and China GB/T 20828 (2007). The catalyst was re-used in five consecutive transesterification reactions without losing much catalytic efficiency. Overall, non-edible Raphnus raphanistrum L.. seed oil and Cu doped MMT clay catalyst appeared to be highly active, stable, and cheap contenders for future biofuel industry. However, detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of Raphnus raphanistrum L. seed oil biodiesel are highly recommended to assess the technical, ecological, social and economic challenges.

- by Mohammad Rehan and +1
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- Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering
- by IOSR Journals
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Biodiesel, Transesterification

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and climatic changes has triggered the researchers' attention to find an alternative and renewable energy source. Thus, biodiesel has been recognized as a potential alternative to petrodiesel for its biodegradability, non-toxicity, and environment-friendly attributes. In this study, an efficient and recyclable Cu-Ni doped ZrO 2 catalyst was synthesized and used to produce biodiesel from a novel non-edible caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seed oil. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by x-ray diffraction, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The catalyst was reused in four consecutive transesterification reactions without losing any significant catalytic efficiency. Transesterification reaction conditions were optimized via response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design for predicting optimum biodiesel yields by drawing 3D surface plots. Maximum biodiesel yield of 90.2% was obtained under optimal operating conditions of 1:6 M ratio of oil to methanol, reaction temperature of 70 • C, reaction time of 1.5 h, and 2.5% catalyst loading. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H and 13 C) analysis confirmed the high quality of biodiesel produced from non-edible caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seed oil. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were also found, such as kinematic viscosity (4.17 cS T), density (0.8312 kg/L), flash point (72 • C), acid no (0.21 mgKOH/g) and sulphur content (0.00042 wt%). These properties were matched and are in close agreement with the International Biodiesel Standards of European Union (EU-14214), China GB/T 20,828 (2007), and American (ASTM6751). Thus, non-edible Capparis spinosa L. seed oil and Cu-Ni doped ZrO 2 catalyst appeared to be highly active, stable, and cheap candidates to boost the future biodiesel industry.

- by Mohammad Rehan and +1
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- Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Botany

Biodiesel which is a biodegradable, nontoxic and ecofriendly fuel was produced from Tropical Almondseed oil. The almond oil was extracted using n-hexane and then transesterified using CaO catalystderived from snail shell into biodiesel. The catalyst was calcined and characterized using ThermalGravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) methods. The Physicochemicaland fuel properties of the biodiesel were determined and compared to ASTM approved ranges. TheFatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) present in Tropical Almond biodiesel after characterization analysisper area percent include; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (55.95 %), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid,methyl ester (5.88 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (9.23 %), Cyclopropane, (2-methylenebutyl)(0.07 %) and Methyl stearate (4.58 %). The optimum yield of biodiesel (73.60 %) was obtained at atemperature of 60 °C and time of 120 minutes. The experimental results showed the percentage yield ofAlmond Seed Oil to...

- by Chika Muhammad
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- Chemistry, Renewable Energy, Biodiesel, Energy and Environmental Sustainability
- by Ajay Dalai
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Catalysis, Energy
- by Aldo Apita
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- Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Kinetics
- by yerizam yerizam
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- Chemical Engineering, Production, Biodiesel, Alternative Fuels
- by orhan alp atay
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- Biodiesel, Oil, Transesterification, Animal Fat

The depletion of fossil fuel forces the world to look for alternative ways for energy production. The most common way is the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. This paper presents a detailed cost analysis for a biodiesel plant with capacity 100,000 ton/year. The cost analysis basis depends on the optimum conditions obtained from the experimental work that achieves biodiesel conversion of ≈ 99%. The study concludes that the project will achieve a good income that around four million US $ every year and the total net income during the life cycle of project is 72.5 million US .Theproductioncostofoneliterbiodieselfromusedcookingoilis0.515. The production cost of one liter biodiesel from used cooking oil is 0.515 .Theproductioncostofoneliterbiodieselfromusedcookingoilis0.515 while the global price of petro-diesel is 0.678 /literandglobalbiodieselcurrentpriceis1/ liter and global biodiesel current price is 1 /literandglobalbiodieselcurrentpriceis1/liter.

- by Abdallah EL-Gharbawy
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- Financial Economics, Biodiesel, Egypt, Financial Modeling
- by Kolawole Ajanaku and +2
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Biodiesel, Transesterification

Green production of glycerol 1,2-carbonate with an environmentally friendly catalyst was proposed. Screening and optimisation of the catalysts were comprehensively performed. The basic ionic liquid (emim[Ac]) showed best catalytic activity and recyclability. Detail understanding on the glycerol-catalysts and glycerol 1,2-carbonate-catalysts interactions has been well explored. a b s t r a c t The rapid growth of biodiesel industry has led to a large surplus of its major unintentional byproduct particularly glycerol. Thus, finding a new application is necessary to convert glycerol to value added products. In this study, glycerol has been subjected to a transesterification reaction to synthesis glycerol carbonate (GC) over several selected ammonium and imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts. It is believed that the variation of catalytic performance between ILs was due to the anion strength of ILs. The glycerol conversion, yield and selectivity of GC were followed the anion order of [Ac] > [Dca] > [Fmt] > [DMP] > [NO 3 ] > [Cl] > [BF 4 ]. Effects of reaction temperature, time, diethyl carbonate (DEC)/glyc-erol molar ratio and catalyst loading on glycerol conversion and GC yield have been analysed. The IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (emim[Ac]) shows best performance under solvent-free with conversion of glycerol and GC yield reached highest at 93.50% and 88.70%, respectively under reaction temperature of 120 °C reaction time of 2 h, DEC/glycerol molar ratio of 2 and catalyst loading of 0.5 mol%. Also, this emim[Ac] can be reused as catalyst at least three times without any significant reduction in conversion, yield and selectivity. Reaction mechanism of the transesterification reaction catalysed by emim[Ac] has been proposed in this study.

- by Asrina Sairi
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- Catalysts, Ionic Liquids, Glycerol, Transesterification

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day's diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m 3 , 5.63 Mm 2 /s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132 o C, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

- by Chemistry International
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- Biodiesel, GC-MS, Fame, Homogeneous Catalyst
- by Faizal Nur
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- Chemical Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Biodiesel, Esterification
- by Mohamed Aroua
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- Mechanical Engineering, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Biodiesel

El aceite de coco es un aceite vegetal que posee características fisicoquímicas aptas para la producción de biodiesel con un alto contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados y resistente a la oxidación. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: a) encontrar las condiciones óptimas (tiempo, temperatura, % de catalizador y relación molar) en las cuales se obtuviera un mejor rendimiento para la producción de biodiesel, haciendo un estudio de infrarrojos para observar su comportamiento. b) Una vez fijada las condiciones, se evalúa la calidad del biodiesel física y químicamente de acuerdo a las normas mexicanas, tales como, índice de yodo, índice de acidez, índice de peróxido, índice de saponificación, índice de nube, viscosidad y densidad). c) así también se obtendrá el poder calorífico de las diferentes reacciones y la cinética de la producción. La producción de biodiesel se llevó a cabo mediante la reacción de transesterificación, usando 0.5% de catalizador (NaOH), una relación molar 6:1 (alcohol-aceite), una temperatura de 60°C y un tiempo de 4 a 5 horas, todo a nivel laboratorio. Los resultados obtenidos indican que es posible producir biodiesel a partir de aceite de coco con un rendimiento del 90%, un índice de saponificación 187.23 mg KOH/g, un índice de acidez 0.398 mg NaOH/g, una viscosidad de 2.3475 cSt; las propiedades frías como punto de nube de 5.7°C, POFF de -2°C y punto de escurrimiento de -4°C.

- by Helen Lugo Méndez and +2
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- Biodiesel, GRASAS Y ACEITES, Transesterification

In this work, ethylic biodiesel was produced through changes in TDSP methodology (Transesterification Double Step Process), settling the optimal transesterification conditions – time, temperature and alcohol:oil:catalyst molar ratio – for both reaction steps, aiming the obtaining of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and ethanol. The ethylic biodiesel had its physicochemical properties evaluated according to standards established by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), with a primary focus on cold flow properties and oxidation stability. These properties were also evaluated in mixtures with different types of biodiesel and blends with petrochemical diesel. Biodiesel was also used as feedstock in epoxidation reactions carried out in a solvent-free media. Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Infrared Spectroscopy were used in order to characterize chemically and structurally the starting material (WCO), the ethylic biodiesel and the epoxidized ethyl esters. The spectroscopic analysis of the products indicated high conversion and yields of ethyl esters from WCO. The ethylic TDSP process presented easy and clear phase separation and high purity biodiesel. The physicochemical analyses according to the ANP specifications testified the effectiveness of the reaction as well as the post-synthesis purification process. The evaluation of oxidative stability and cold flow properties indicated that the use of partially hydrogenated esters may contribute to improve biodiesel resistance against oxidative processes and environments, without major losses occurring to the flow properties at low temperatures. Evaluation of blends of petrochemical diesel with biodiesel evidences the need for development of a methodology able to determine with effectiveness, accuracy and reliability the oxidation stability of all types of fuels applied in Diesel engines. The study of epoxidation of ethylic biodiesel indicates the possibility of applying the proposed method to replace the currently used, because the epoxidized ethyl esters meet the conditions of conversion and selectivity necessary. The proposed methodology eliminates the use of organic solvents, providing a time saving for the reaction and subsequent purification steps, being also less aggressive to the environment.

- by Rafael Guzatto
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- Biodiesel, Biofuels, Epoxidation, Waste cooking oil

Hydrogen (H2) has emerged as a promising alternative fuel that can be
produced from renewable resources including organic waste through biological processes. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the annual generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) is around 15 million tons
that average around 1.4 kg per capita per day. Similalry, a significant
amount of industrial and agricultural waste is generated every year in
KSA. Most of these wastes are disposed in landfills or dumpsites after
partial segregation and recycling and without material or energy recovery. This causes environmental pollution and release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions along with public health problems. Therefore, the scope of producing renewable H 2 energy from domestic and industrial waste sources is promising in KSA, as no waste-to-energy (WTE) facility exists. This chapter reviews the biological and chemical ways of H2 production from waste sources and availability of waste resources in KSA.

- by Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami and +1
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- Renewable Energy, Energy, Bioenergy, Municipal Solid Waste Management

This paper aims to examine the potential of waste biorefineries in developing countries as a solution to current waste disposal problems and as facilities to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added products. The waste in developing countries represents a significant source of biomass, recycled materials, chemicals, energy, and revenue if wisely managed and used as a potential feedstock in various biorefinery technologies such as fermentation, anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, incineration, and gasification. However, the selection or integration of biorefinery technologies in any developing country should be based on its waste characterization. Waste biorefineries if developed in developing countries could provide energy generation, land savings, new businesses and consequent job creation, savings of landfills costs, GHG emissions reduction, and savings of natural resources of land, soil, and groundwater. The challenges in route to successful implementation of biorefinery concept in the developing countries are also presented using life cycle assessment (LCA) studies.

- by Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami and +2
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- Renewable Energy, Fermentation Technologies, Biomass, Energy

- by Francis Agada
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- Renewable Energy, Biodiesel, Characterization, Diesel engine

This study presents a preliminary assessment of biodiesel production from waste sources available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for energy generation and solution for waste disposal issues. A case study was developed under three different scenarios: (S1) KSA population only in 2017, (S2) KSA population and pilgrims in 2017, and (S3) KSA population and pilgrims by 2030 using the fat fraction of the municipal solid waste. It was estimated that S1, S2, and S3 scenarios could produce around 1.08, 1.10 and 1.41 million tons of biodiesel with the energy potential of 43423, 43949 and 56493 TJ respectively. Furthermore, annual savings of US $55.89, 56.56 and 72.71 million can be generated from landfill diversion of food waste and added to the country's economy. However, there are challenges in commercialization of waste to biodiesel facilities in KSA, including waste collection and separation, impurities, reactor design and biodiesel quality.

- by Mohammad Rehan and +1
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- Renewable Energy, Energy, Biodiesel, Saudi Arabia

Biodiesel as a renewable and biodegradable fuel has great potential to mitigate the problem of soaring fuel price demand. Biodiesel has excellent properties comparable to diesel hence can substitute diesel in compression ignition engines without any modification of engine geometry. Edible vegetable oil when used as feedstock increases retail price of biodiesel. Waste animal fats (WAFs)have gained popularity recently as cost effective feedstock for biodiesel production. This paper discusses the merits of WAFs as a diesel fuel substitute particularly from waste beef tallow. This article is a detailed review of the various production methods with emphasis on transesterification processes. The factors that affect transesterification such as temperature, time and molar ratio have been included. The study reveals that waste beef fat would be a suitable replacement of vegetable oils due to low cost, its role in protecting the environment, and beef tallow esters are close to ASTM D 6751 biodiesel standards. Research work needs to be carried out on heterogeneous catalysts and low-cost lipase catalysts to improve productivity.

This paper aims to determine the waste-to-energy (WTE) and recycling
value of municipal solid waste (MSW) for developing an integrated solid
waste management (ISWM) system for Lahore, the second largest city in
Pakistan. The overall generated waste in Lahore contains 58% organic
waste, 25% recyclables, and 17% others. The recyclable materials including glass, paper, and plastic are generating US$ 15.3 million per year mostly by informal sector. An estimated production of 0.45 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids with total energy value of 8747.3 TJ or 2.43 TWh can be achieved if the total organic waste stream (0.57 million ton/year) dumped at Saggian landfill site is processed using anaerobic digestion technology. The estimated refused derived fuel (RDF) value for MSW, excluding metals, glass, and other inorganic waste is about 7.71 MJ/kg with total energy potential of 6191.13 TJ or 1.72 TWh/year. The presence of high volatile organic carbon and fixed carbon in textile and paper-related waste confirmed their suitability for incineration process. A significant reduction in the final volume of waste reaching to landfill can be achieved if these WTE technologies and recycling practices are in place. This will make a premise for ISWM system in Lahore based on reduce, reuse, recycle, and recovery principles. The recovered
materials and energy will not only generate revenue to fund waste management activities in Lahore, but also protect the River Ravi from waste pollution.

- by Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami and +2
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- Renewable Energy, Biomass, Energy, Bioenergy

Over the past years with the growing demand for fuel and the reduction of fossil sources and as a result the increase in fuel cost and on the other hand the issue of global hygiene and health has attracted the nations' attention to renewable and clean energies. Biodiesel can be produced from different sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats and oil wastes using four methods, including direct and mixing application, pyrolysis, microemulsion and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most common method. In transesterification method, the quality of biodiesel product is influenced by oil quality, the amount of free fatty acids and water in the feed, type and amount of catalyst, type and amount of alcohol, the reaction temperature, the reaction time and the stirrer speed which has been studied in this research in detail. In this research, reactors, the effects of biodiesel production on the environment, the dissemination of the pollutants in the air and the human health, biodiesel standards, some of the available programs and the required necessities in biodiesel production, including using the waste sources like feedstocks and cheap catalysts and the attention to Microalgae potential in biodiesel production have also been studied.

- by Akbar Gorji
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- Biodiesel, Air Pollution and Health Effects, Energy and Environment, Microalgae

Grass is an excellent energy crop; it may be classified as a high yielding, low energy input, perennial crop. Over 90% of Irish agricultural land is under grass; thus farmers are familiar with, and comfortable with, this crop as opposed to a “new energy crop” such as Miscanthus. Of issue therefore is not the crop, but the methodology of generating energy from the crop. Numerous farmers across Europe (in particular Germany and Austria) use grass silage as a feed-stock for biogas production; in a number of cases the produced biogas is scrubbed to biomethane and used as a transport fuel or injected into the natural gas grid. Many Irish farmers are considering converting from conventional farming such as beef production to grass biomethane production. Numerous technologies and combinations of such technologies are available; from one-stage batch dry systems to two-stage wet continuous systems; from one-stage continuous wet systems to two-stage systems incorporating a batch dry reactor coupled with a second stage high rate reactor. This paper reviews work carried out both in the scientific literature and in practice at commercial scale.

- by prem k sundaram
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- Biofuels, Ethanol, Transesterification
- by Ambarish Datta
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- Chemical Engineering, Renewable Energy, Production, Performance
- by Mohamed Aroua
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- Engineering, Kinetics, Performance, Vegetable Oils

Due to the diminution of conventional fuels, biodiesel has attracted acute attention due to its renewable and zero-emission features. However, cleaner production of biodiesel on an industrial scale requires a stable heterogeneous , low cost and recyclable catalyst. This study presents the preparation and application of copper and calcium-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts in the esterification and transesterification reactions for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). The synthesized catalysts are characterized using XRD, SEM, TGA, FTIR and BET. The catalyst characterization indicates the formations of the cubical structure of MOFs with a crystallite size of < 50 nm and thermal stability below 600°C. The catalyst has been tested for WCO to biodiesel production and the biodiesel samples comply with the ASTM standards. Furthermore, the process parameters i.e catalyst loading (X 1), reaction temperature (X 2) and alcohol-oil ratio (X 3) are optimized employing response surface methodology (RSM) via central composite design (CCD). The second-order regression model is employed to investigate the dynamic interaction between the process parameters and biodiesel yield (Y BD %). The optimum process values are determined i.e catalyst loading = 1.0 g/100 mL, reaction temperature = 60°C and alcohol-oil ratio = 20 with optimum biodiesel yield of 84.5 (vol%). The experimental results and predicted results are in good agreement with percentage error less than ± 5%. The regenerated catalyst demonstrates a significant biodiesel yield up to 7% reduction for 3 cycles.

- by Asif H Khoja and +1
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- Catalysis, Biodiesel, Esterification, Waste cooking oil

Recent studies on the exploration of eco-friendly approach by utilizing large-scale waste materials as potential catalyst in biodiesel production have attracted much attention. The development of heterogeneous catalysts especially from calcium has gained much awareness due to the large availability of calcium-rich waste materials and their corresponding high catalytic activity in the transesterification of oil. Most of the waste materials employed as heterogeneous catalysts have an abundance of natural Ca content and they have high catalyst activity and selectivity despite being environment-friendly and cost-effective. Heterogeneous catalysts with high activity can be produced from Ca based waste materials when calcined at high temperatures. This review gives a brief overview of the developments of various Ca based catalysts derived from waste materials as an efficient catalyst for biodiesel production with significant yield. Industrial wastes (red mud, slag, ash) and biological catalysts (chicken eggshells, mollusk shells, animal bones) possess enormous potential towards developing an economical catalyst and subsequently, low-cost biodiesel generation. However, future challenges await a better utilization of useless wastes into a useful resource to satisfy human needs.

Sri Lankan energy policy depends on hydropower, coal power, and fossil fuel, contributing to the transportation sector. Implementing renewable energy is a time-required necessity to minimize the dependency on imported fossil fuels. Biodiesel produced by waste cooking oil seems a promising technique as it minimizes waste handling costs as well. However, in Sri Lanka, waste cooking oil is reselling for the food industry after purification, making several health issues to the general public. There are no proper policies to avoid waste cooking oil reselling. Therefore, immediate policy implementation is necessary to minimize health issues and implement biodiesel production based on waste cooking oil. That will introduce waste cooking oil collecting bins to restaurant chains and hotels to utilize waste cooking oil for biodiesel production.

- by udara sampath
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- Bio diesel plant management, Waste cooking oil, Transesterification

Biodiesel have more and more importance as a fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel resources. Biodiesel is mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids which can be derived from renewable feed stock like edible oils and non edible oils.... more

- by pradeep kale and +1
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- Biodiesel, Renewable feedstock, Transesterification
- by Aldo Apita
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- Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Biodiesel

n context of climatic changes and soaring prices per barrel of petroleum, renewable carbon neutral, transport fuels are needed to displace petroleum derived transport fuel, which contribute to global warming and are of limited availability.Biodiesel derived from oil crop is a potential renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuel. Unfortunately, biodiesel from oil crop, waste cooking oil and animal fat cannot realistically satisfy even a small fraction of the existing demand for transport fuel. As demonstrated here, biodiesel from microalgae seem to be the most promising renewable biofuel that has the potential to completely displace petroleum-derived transport fuel without adversely affecting supply of food andother crops products. Like plants, microalgae use sunlight to produce oil but they do so more efficiently than crop plants. Oilproductivity of many microalgae greatly exceeds the oil productivity of the best producing oil crops. The present review covers the approach for making algal biodiesel more economically and competitive with petrodiesel.

- by Dr. Amit Kumar Bajhaiya
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- Microalgae, PHOTOBIOREACTOR, Transesterification

Biodiesel produced from triglycerides and/or free fatty acid (FFA) by transesterification and esterification has attracted immense attention during the past decades as a biodegradable, renewable and sustainable fuel. Currently, solid superacid catalysts has proved more efficient and “green” approach due to avoidance of environmental and corrosion problems, and reduce product purification procedures. However, it is less viable economically because the reusability is low due to lack of hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance in reactions that involve the use of inedible feedstock with high water content. Therefore, this study gives a critical review on recent strategies towards efficient and a “greener” production of biodiesel via solid superacid catalysis. The strategies discussed include alkyl-bridged organosilica moieties functionalized hybrid catalysis to improve the hydrothermal stability of superacid catalysts; pre- and in situ water removal; process intensification via temperature profile reduction. The strategies enabled well-defined porosity and excellent hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance, which suppressed deactivation by water and glycerol.

- by Yahya Muhammad Sani and +1
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- Biodiesel, Esterification, Transesterification, Sulfonation

Biodiesel derived from non edible sources is a potential eco-friendly substitute to petroleum fuel. Acid-catalysed esterification was applied to reduce free fatty acid (FFA) content of oil to zero followed by base-catalyzed transesterification to convert esterified product to its mono-esters and glycerol. The major factors affecting the conversion efficiency of these two processes such as amounts of solvent and catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time were optimized. The physical properties and heating value of Mahogany Seed Oil (MSO) and MSO diesel are evaluated and compared with that of commercial diesel. FTIR and 1H NMR spectrum of MSO and MSO biodiesel confirmed the conversion of MSO to biodiesel. The oxidation stability of MSO biodiesel oil was also studied. The study affirms the production of biodiesel from MSO as a renewable alternative to the diesel fuel.

- by Saumen Poddar
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- Biomass, Biodiesel, Antioxidant, Transesterification
- by Bijan Kumar Mandal
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- Chemical Engineering, Renewable Energy, Production, Performance

Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at very low load condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization have been done. The experiment is conducted at low load condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Jatropha biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.

- by abdul aziz
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- Mechanical Engineering, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Biodiesel
- by Aldo Apita
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- Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Kinetics

Kebutuhan akan minyak bumi sebagai sumber energi utama di berbagai negara semakin meningkat. Sebagian besar energi tersebut dihasilkan dari fosil yang tidak dapat diperbaharui dan seiring berjalannya waktu akan semakin terbatas. Minyak goreng bekas atau minyak jelantah merupakan salah satu bahan baku yang sangat menjanjikan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar disel, karena minyak ini masih mengandung trigliserida. Namun, minyak goreng bekas memiliki kadar FFA yang tinggi sehingga akan mengurangi produk akhir dan kesulitan dalam pemurnian produk. Maka dari itu diperlukan pretreatment dengan proses esterifikasi.
Proses esterifikasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan minyak goreng bekas sebanyak 150 ml dan metanol dengan perbandingan molar 1 : 3, 1 : 6, dan 1 : 9. Penambahan katalis H2SO4 dengan kadar 0,4, 0,6, 0,8 dan 1% dari volume minyak. Campuran dipanaskan pada suhu 40 oC, 50 oC dan 60 oC. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengadukan dengan kecepatan putaran 450 rpm dengan waktu 120 menit. Hasil esterifikasi didiamkan selama 24 jam kemudian dipisahkan dan dicuci dengan air hangat. Setelah didapatkan hasil optimal dilakukan percobaan kembali dengan waktu 180 menit.
Hasil penelitian paling optimum didapatkan pada perbandingan molar 1 : 9, kadar katalis 0,6% dan suhu operasi 60oC. Hasil menunjukan penurunan kadar FFA dari 7,2189% menjadi 0,2949%.

- by Muhammad Ihsan Ibnu Adi
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- Biodiesel, Esterification, Waste cooking oil, Transesterification
- by Ajeet Kumar
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- Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Technology
- by Faizal Bux
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- Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Microwave

Methyl esters are produced by transesterification of waste cooking palm oil with methanol in the presence of a catalyst, potassium hydroxide (KOH). These reactions were carried out in 4:1 (molar ratio of methanol and oil) with 0.45 weight % of the catalyst used. The rate of reaction was enhanced with increasing temperature of 50, 55 and 60 up to 65°C, and for every temperature, three samples were taken with 10 min intervals. The concentrations of methyl esters in the collected samples were determined by gas chromatography method. The kinetic mechanism of second order system was plotted in graph between 1/[G] versus t and log K versus 1/T. This graph shows activation energy for both forward, reverse reactions and correlation constant for each point. The optimum values of the rate constants are 0.018 to 0.168 weight % per min for transesterification of biodiesel from various temperatures and the activation energies included 2.53, 1.93 and 1.29 Kcal/mol for final concentration of trigl...

- by Krishnan Dhanasekaran
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- Chemistry, Technology, Kinetics, Bioenergy

Biodiesel is an alternative to conventional petro diesel; it is a mono alkyl ester of either vegetable oil or animal fat. In the case of vegetable sources, biodiesel has been produced from numerous oil seeds such as canola oil, palm, and castor oil. In this work biodiesel was produced from moringa oleifera oil seed. The moringa oleifera oil was extracted in the laboratory scale using Soxhlet extractor which is connected to a reflux condenser and a heating mantle at 60℃. After acid pretreatment the oil was transesterified using methanol with sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 for transesterification reaction was ensured. The biodiesel synthesized was characterized. The flash point, cloud point, pour point, kinematic viscosity and the acid number of the biodiesel were 135℃, 18℃ and 17℃, 4.85 mm 2 s-1 and 0.26 mg KOH/g respectively. Comparisons were drawn in line with ASTM D6751 literature standards. Discussions is proffered on the viability of the moringa oleifera oilseed as a feed stock for biodiesel production relative to other oilseeds that are commonly utilized.

- by Abdul Zubairu
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Biodiesel, MORINGA oleifera

Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such as biodiesel to that due to decreasing of fuel sources and increasing of energy demand and on the other side whether pollution and environmental problems. Using renewable waste resources in producing biodiesel has been considered by researches due to the less environmental pollution and reducing its production cost. Animal bones, mollusk shells and egg shells are among resources of renewable animal waste that have been researched to produce biodiesel as catalyst. This study is a review of researches that carried out. Studies show that catalysts that produced from renewable animal waste can be applied to produce biodiesel because of availability, abundant resources, renewability, efficient catalyst activity, low cost and possibility to reusing of mentioned catalyst.

- by Akbar Gorji
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- Biodiesel, Waste Management, Catalyst, Biodiesel Production