Microorganisms Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Plastics are polymers of higher molecular mass of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids used as inputs for industries. Over the
last few years, the need for biodegradable plastics has led to extended significance due to the extreme use of plastics and increasing
pressure being positioned on to be had capacities for plastic waste disposal. Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites
as well as growing water and land pollutant problems have caused the situation about plastics. Plastics are causing great difficulty
in environmental problems and consequently, this desires manufacturers to synthesize materials that do not have an impact on the
environment. The use of microorganisms in the surrounding to metabolize the molecular shape of plastic materials to produce
an inert humus-like material and this is much less dangerous to the surroundings, furthermore, expertise their interaction and
the biochemical adjustments they undergo are tremendously essential. In addition, the use of bio-active compounds coated with
swelling materials ensures that once it is far mixed, with heat and moisture, they make bigger the plastics molecular structure and
permit the bio-lively compounds to metabolize and neutralize the plastic. Thus, this overview article is revised to inspire and make
an impact on the importance of microorganisms on biodegradation plastic substances.

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- Biodegradation, Plastics, Pollution, Microorganisms
- by Celine Pallud
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- Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Biogeochemistry, Agriculture

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can lead to disability conditions with swollen joints, pain, stiffness, cartilage degradation, and osteoporosis. Genetic, epigenetic, sex-specific factors, smoking, air pollution, food, oral hygiene, periodontitis, Prevotella, and imbalance in the gastrointestinal microbiota are possible sources of the initiation or progression of rheumatoid arthritis, although the detailed mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. are commonly used as alleviating agents or food supplements to manage diarrhea, dysentery, develop immunity, and maintain general health. The mechanism of action of Lactobacillus spp. against rheumatoid arthritis is still not clearly known to date. In this narrative review, we recapitulate the findings of recent studies to understand the overall pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and the roles of probiotics, particularly L. casei or L. acidophilus, in the management of rheu...

- by Mohammed Rahmatullah
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- Medicine, Microorganisms

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium which colonizes the human stomach. The ability of H. pylori to evade the host defense system and the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains result in bacteria persistence and chronic inflammation, which leads to both severe gastric and extra-gastric diseases. Consequently, innovative approaches able to overcome H. pylori clinical outcomes are needed. In this work, we develop a novel non-toxic therapy based on the synergistic action of H. pylori phage and lactoferrin adsorbed on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, which effectively impairs bacteria colonization and minimizes the damage of the host pro-inflammatory response.

- by marina papaianni
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- Microorganisms
- by Ravi Naidu
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- Bioremediation, Multidisciplinary, Soil Pollution, Microorganisms
- by Fowowemi Emmanuel Korodele
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- Microbiology, Biotechnology, Antibiotics, Microorganisms

A diverse and dynamic microbial community (known as microbiota) resides within the pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The microbiota contributes to host health and performance by mediating nutrient metabolism, stimulating the immune system, and providing colonization resistance against pathogens. Manipulation of gut microbiota to enhance growth performance and disease resilience in pigs has recently become an active area of research in an era defined by increasing scrutiny of antimicrobial use in swine production. In order to develop microbiota-targeted strategies, or to identify potential next-generation probiotic strains originating from the endogenous members of GIT microbiota in pigs, it is necessary to understand the role of key commensal members in host health. Many, though not all, correlative studies have associated members of the genus Prevotella with positive outcomes in pig production, including growth performance and immune response; therefore, a comprehensive review of t...

- by hannah lantz
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- Microorganisms
- by M. Megharaj
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- Petroleum, Biomass, Cyanobacteria, Environmental Monitoring
- by David Schwartzman
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- Multidisciplinary, Weathering, Nature, Vegetation

This paper discusses both occupational health risks to workers and environmental health risks to residents and workers. The report presents an overview of the available health literature for causes of diseases, injuries, and accidents from solid waste management collection, treatment, and disposal technologies. Illnesses discussed include infectious diseases, allergies, respiratory damage, and cancers. Some diseases are derived from direct ingestion of infectious micro-organisms, others involve infection through contamination of the food chain, whereby animals or other vectors have ingested infectious micro-organisms. Injuries include joint and spinal damage, fractures, puncture wounds, damage to eyes and ears. Accidents include slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught in processing equipment, and being run over by mobile equipment. As the next steps toward improving occupational and environmental health and safety in s...

- by sandra cointreau
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- Migration, Decomposition, Environmental Health, Glass
- by Angela Lindner
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- Biochemistry, Physiology, Water, Water Purification
- by Maja Temerinac-Ott
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- Microscopy, TV, Deconvolution, Noise reduction

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are included in the list of the most threatening antibiotic resistance microorganisms, being responsible for often insurmountable therapeutic issues, especially in hospitalized patients and immunocompromised individuals and patients in intensive care units. The enzymatic resistance to carbapenems is encoded by different β-lactamases belonging to A, B or D Ambler class. Besides compromising the activity of last-resort antibiotics, CRE have spread from the clinical to the environmental sectors, in all geographic regions. The purpose of this review is to present present and future perspectives on CRE-associated infections treatment.

- by Irina Gheorghe
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- Microorganisms

The aim of this research was to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of an innovative zeolite product, characterised by an encapsulated structure with an organic matrix on vegetable and ornamental plants and the interaction with soil microorganisms present in the cultivation substrates. The experiments, started in January 2021, were conducted in the greenhouses of CREA-OF in Pescia (PT), Tuscany. The experimental groups were: i) group control, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; ii) group with zeolite 21% ammoniacal nitrogen; iii) group with zeolite coated with Ecoat; iv) group with zeolite 21% ammoniacal nitrogen, SO3 57.7% with nitritification inhibitor dcd (dicyandiamide) and DMPP 3,4 dimethylpyrazole-phosphate. The trial carried out on strawberry and Polygala myrtifolia actually showed how the use of zeolite can improve the fertilizing properties of the substrate. In particular, the use of encapsulated zeolite resulted in an increase in plant height, vegetative and root weight, number and flowers life, number and weight of fruits in strawberry and Polygala myrtifolia. In addition, there were changes in substrate pH, microbiological count and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content depending on the type of zeolytic product used. Research has shown that the use of loaded zeolite can significantly improve the agronomic and production quality of strawberry and Polygala myrtifolia plants. For example, Ecoat treatment with zeolite encapsulated with organic matrices in strawberries resulted in a pot production of 39.61 fruits and a weight of 36.39 g/fruit, compared to 24.21 and 26.48 g/fruit for the untreated control. While in Polygala myrtifolia the same treatment (Ecoat) resulted in 48.00 flowers per plant and a flowers life of 9.20 days compared to 34.86 flowers and 6.20 of the control. The trial also showed that treatment with Ecoat can promote the development of microbial colonies in the substrate, 3.5 x 104 cfu/g compared with 2.3 x 102 cfu/g in the control in strawberries and 3.2 x 104 cfu/g compared with 2.6 x 102 cfu/g in Polygala myrtifolia. In addition, the application of these aluminosilicates in substrates can influence the pH and the microbial component that is essential for the cultivation and defence of plants. The Ecoat product that performed best in the trial can play the role of both a nitrogen based fertiliser and, thanks to its organic matrix, of stimulating microbial development in the substrate in which the plants are grown.

- by Domenico Prisa
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- Zeolites, Strawberry, Vegetables, Microorganisms
- by amrie ramirez
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- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Technology, Molecular Biology

We propose a dynamics model of galvanotaxis (locomotor response to electrical stimulus) of the protozoan Paramecium. Our purpose is to utilize microorganisms as micro- robots by using galvanotaxis. For precise and advanced actuation, it is necessary to describe the dynamics of galvanotaxis in a mathematical and quantitative manner in the framework of robotics. However, until now the explanation of Paramecium galvanotaxis in previous works has remained only qualitative. In this paper, we construct a novel model of galvanotaxis as a minimal step to utilizing Paramecium cells as micro-robots. Numerical experiments for our model demonstrate realistic behaviors, such as U-turn motions, like those of real cells. Index Terms—Paramecium, galvanotaxis, dynamics, model, microrobot

- by Hiromasa Oku and +1
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- Information Science, Motion control, Automatic Control, Control Systems
- by Donald Stoeckel and +1
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- Microbiology, Assessment, Water, Evaluation

ABSTRACT River water cleaning from microorganisms using electrohydraulic discharges and ozonation was investigated. The processed water was highly polluted with the total number of microorganisms (70 400 cfu/mL) and total Escherichia coli bacteria (280 cfu/mL). The processing was conducted in a tube reactor with a hollow needle-rod electrode configuration. A 400-mL sample of river water was treated at different flow rates. Ozonation was performed in a washing bottle with an ozone concentration of 20 g/m3. The corona discharge treatment showed a steady decrease of bacteria and microorganisms but did not kill them completely. Spark discharge killed the bacteria and microorganisms completely; however, its energy efficiency was much lower than that of ozonation. The ozone treatment decreased the concentration of microorganisms and coli bacteria down to 785 and 10 cfu/mL, respectively, in 45 s which resulted in higher energy efficiency than processing using corona and spark discharges. The NPOC analysis of the treated samples showed its concentration of 5 ± 0, 4 ppm in all samples.

- by Jerzy Mizeraczyk
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- Water Treatment, Energy efficiency, River water, Microorganisms

Abstract A multidisciplinary approach is being used to identify and validate virulence factors and determinants of bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bcc is a group of problematic opportunistic pathogenic bacteria,... more

- by Christian June Ramos
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- Bioinformatics, Microbiology, Genomics, Biology

Traditional smoked fermented sausages are highly appreciated in Portugal and are mostly manufactured according to traditional procedures. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of autochthonous starter cultures on the safety and quality of a smoked fermented sausage, Painho da Beira Baixa (PBB), preserving its sensory quality. Physicochemical parameters, namely pH and water activity (aW), microbiological parameters, biogenic amines, colour, texture profile and sensory attributes were assessed. Different starters were selected based on our previous work. Staphylococcus equorum S2M7, Staphylococcus xylosus CECT7057, Lactobacillus sakei CV3C2, Lactobacillus sakei CECT7056 and a yeast strain (2RB4) were co-inoculated in meat batters at defined concentrations. Starters had a significant effect on the reduction of pH. Enterobacteria and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in inoculated end-product sausages. Moreover, sausages inoculated with S. equorum S2M7/L. sakei C...

- by Ana Cristina Agulheiro Santos and +1
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- Microorganisms

Climate Change affects almost all life forms on earth during the evolutionary age of Anthropocene, the current age in which we live. Microorganisms form the basis of ancestral life forms and are crucial in our studies related to the cause and impacts of climate change on a global scale. 'Microorganisms' are ascribed as any microscopic organism or virus not visible to the naked eye (smaller than 50 μm) that can exist in a unicellular, multicellular (for example, differentiating species), aggregate (for example, biofilm) or viral form. In addition to microscopic bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes and viruses, we discuss certain macroscopic unicellular eukaryotes (for example, larger marine phytoplankton) and wood-decomposing fungi. It is not only important to study how microorganisms impact global climate change (including production and consumption of greenhouse gases) but also how they will be affected by climate change and other associated anthropogenic activities. The impacts of climate change on larger plants and animals are well documented in scientific literature. Microbes, in contrast do not find equal attention in global climate change studies. Invisible to the naked eye and intangible, the abundance (~1030 total bacteria and archaea) and diversity of microorganisms form the foundations of a healthy global ecosystem; i.e., Total abundance of bacteria and archaea on earth's surface is estimated to about 1.2×1030 cells which are spread across the five big habitats; deep oceanic subsurface, upper oceanic sediments, deep continental subsurface, soil and oceans as per studies forwarded by (Flemming and Wuertz, 2019). The human effects on microorganisms are less obvious and certainly less characterized,

- by Moharana Choudhury
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- Microbiology, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Microorganisms
- by Victor N Vasilets
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- Health Care, Molecular Biophysics, Plasma Medicine, Air
- by Alberto Cresci
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- Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Probiotics
- by Wayne Hynes
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- Bacteria, Sterilization, Microorganisms, Cold Plasma

In this study, the possibility of optimizing the use of fertilizers on Ranunculus asiaticus by adding chabazite with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) to the substrate was evaluated. The five experimental groups in cultivation were: i) group without zeolites (CTRL), irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; ii) group with natural chabazite (CN) and 100% fertilised substrate; iii) group with chabazite enriched with PGPR (CM) and 100% fertilised substrate; iv) group with natural chabazite (CN2) and 50% fertilised substrate; v) group with chabazite enriched with PGPR (CM2) and 50% fertilised substrate. All plants treated with chabazite (CN and CN2) and chabazite enriched with PGPR (CM and CM2) showed a significant increase in the agronomic characteristics analysed compared to the untreated control (CTRL). The results show that the microorganisms are able to improve the performance of zeolitite, probably increasing the efficiency of nutrient and water absorption by the roots. This is also evident when evaluating physiological parameters where the photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content are significantly better in (CM) and (CM2) than in (CN) and (CN2). Zeolites can act as a "home" for microorganisms, as is normally the case in nature with clays. In fact, under conditions of water stress, microorganisms take refuge inside the clay particles until the environmental conditions are suitable again to colonize the soil. Zeolites are able to actively interact with the organic components present in the soil or brought with fertilization, and have the ability to make more available the mineral and nutritional components present within their crystalline lattice, according to the needs of the plant.

- by Thomas Maskow
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- Chemical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Metabolism, Biomass
- by Mieke Sterken
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- Marine Biology, Ecology, Population Dynamics, Biogeography

Mobile phones (MPs) are commonly used both in the personal and professional life. We assessed microbiological contamination of MPs from 108 students in healthcare professions (HPs), in relation to their demographic characteristics and MPs handling habits, collected by means of a questionnaire. Cultural and biochemical tests were performed, and statistical analyses were carried out. Staphylococci were present in 85% of MPs, Enterococci in 37%, Coliforms in 6.5%; E. coli was never detected. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently isolated staphylococcal species (72% of MPs), followed by S. capitis (14%), S. saprophyticus, S. warneri, S. xylosus (6%), and by S. aureus (4%). Heterotrophic Plate Counts (HPC) at 37 °C, ranged from 0 to 1.2 × 104 CFU/dm2 (mean = 362 CFU/dm2). In univariate analysis, the male gender only was significantly associated with higher HPCs and enterococcal contamination. Multiple linear regression models explained only 17% and 16% of the HPC 37 °C and s...

- by Francesca Pica
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- Microorganisms
- by Michael Kühl and +1
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- Technology, Photosynthesis, Microbial Ecology, Ecophysiology

Abstract-Biochemical changes related to stability of food waste compost are strongly affected by different composting techniques. For evaluation of compost maturity three locally fabricated composters and windrow process were examined at... more

- by Tehreem Shafiq
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- Biochemistry, Process Optimization, Decomposition, Waste

Marine-derived fungi that inhabit severe changing environments have gained increasing interest for their ability to produce structurally unique natural products. Fungi belonging to the Talaromyces and the close Penicillium genera are among the most promising microbes for bioactive compound production, including colored metabolites. Coupling pigment producing capability with bioactive effectiveness would be a valuable challenge in some specific fields such as dyeing, cosmeceutical, or food industries. In this sense, Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548, a red pigment producing strain, has been isolated from the marine environment of Reunion Island, Indian Ocean. In this research, we analyzed the effect of temperatures (21–27 °C) and salinity levels (0–9%) on fungal growth and pigment production. Maximum pigment yield was obtained in non-salted media, when cultured at 27 °C after 10 days of submerged fermentation in PDB. However, maximum dry biomass production was achieved at stressed...

- by Laurent Dufosse
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- Microorganisms
- by Claire Chenu
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- Climate Change, Global Change Biology, Biological Sciences, Global change

In this study, the effect of introducing different amounts of EM-Bokashi into the growing medium of Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana was evaluated (Figure 1) to determine whether this organic soil is able to improve the growth and flowering of these succulents. The five experimental groups in cultivation were: i) group without beneficial EM-Bokashi; ii) group with 5% EM-Bokashi; iii) group with 10% EM-Bokashi; iv) group with 15% EM-Bokashi; v) group with 20% EM-Bokashi. All plants treated with EM-Bokashi showed a significant increase in the agronomic parameters analysed compared to the untreated control. The results show that the addition of Bokashi to the growing medium of Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana can improve plant quality, in particular agronomic and physiological characteristics and increased nutrient and water uptake. The analytical results lead to the following conclusions: i) the addition of already 5% Bokashi to the growing medium can bring significant improvements to the cultivation of Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana; ii) significant improvements in terms of plant and root biomass will stabilise for amounts of Bokashi in excess of 10% in the substrate; iii) EM-Bokashi significantly improves plant nutrient and water uptake; iv) plants treated with Bokashi photosynthesize and have a higher chlorophyll content and are more efficient in the use of water; v) the qualitative and physiological improvement of plants is probably determined by the presence of beneficial bacteria in the Bokashi soil conditioner, which stimulate plants and increase nutrient uptake.

Dietary supplementation with nutrients able to control intestinal and systemic inflammation is of marketable interest. Indeed, gastrointestinal homeostasis plays a significant role in maintaining human health. In this setting, E. gracilis may sustain or promote human health, but the effects on the intestinal inflammatory milieu are not clear. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of E. gracilis and inferred possible mechanisms. Paramylon, crude, and fractionated extracts were obtained from E. gracilis grown in vitro. Phytoconstituents of the extracts were characterized using TLC and HPLC UV-Vis. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were investigated in primary human macrophages and an intestinal epithelial cell line (HT-29). The analysis of the extracts led to identifying β-carotene, neoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, canthaxanthin, and breakdown products such as pheophytins and pheophorbides. E. gracilis fractionated extracts reduced the production of t...

- by Raffaella Filippini
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- Medicine, Microorganisms

Polyurethanes (PU) are the sixth most produced plastics with around 18-million tons in 2016, but since they are not recyclable, they are burned or landfilled, generating damage to human health and ecosystems. To elucidate the mechanisms that landfill microbial communities perform to attack recalcitrant PU plastics, we studied the degradative activity of a mixed microbial culture, selected from a municipal landfill by its capability to grow in a water PU dispersion (WPUD) as the only carbon source, as a model for the BP8 landfill microbial community. The WPUD contains a polyether-polyurethane-acrylate (PE-PU-A) copolymer and xenobiotic additives (N-methylpyrrolidone, isopropanol and glycol ethers). To identify the changes that the BP8 microbial community culture generates to the WPUD additives and copolymer, we performed chemical and physical analyses of the biodegradation process during 25 days of cultivation. These analyses included Nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetry, Differential scanning calorimetry, Gel permeation chromatography, and Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry techniques. Moreover, for revealing the BP8 community structure and its genetically encoded potential biodegradative capability we also performed a proximity ligation-based metagenomic analysis. The additives present in the WPUD were consumed early whereas the copolymer was cleaved throughout the 25-days of incubation. The analysis of the biodegradation process and the identified biodegradation products showed that BP8 cleaves esters, CC , and the recalcitrant aromatic urethanes and ether groups by hydrolytic and oxidative mechanisms, both in the soft and the hard segments of the copolymer. The proximity ligation-based metagenomic analysis allowed the reconstruction of five genomes, three of them from novel species. In the metagenome, Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1

- by Manuel Burelo
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- Bioremediation, Environmental Microbiology (Biology), Polymers, Metagenomics

Varied cereal plants including, mushrooms, yeast, bacteria and algae are important sources of β-glucans, and many extraction procedures have been used in order to recover these valuable naturally occurring polysaccharides. The rheological and molecular properties of βglucans can be utilized to be incorporated into various foods and to offer properties extremely beneficial to human health. Their functional effects are mainly determined by their molecular and structural characteristics. Consumption of foods fortified and enriched with β-glucans can contribute to the treatment of certain chronic diseases. Reduced cholesterol, cardiovascular and diabetic risk and moderate glycemic response of foods have been recorded with the consumption of these biologically active compounds. In addition, β-glucans are characterized by anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. As β-glucans interact with the foods in which they are incorporated, this review aims to discuss recent applications with quality and nutritional results of β-glucans incorporation with foods such as beverages, dairy, bakery, meat and pasta products, as well as their addition in animal feeds and their uses in other fields such as medicine.

- by Sofia Agriopoulou
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- Polysaccharides, Bakery Products, Mushrooms, Bread

Microorganismos eficientes (EM) en el cultivo de Banano (Musa AAA) en el periodo de floración a cosecha, en la zona de Quevedo " "Effect of the application of Muriato of Potassium and Microorganisms efficient (EM) in the cultivation of... more

- by Jorge J W E G Espinoza
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- Agriculture, Nutricion, Microorganisms, KCl blended composts
- by Thomas Kaspar
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- Engineering, Ecological Engineering, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences

The genus Veillonella is a common and abundant member of the oral microbiome. It includes eight species, V. atypica, V. denticariosi, V. dispar, V. infantium, V. nakazawae, V. parvula, V. rogosae and V. tobetusensis. They possess important metabolic pathways that utilize lactate as an energy source. However, the overall metabolome of these species has not been studied. To further understand the metabolic framework of Veillonella in the human oral microbiome, we conducted a comparative pan-genome analysis of the eight species of oral Veillonella. Analysis of the oral Veillonella pan-genome revealed features based on KEGG pathway information to adapt to the oral environment. We found that the fructose metabolic pathway was conserved in all oral Veillonella species, and oral Veillonella have conserved pathways that utilize carbohydrates other than lactate as an energy source. This discovery may help to better understand the metabolic network among oral microbiomes and will provide guid...

- by Izumi MASHIMA and +1
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- Microorganisms
- by Tatik Khusniati
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- Comparative Study, Animal Production, Food Microbiology, Food Preservation

The paper presents the results of research on cacti such as Gymnocalycium baldianum, Gymnocalycium mihanovichii, Notocactus eugeniae and Notocactus leninghausii, aimed at improving plant growth and defense against the pathogenic fungus Fusarium sp., through the use of Gigaspora margarita inoculated in the growing medium. Objectives of the work were: i) use Gigaspora margarita to assess if the use of arbuscular mycorrhizae can lead to an increase in the growth rate of Notocactus and Gymnocalycium, plants generally slow in their growth cycle; ii) to evaluate if the use of mycorrhizae can lead to an extension of the duration of the flower, to promote pollination of bees; iii) to assess if the use of Gigaspora Margarita allows greater protection of the roots against the fungus Fusarium sp. which often affects the roots of these cacti. The two experimental groups in cultivation were: i) group without arbuscular michorriza, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; group with Gigaspora Margarita, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized. All plants treated with Gigaspora margarita showed a significant increase in plant height and circumference, vegetative and root weight of the plants, number of new suckers, number of flowers and fruits and flower life. In addition, there was significant control of the fungus Fusarium sp. in plants in which Gigaspora margarita was inoculated into the substrate, in fact a reduced infection of the roots due to this pathogen was found. The application of mycorrhiza in the cultivation of plants can guarantee the possibility to obtain a higher quality product, a higher resistance to biotic stress, an increase in growth rate, very interesting aspects in the succulent and cactus plants sector.

- by abdelbast oun
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- Environmental Science, Water, Risk assessment, Multidisciplinary
- by Karsten Kalbitz
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- Density, Aqueous Solutions, Biological Sciences, Concentration

Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequence...

- by Ievy Samina
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- Biology, Medicine, Microorganisms
- by chris yakymyshyn
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- Mechanical Engineering, Biofilms, Biosensors, Light Scattering
- by Ian Head
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- Thermodynamics, Technology, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide
- by viji bala
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- Engineering, Technology, Production, Carbon Dioxide