Cast Iron Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
In the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, corresponding to the southern and western parts of present-day Latvia, an iron industry based on blast-furnace technology, mainly using local bog iron ore, existed in the 17th and 18th centuries.... more
In the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, corresponding to the southern and western parts of present-day Latvia, an iron industry based on blast-furnace technology, mainly using local bog iron ore, existed in the 17th and 18th centuries. Transfer of knowledge and skill through the recruitment of specialists from other countries of Europe was crucial to the development of this industry; technology was also re-exported to Russia and elsewhere. Recent archaeological and archaeometallurgical investigations supplement the written evidence, highlighting the specific local conditions that influenced the development of ferrous metalworking here in the early modern period.
The research presented in this paper is focused on the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) on friction-wear properties of semi-metallic friction composites (FC). Semi-metallic FC with increasing content of silicon carbide (SiC: 0, 3.4, 5.6, 9... more
The research presented in this paper is focused on the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) on friction-wear properties of semi-metallic friction composites (FC). Semi-metallic FC with increasing content of silicon carbide (SiC: 0, 3.4, 5.6, 9 and 14.6 vol.%) were prepared and slid against cast iron disc and their friction-wear properties were evaluated. The friction coefficient ( ) was observed to increase with SiC content, nonetheless the highest content (14.6 vol.% of SiC) did not significantly increase its value. The volume wear rate (V) of tested friction composites slightly increases with SiC content and temperature. The character of friction layer was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) and the topography of friction surface was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two types of films assigned as film I and film II appearing on the friction surfaces of samples after friction test were observed. Film I originate on the friction surface of sample without SiC and is composed of debris of iron, iron oxide, stibnite and carbon. Film II is formed on the friction surface of composites containing SiC and in contrast to film I contain additional debris of SiC.
Cast iron columns were used in many 19th century structures. Many such structures are still in use today and it is important that they fulfill the current requirements on fire resistance. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive... more
Cast iron columns were used in many 19th century structures. Many such structures are still in use today and it is important that they fulfill the current requirements on fire resistance. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the behavior and fire resistance of cast iron columns based on extensive numerical simulations using ABAQUS. The ABAQUS simulation model was validated against six fire tests performed in the USA in 1917. The validated model was then used to investigate the effects of several parameters (column slenderness, load factor, load eccentricity, imperfections of column and cross section, axial restraint) on the behaviour of cast iron columns in fire. The parametric study results indicate that the fire resistance is governed by the applied load and these columns are sensitive to load eccentricity. Based on a comparison between the numerical simulation results and predictions of the EN 1993-1-2 method which is for modern steel structures, it has been found that the EN 1993-1-2 method can give safe and reasonably accurate estimate of the strength and fire resistance of cast iron columns.
Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, hardening behavior and abrasion resistance of 3Cr13Mo1V1.5 high chromium cast iron subjected to sub-critical treatment were investigated in this paper. The results show that deep... more
Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, hardening behavior and abrasion resistance of 3Cr13Mo1V1.5 high chromium cast iron subjected to sub-critical treatment were investigated in this paper. The results show that deep cryogenic treatment after sub-critical treatment, the hardness and abrasion resistance of high chromium cast iron can be boosted obviously due to abundant retained austenite transforming into martensite and secondary carbides precipitation. In the course of sub-critical treatment with cryogenic treatment, the amount of precipitated secondary carbides was more than that in air cooling, and the secondary hardening peak advanced at a lower temperature. When abrasion resistance reach the maximal, there was about 20% retained austenite in microstructures. Cryogenic treatment can further reduce the austenite content but can not make retained austenite transform to martensite completely.
The utilities at a major government office facility include both a condenser and a chilled water system. Although they are similar, the water in the first is regularly aerated, while the other is a closed system. The piping in both is... more
The utilities at a major government office facility include both a condenser and a chilled water system. Although they are similar, the water in the first is regularly aerated, while the other is a closed system. The piping in both is largely carbon steel, with minor cast iron. Both systems used Victaulic couplings rather than welded joints. The joints in the condenser section of the system are deeply corroded, while the chilled water system is in good condition. A study was implemented to determine the root cause of the failures in the condenser system, to review operating procedures to determine if they were involved in the failures, and to recommend future actions to repair the system and prevent further damage. Examination of the system showed that the interior surfaces of most of the pipe were heavily covered with a thick tan and black tubercular deposit, largely iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, with minor calcium carbonate. Prior to use the original pipe interior surfaces were unprotected by any coating; the present surfaces are broadly, but not deeply, corroded. However, the lips of many of the joints, between the rubber gaskets, have suffered major material loss through corrosion. Comparison of the microbiology of the metal surfaces of the joints and the gaskets at those joints in the two systems showed that there were significantly greater concentrations of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria at both of those locations in the condenser water system than in the chilled system, particularly on the gaskets. These bacteria are not detected by the normal plate counts run by the water treatment provider. However, slime-forming and iron-degrading bacteria have been specifically identified in the pipe joints by Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis and DNA sequencing techniques. Chemical analysis of the deposit in one of the joints shows an extremely high sulfur concentration (2.3%), indicative of the presence of active sulfur-reducing bacteria. Water analyses show relatively high sulfur and chloride contents. The design of the specific Victaulic couplings appears to be related to the failures as all the failures occurred in only one model of joint and not in others. In addition, aeration of the condenser water and operating procedures may have had major roles in the failures. The system may have been pressure tested and then left standing for as much as several months before formal operation began. The root cause of the failure appears to have been this procedural mistake. Bacteria may have colonized the joint areas during that interval, and no amount of subsequent biocide treatment was likely to penetrate the resultant biofilms in these protected joint areas. The metabolic processes of the various forms of bacteria comprising the biofilms would be responsible for promoting much of the corrosion now seen to have taken place. The difference in dissolved oxygen between the two systems also accounts in part for the difference in corrosivity of the waters in them.
An arti®cial neural network-based system is proposed to predict mechanical properties in spheroidal cast iron. Several castings of various compositions and modules were produced, starting from different inoculation temperatures and with... more
An arti®cial neural network-based system is proposed to predict mechanical properties in spheroidal cast iron. Several castings of various compositions and modules were produced, starting from different inoculation temperatures and with different cooling times. The mechanical properties were then evaluated by means of tension tests. Process parameters and mechanical properties were then used as a training set for an arti®cial neural network. Different neural structures were tested, from the simple perceptron up to the multilayer perceptron with two hidden layers, and evaluated by means of a validation set. The results have shown excellent predictive capability of the neural networks as regards maximum tensile strength, when the variation range of strength does not exceed 100 MPa. 5 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
In the present investigation, molten aluminium corrosion tests have been performed on boronised samples of duplex 22Cr -5Ni stainless steel, hot work steel (AISI H13) and nodular cast iron, and on a non-boronised g-TiAl sample as a... more
In the present investigation, molten aluminium corrosion tests have been performed on boronised samples of duplex 22Cr -5Ni stainless steel, hot work steel (AISI H13) and nodular cast iron, and on a non-boronised g-TiAl sample as a reference. The experimental results show that the corrosion rate, as expressed in terms of volume loss per square centimetre of the specimen per hour, was reduced with boronising by a factor of 16 and 20 for the nodular cast iron and the duplex stainless steel, respectively. Apparently, the corrosion resistance becomes better than that of TiAl under the prevailing conditions. For the AISI H13 tool steel, the corrosion rate was reduced by a factor of 3. The corrosion mechanisms involved are discussed in terms of diffusion rate controlling elements. D
Precise knowledge of the Fe-C-Si system has been the subject of numerous previous studies because of the importance of this system for steelmaking processes and cast iron foundry. However, the most recent articles on this subject still... more
Precise knowledge of the Fe-C-Si system has been the subject of numerous previous studies because of the importance of this system for steelmaking processes and cast iron foundry. However, the most recent articles on this subject still reveal uncertainties or insufficient information. The purpose of this work was to assess this system and to give it a precise description, but one which was simple enough for practical applications. An evaluation of the parameters describing the thermodynamic properties of the phases involved in the binary Fe-Si system has been achieved, mainly based on values of the silicon activity in the body-centered cubic (bcc) phase and on knowledge of the phase diagram. The A2-B2 ordering reaction of the bcc phase has been included. It has been shown that this reaction is of paramount importance for the description of the thermodynamic properties of this phase and its field of stability. This preliminary work and previous similar studies of the Fe-C and Si-C systems were used as a base for the evaluation of the ternary stable and metastable Fe-C-Si systems. Optimization of the parameters describing the properties of the phases involved in both of these systems was achieved using experimental thermodynamic data and the critical assessment of the phase diagrams.
The brake system is an important part of an automobile. It plays a vital role in helping the driver to reduce the speed of an automobile or to stop the automobile. Initially, when automobiles were first introduced, they were equipped with... more
The brake system is an important part of an automobile. It plays a vital role in helping the driver to reduce the speed of an automobile or to stop the automobile. Initially, when automobiles were first introduced, they were equipped with drum brakes. These drum brakes were cheap, easy to install and atmospheric agents cannot hinder their performance. Despite these advantages, the major disadvantage of the drum brake system is the poor heat dissipation. To tackle this problem, the automotive engineers came up with the disc brake system. The brake rotor is one of the most critical components of the disc brake system. The brake rotor is made up of a pure metal or a metal with certain reinforcements. These brake rotors are circular with perforations made in a particular manner to enable faster dissipation. These perforations help to reduce the weight of the disc brake rotor. The disc brake rotor is fixed to the wheel hub with brake calipers. In this review article, I will be critically analyzing various research articles on the thermal and mechanical properties of various brake rotor materials used in automobiles.
Approximately 90 million tons of red mud are produced annually in the world. Red mud represent one of the metallurgical by-products more difficult to dispose of, due to the high alkalinity (pH 10-13) and storage techniques issues. Up to... more
Approximately 90 million tons of red mud are produced annually in the world. Red mud represent one of the metallurgical by-products more difficult to dispose of, due to the high alkalinity (pH 10-13) and storage techniques issues. Up to now, economically viable commercial processes for the recovery and the reuse of these waste are not available. The high content of iron oxide (30-60 %wt.) ranks the red mud as a potential raw material for the production of iron by direct route. In this work, the possibility to produce iron sponge (< 1200 °C) or cast iron (> 1300 °C) using blast furnace sludge as a reducing agent is presented. The tests results of red mud reduction through blastfurnace sludge were compared with those obtained by graphite as reference condition, using the C/Fe203 ratio as a comparison parameter. The use of the blast furnace sludge as a reducing agent to recover the iron fraction contained in the red mud is technically feasible. The chemical beha vior is equivalent for the reduced samples through graphite than those reduced through blast furnace sludge. The mass losses measured in the two groups, at the same C/Fe203 ratio, are similar (Figure 13a). The higher the treatment temperature and the amount of added carbon is (whether in the form of graphite or semi-coke), the mass loss increases linearly. As temperature increases, the iron sponge, which begins to form at 1200 % can carburize and liquefy at a temperature above 1300 °C. Further increasing the temperature up to 1500 % also the slag reaches its melting temperature. The higher the C/Fe203 ratio is (Figure 13b), the metallic iron and total iron fractions in the sample increase proportionally. The samples reduced through blast furnace sludge have an iron fraction higher than samples reduced through graphite. The metallization ratios obtained using blast furnace sludge are fully comparable with those obtained using graphite, demonstrating that blast furnace sludge is an excellent carbon source for iron oxides bearing by-products reduction. For all the conditions tested, the metallization ratio was higher than 70%, and best condition to reduce red mud through blast furnace sludge was identified at C/Fe203 ratio equal to 0.85.
Thermoplastic rejects are un-recyclable plastics that are either incinerated causing harmful emissions into the air or land-filled. A common problem associated with manhole covers is the theft of the cover made out of cast iron and then... more
Thermoplastic rejects are un-recyclable plastics that are either incinerated causing harmful emissions into the air or land-filled. A common problem associated with manhole covers is the theft of the cover made out of cast iron and then selling it on the black market leaving a large empty hole in the road causing many potential safety and health hazards. This paper investigates the reinforcement of unrecyclable thermoplastic rejects to be used in the application of a manhole cover. Foundry sand and steel were used with the thermoplastic rejects as reinforcement of the material. Foundry sand is a hazardous waste that may cause many potential health hazards. It was shown that with 10% foundry sand, 90% thermoplastic rejects, and a steel mesh of diameter size 12 mm reinforcement, the manhole cover could withstand an average load of 112 kN. This value exceeds Grades A, AA, AAA, and B of acclaimed standards BS EN 124 for manhole covers, which ultimately indicates that the manhole cover may be used in pedestrian precincts and areas with occasional vehicular access. This composite material is produced out of waste materials (foundry sand and un-recyclable thermoplastic rejects) thus not utilizing or depleting the earth's natural resources, and eliminating the safety hazards, health hazards, and pollution associated with these waste materials. Not only is this product a benefit to the environment, but also inexpensive due to the fact that the materials are un-recyclable waste materials, and thus do not attain any value or cost.
Článek pojednává o sortimentu slévárny v Rožmitále pod Třemšínem, která prokazatelně produkovala litinu v letech 1714 – 1966. K zjištění sortimentu posloužily prameny, literatura, dobové fotografie, ale i výrobky dochované v terénu.... more
Článek pojednává o sortimentu slévárny v Rožmitále pod Třemšínem, která prokazatelně produkovala litinu v letech 1714 – 1966. K zjištění sortimentu posloužily prameny, literatura, dobové fotografie, ale i výrobky dochované v terénu. Rožmitálská slévárna nepatřila k těm nejlepším ani největším, ale i přesto jsou mnohé její výrobky na špičkové úrovni. V 19. a na začátku 20. století se slévárna vedle strojírenství specializovala na funerální litinu, jež byla ve velkém vyvážena do jižních Čech. Kříže jsou jedním z nejčastějších výrobků, na které lze v terénu narazit. Průřez sortimentem rožmitálské slévárny lze spatřit ve stále expozici Podbrdského muzea.
- by Rudolf Moledor
- •
- Foundry, Cast Iron
Semi-solid metal casting and forming is a promising production method for a wide range of metal alloys. In spite of many applications for semi-solid processed light alloys, few works have reported on the semi-solid processing of iron and... more
Semi-solid metal casting and forming is a promising production method for a wide range of metal alloys. In spite of many applications for semi-solid processed light alloys, few works have reported on the semi-solid processing of iron and steel. In this research, an inclined plate was used to change the dendritic structure of iron to globular. The effects of the length and slope of the plate on the casting structure were examined. The results show that the process effectively changes the dendritic structure to globular. A sloped plate angle of 7.5˚ and length of 560 mm with a cooling rate of 67 K s 1 gave the optimum graphite nodularity and solid particle globularity. The results also show that the sloped plate more easily prevents inoculant fading since the total time processing is rather short. In addition the semi-solid ductile cast iron prepared using the inclined plate method was reheated to examine the effect of reheating conditions on the microstructure and coarsening kinetics of the alloy. The solid fractions at different reheating temperatures and holding times were used to find the optimum reheating temperature range.
I am sending you 2016 archeological field research report of a Mongolia-Japan joint project "History of ancient Mongolian craft production". It is in a PDF format so please download and share it with others.
Pre-disturbance measurements of the in-situ corrosion properties of iron fittings on the snow brig James Matthews (1841) have been used as conservation management tools for the site. The wreck of the former slave trader is historically... more
Pre-disturbance measurements of the in-situ corrosion properties of iron fittings on the snow brig James Matthews (1841) have been used as conservation management tools for the site. The wreck of the former slave trader is historically significant and the potential impact of continued industrial activities associated with nearby dredging activities necessitated in-situ cathodic protection of exposed iron fittings. A laboratory simulation study of the impact of pH and chloride content on the corrosion of cast iron and mild steel was conducted. There was a linear relationship between the corrosion rate of cast iron and the log of chloride ion concentration in the pH range 7.8< pH >5.5 with only a small pH effect noted for the given range of conditions. Studies on a 19th century mild steel sample indicated that the corrosion rate was linearly dependent on the square root of the chloride ion concentration and the corrosion rate fell in a linear fashion as the pH was increased to s...
In this study, tool life performance of multilayer hard coatings was evaluated for machining of nodular cast iron. With this regard, TiCN+TiC+TiCN+Al 2 O 3 +TiN and TiCN+TiC+TiCN+Al 2 O 3 +TiN multilayered coatings with different... more
In this study, tool life performance of multilayer hard coatings was evaluated for machining of nodular cast iron. With this regard, TiCN+TiC+TiCN+Al 2 O 3 +TiN and TiCN+TiC+TiCN+Al 2 O 3 +TiN multilayered coatings with different thicknesses were fabricated on WC substrates using high temperature chemical vapor deposition (HTCVD). These cutting tools with hard multilayered coating systems were used in longitudinal turning of nodular cast iron under cutting condition encountered in the shop floor. To investigate the tool life performance in cutting tools coated by HTCVD method, cutting experiments were performed in CNC turning bench by using three distinct cutting tools having multilayered hard coatings and WC insert with square edges, and two types of nodular cast irons. Cutting speed, depth of cutting, and feed rate were kept as constant values. Tool life based on flank wear was the parameters considered to compare the three cutting tools. It was found that TiCN+TiC+TiCN+Al 2 O 3 +TiN (T3) multilayer coating with 10.5 lm thick exhibited better performance according to all parameters.
Presented at the Association of Preservation Technology Conference, Chicago 2007
The corrosion behavior of cast iron in different aqueous salt solutions has been studied. Samples of cast iron were exposed in the salt solutions media for 40 days and corrosion rates evaluated, using total immersion test and Tafel... more
The corrosion behavior of cast iron in different aqueous salt solutions has been studied. Samples of cast iron were exposed in the salt solutions media for 40 days and corrosion rates evaluated, using total immersion test and Tafel extrapolation curves. The concentration of salts taken is 5 g/liter. The total immersion test parameters vise weight loss; corrosion rate as well as Tafel extrapolation parameters, I corr., corrosion potential , corrosion rate have been calculated. Besides these terms, the pH and electrical conductivity have been calculated by standard methods.
Corrosion induced failure of buried ferrous pipelines causes significant economic losses to the world. Many of the existing buried water pipelines are made of ductile iron in most of the developed countries. Literature shows that the... more
Corrosion induced failure of buried ferrous pipelines causes significant economic losses to the world. Many of the existing buried water pipelines are made of ductile iron in most of the developed countries. Literature shows that the research on the corrosion-induced degradation assessments of ductile iron pipelines is limited and mostly deals with the physical deterioration i. e., loss of wall thickness determined by short-term research. This paper addresses this gap and presents a comparatively long-term study on the corrosion and its subsequent effect on the composition and nanomechanical properties of buried ductile iron pipelines in the accelerated corrosive environment. For experimentation, ductile iron specimens were immersed in the acidic simulated soil solution for 365 days. Physical deterioration assessment over the time was carried out in terms of corrosion rates measured at intervals of 180 and 365 days. A significant change in the percentage composition of key elements and phases were quantified. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the grains were found to be considerably reduced after 365 days of immersion in the acidic environment by the nanoindentation technique. The results revealed an alarming increase of structural degradation at nano scale for some of the grains due to chloride induced localised corrosion. The significance of the current research is its in-depth analysis of the corrosion-induced degradation of ductile iron pipes which enhances the knowledge related to the failure of these pipelines.
The primary goal of this investigation was to create austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) with a fully ferritic microstructure without compromising its mechanical properties. This was achieved by applying a novel heat treatment process.... more
The primary goal of this investigation was to create austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) with a fully ferritic microstructure without compromising its mechanical properties. This was achieved by applying a novel heat treatment process. This process consists of austempering and subsequent isothermal tempering below the inter critical (A 1 ) temperature of ductile cast iron. Ductile cast iron samples were initially austenitized at 927 • C (1700 • F) for 2 h and then austempered at three different temperatures 260 • C (500 • F), 316 • C (600 • F) and 385 • C (725 • F) and finally isothermally tempered at 484 • C (900 • F) for 2 h. This resulted in a fully ferritic microstructure. The effect of this tempering on the physical and mechanical properties of the material was examined and compared with conventionally processed ADI. Tests results show that when ADI is austempered at 260 • C (500 • F) and subsequently tempered at 484 • C (900 • F) it has significantly better mechanical properties than the samples initially austempered at other two temperatures (i.e. 316 • C (600 • F) and 385 • C (725 • F)).
Perth waterworks was constructed in 1832, designed by schoolmaster Adam Anderson and manufactured by the Dundee Foundry Company. The importance of the building as a datum in the technological evolution of the use of cast iron has not... more
Perth waterworks was constructed in 1832, designed by schoolmaster Adam Anderson and manufactured by the Dundee Foundry Company. The importance of the building as a datum in the technological evolution of the use of cast iron has not previously been identiDied, with credit historically given to James Bogardus as a pioneer of the technique. The authors propose that it may be the earliest known example of cast iron façade construction. The original construction technique employed cast iron cement within Dlange faces, bolted with wrought iron Dixings. SacriDicial corrosion caused widespread bolt failure and stress fractures to Dlanges. Thermal movement and moisture ingress had exacerbated this problem.
A previously unattributed outdoor sculpture at the Rienzi House museum of European decorative arts in Houston required treatment for corrosion and lead paint mitigation. The sculpture was extremely corroded, with the base partially buried... more
A previously unattributed outdoor sculpture at the Rienzi House museum of European decorative arts in Houston required treatment for corrosion and lead paint mitigation. The sculpture was extremely corroded, with the base partially buried in soil, causing large pustules of iron corrosion and extensive failure of the oil-based top coats and red lead primer.
- by Jane Gillies
- •
- Archaeology, Cast Iron
A certain number of railway brake discs made of gray cast iron, showed the presence of small cracks only after a few thousand kilometers. To investigate main causes of a brake disc failure, numerical analysis was done by using ABAQUS... more
A certain number of railway brake discs made of gray cast iron, showed the presence of small cracks only after a few thousand kilometers. To investigate main causes of a brake disc failure, numerical analysis was done by using ABAQUS software. Numerical analysis resulted from a physical model of heat flux in dependence of braking time. Physical model was applied considering all demands and presumptions given by industry representatives.
Electric arc furnaces (EAF) have the capabilities required for furnaces used for metallurgical research. An electric arc furnace was designed and constructed to melt approximately 5kg of steel/cast iron scraps, using locally produced... more
Electric arc furnaces (EAF) have the capabilities required for furnaces used for metallurgical research. An electric arc furnace was designed and constructed to melt approximately 5kg of steel/cast iron scraps, using locally produced Soderberg electrodes. Tests carried out showed that it required about 60 minutes to heat up the furnace to the melting temperature of cast iron (1150C -1400C). It took about 95 minutes to melt the first charge of 2kg resulting in a melting rate of 21.05g/minute. The average electrode consumption rate was 0.0467cm/minute. A transformer efficiency of about 83% was also achieved.
For older water pipeline materials such as cast iron and asbestos cement, future pipe failure rates can be extrapolated from large volumes of existing historical failure data held by water utilities. However, for newer pipeline materials... more
For older water pipeline materials such as cast iron and asbestos cement, future pipe failure rates can be extrapolated from large volumes of existing historical failure data held by water utilities. However, for newer pipeline materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), only limited failure data exists and confident forecasts of future pipe failures cannot be made from historical data alone. To solve this problem, this paper presents a physical probabilistic model, which has been developed to estimate failure rates in buried PVC pipelines as they age. The model assumes that under in-service operating conditions, crack initiation can occur from inherent defects located in the pipe wall. Linear elastic fracture mechanics theory is used to predict the time to brittle fracture for pipes with internal defects subjected to combined internal pressure and soil deflection loading together with through-wall residual stress. To include uncertainty in the failure process, inherent defect size is treated as a stochastic variable, and modelled with an appropriate probability distribution. Microscopic examination of fracture surfaces from field failures in Australian PVC pipes suggests that the 2-parameter Weibull distribution can be applied. Monte Carlo simulation is then used to estimate lifetime probability distributions for pipes with internal defects, subjected to typical operating conditions. As with inherent defect size, the 2-parameter Weibull distribution is shown to be appropriate to model uncertainty in predicted pipe lifetime. The Weibull hazard function for pipe lifetime is then used to estimate the expected failure rate (per pipe length/per year) as a function of pipe age. To validate the model, predicted failure rates are compared to aggregated failure data from 17 UK water utilities obtained from the United Kingdom Water Industry Research (UKWIR) National Mains Failure Database. In the absence of actual operating pressure data in the UKWIR database, typical values from Australian water utilities were assumed to apply. While the physical probabilistic failure model shows good agreement with data recorded by UK water utilities, actual operating pressures from the UK is required to complete the model validation. r
built between 1855 and 1860, remains today more or less in its original appearance. On stepping into the dimly lit entrance foyer and climbing the leaden-grey stone steps, a visitor may be unprepared for the architectural vision beyond... more
built between 1855 and 1860, remains today more or less in its original appearance. On stepping into the dimly lit entrance foyer and climbing the leaden-grey stone steps, a visitor may be unprepared for the architectural vision beyond the unassuming wooden doors. Natural light pours through the clear glass roof, illuminating the museum's central court. The daylight touches every surface-the specimens, the walls, the floors, corners and crevasses. Numerous stone and iron columns support a roof formed of overlapping glass scales, interwoven with iron cross work, added to which are the skeletons of great leviathans suspended from this extraordinary iron and glass ceiling. The juxtaposition of the cast-iron lancet arches that support the roof with the large curving rib bones of the various whale specimens hanging above creates a remarkable sight. As the bright midday sun reaches its zenith, the bones seem to appropriate the same steely-grey and ochre-yellow patina as the ironwork, making their individual forms, colours and textures indistinguishable from one another (figure 1). This phenomenon of material slippage is striking, and it raises the question as to whether this chromatic conflation of bone and iron was an intentional part of the museum's original design. In the museum, the bone and iron both share the visual attribute of being relatively narrow and long, particularly when considering the rib bones, with their delicately curving processes, echoed in the roof's iron lancet arches. Both materials yellow over time, but they also express many other similar intrinsic properties that had not gone unnoticed by nineteenth-century scholars and academics. 1 They were considered to be ideal building materials, having the shared properties of being both light and incredibly strong. The intrinsic properties, physical
El hierro y la posibilidad de usarlo en estructuras metálicas se desarrolló en Cataluña en paralelo a su profundo proceso de industrialización. Los primeros pasos de la llamada arquitectura del hierro del siglo XIX se pueden relacionar... more
El hierro y la posibilidad de usarlo en estructuras metálicas se desarrolló en Cataluña en paralelo a su profundo proceso de industrialización. Los primeros pasos de la llamada arquitectura del hierro del siglo XIX se pueden relacionar con los excedentes producidos por un tejido empresarial de pequeñas fundiciones y talleres mecánicos que se habían especializado en la producción de piezas de recambio de máquinas de vapor y telares me-cánicos. Con el tiempo, estos talleres tuvieron la capacidad de transformarse en empresas de mayor envergadura. En este contexto emergieron tres figuras de perfil profesional muy diverso que ejercieron de verdaderos pioneros de las construcciones metálicas en Cataluña: Michel de Bergue, Josep Maria Cornet i Mas y Joan Torras Guardiola. Para mostrar estos primeros balbuceos de las estructuras metálicas en Cataluña se utilizará un sesgo marcadamente biográfico, ya que esta aproximación permitirá señalar el tejido de relaciones que se establecen en el sector productivo de la primera industrialización catalana y sus conexiones con el debate arquitectónico europeo.
Severe corrosion distress and failures in post-tensioned tendons has been found in two major bridges in the State of Florida. Corrosion distress and complete tendon failure has been identified in horizontally oriented tendons that support... more
Severe corrosion distress and failures in post-tensioned tendons has been found in two major bridges in the State of Florida. Corrosion distress and complete tendon failure has been identified in horizontally oriented tendons that support pre-cast bridge superstructure box segments. In virtually all instances, the observed corrosion has been associated with the presence of grout voids and visual evidence of
The thermal diffusivities of a range ~f grey cast irons have been measured over the temperature range 200°-700°C using the flash method. Detailed metallographic examinations of the specimens have also been carried out. The effects of... more
The thermal diffusivities of a range ~f grey cast irons have been measured over the
temperature range 200°-700°C using the flash method. Detailed metallographic
examinations of the specimens have also been carried out. The effects of size, shape,
and distribution of free graphite and of dijferent matrix structures have been
investigated. It has beenfound that the dijfusivity of cast irons is strongly influenced
by the graphite phase and, to a lesser extent, by the matrix structure.
The design of the casting system is one of the most important aspects in foundry processes and influences the quality and efficiency results of the production in a decisive way. The essential concepts and the calculation logic for a... more
The design of the casting system is one of the most important aspects in foundry processes and influences the quality and efficiency results of the production
in a decisive way. The essential concepts and the calculation logic for a correct dimensioning through
the method of successive approximations are illustrated as follows.
- by Enrico Flamigni
- •
- Cast Iron
Although there have been great advances in the development of cutting tool materials which have significantly improved the machinability of a large number of metallic materials, including cast irons, steels and some high temperature... more
Although there have been great advances in the development of cutting tool materials which have significantly improved the machinability of a large number of metallic materials, including cast irons, steels and some high temperature alloys such as nickel-based alloys, no equivalent development has been made for cutting titanium alloys due primarily to their peculiar characteristics. This paper reviews the main problems associated with the machining of titanium as well as tool wear and the mechanisms responsible for tool failure. It was found that the straight tungsten carbide (WC/Co) cutting tools continue to maintain their superiority in almost all machining processes of titanium alloys, whilst CVD coated carbides and ceramics have not replaced cemented carbides due to their reactivity with titanium and their relatively low fracture toughness as well as the poor thermal conductivity of most ceramics. This paper also discusses special machining methods, such as rotary cutting and the use of ledge tools, which have shown some success in the machining of titanium alloys. © 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.
This exhibition, held at the Technischen Universität Berlin from 27 October 2017 to 10 January 2018, examines for the first time the role of architect Carl von Diebitsch (1819-1869) for the global phenomenon of the 19th century Moorish... more
This exhibition, held at the Technischen Universität Berlin from 27 October 2017 to 10 January 2018, examines for the first time the role of architect Carl von Diebitsch (1819-1869) for the global phenomenon of the 19th century Moorish Revival.
- by Ariane Varela Braga and +3
- •
- Al-Andalus, Orientalism in art, Germany, Cast Iron
Brake linings used in automotive disk brakes are usually made of various components such as phenolic resin, Cu powder, BaSO 4 , Al 2 O 3 , etc. In this study, 20 specimens with different compositions of the components were manufactured... more
Brake linings used in automotive disk brakes are usually made of various components such as phenolic resin, Cu powder, BaSO 4 , Al 2 O 3 , etc. In this study, 20 specimens with different compositions of the components were manufactured and a pad-on-disc-type wear tester was used. Friction and wear characteristics of the specimens next to a disk made of cast iron were studied. In addition, micro-structural characterisation of braking pads was carried out using SEM and also the effect of temperature on behaviour of the pads was investigated at the temperatures of 50-400 8C and pressure of 1050 and 3000 kPa. Finally, the effect of environment on the pads was investigated in water, salty water, oil and braking liquid media. q
This paper describes an experimental and analytical study to correlate the ductility variation in ductile cast iron to casting defects and the cast iron's microstructure. A large set of specimens from three manufactured components were... more
This paper describes an experimental and analytical study to correlate the ductility variation in ductile cast iron to casting defects and the cast iron's microstructure. A large set of specimens from three manufactured components were tested to derive statistical distributions of tensile and fracture properties. Eighty-one of 150 tested tensile specimens were analyzed by metallography and fractography to identify and size defects and microstructural variations. It was found that the elongation at fracture was reduced by casting defects in the form of magnesium-oxide films and to a lesser extent by the graphite properties and pearlite content. The paper presents an elastic-plastic probabilistic fracture mechanics model that relates the variation in ductility to the size and shape of casting defects. The agreement between computed and measured results is quite good.
Performance of rolls in an Integrated Steel Plant like Tata Steel affects many plant performance measures i.e. mills down time (which affects plant productivity), rejection of rolled products, roll dressing time, consumption of rolls /... more
Performance of rolls in an Integrated Steel Plant like Tata Steel affects many plant performance measures i.e. mills down time (which affects plant productivity), rejection of rolled products, roll dressing time, consumption of rolls / ton of steel rolled etc. In order to ensure the supply of the rolls without harmful flaws, NDT techniques, particularly Ultrasonic and Eddy Current, were developed and implemented on the shop floor to improve the plant performance by reducing their failure in the mill. Indefinite Chilled Cast Iron Double Poured Work Rolls of finishing stands, High Chrome Iron as well as Chrome Steel Work Rolls of early finishing and roughing stand were evaluated for their shell / core disbond as well as surface cracks using these techniques. High Speed Steel rolls under trial in the finishing stand F2 were also evaluated for their surface cracks using an eddy current inspection method developed at R&D Division of Tata Steel..
Complément à la revue Fontes (éditeur : ASPM www.fontesdart.org), ce document offre une approche comparative entre la démarche anglaise (le mécénat privé) et la démarche française où on attend du pouvoir un approvisionnement en eau. Sir... more
Complément à la revue Fontes (éditeur : ASPM www.fontesdart.org), ce document offre une approche comparative entre la démarche anglaise (le mécénat privé) et la démarche française où on attend du pouvoir un approvisionnement en eau. Sir Richard Wallace introduit en France la mentalité anglaise (les cariatides de la fontaine sont nommées "charités"). Faisant appel très largement à l'illustration, l'étude remet cette fontaine Wallace, emblématique de Paris aujourd'hui, dans un temps plus long XIXe et XXe siècle.
The oil refining industry, which was established in the mid-19th century, has become a foundation of modern society. While the refining of crude oil to produce transportation fuels, petrochemical feedstocks and a variety of other products... more
The oil refining industry, which was established in the mid-19th century, has become a foundation of modern society. While the refining of crude oil to produce transportation fuels, petrochemical feedstocks and a variety of other products has brought manifold benefits, it has also led to the global proliferation of greenhouse gas emissions as well as local air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels. The industry is therefore confronted with a growing need to decarbonize its operations, as well as to support decarbonization of the end use sectors that it directly enables. This paper provides a systematic and critical literature review to uncover the means by which the oil refining industry can decarbonize and evolve as part of an increasingly carbon constrained future. A sociotechnical perspective is used to understand the full range of industrial and economic activities where a decarbonized oil refining industry is expected to remain important and to provide the framework to assess key technical, economic, social and political factors that will likely impact the evolution of the oil refining industry. We highlight key opportunities for this industry to decarbonize while also exposing gaps in the existing literature concerning its decarbonization. The insights provided are expected to support policy makers, researchers and practitioners with the tools needed advance a low-carbon transition of the oil refining industry.
Two brief notes on the first detailed examination of an iconic Coalbrookdale cast iron pot, with metallurgy and micro XRF analysis
This paper analyses a catastrophic cylinder failure of a four stroke 14 V diesel engine of an electrical power plant when running to nominal speed of 600 rpm. The rated power of the engine was 7.5 MW and before failure had accumulated... more
This paper analyses a catastrophic cylinder failure of a four stroke 14 V diesel engine of an electrical power plant when running to nominal speed of 600 rpm. The rated power of the engine was 7.5 MW and before failure had accumulated 80,000 h in service operating mainly at full load. As a result, the piston and liner of cylinder 4 were broken; the crankcase and main crankshaft bearings next to this cylinder were also damaged. The mechanical properties of the liner (grey cast iron) and piston body (aluminium alloy) including tensile properties and Brinell hardness were evaluated. No signs of fatigue failure were identified in liner and piston. A finite element model of the liner has shown that the most heavily loaded areas match the fractured zones.
Mechanical characterization of castings made of graphite cast iron The latest novelty in the field of cast irons is the CGI, a compact graphite cast iron; we will study the behaviour of this material under rotating bending in relation... more
Mechanical characterization of castings made of graphite cast iron The latest novelty in the field of cast irons is the CGI, a compact graphite cast iron; we will study the behaviour of this material under rotating
bending in relation with the data obtained from
static bending and micro-hardness tests.
- by Enrico Flamigni
- •
- Cast Iron
This article investigates the solidification of hypo, eutectic and hypereutectic gray cast irons, using novel techniques developed by the authors. The nature of the revealed macro and microstructure suggests that the solidification... more
This article investigates the solidification of hypo, eutectic and hypereutectic gray cast irons, using novel techniques developed by the authors. The nature of the revealed macro and microstructure suggests that the solidification mechanism is different from that usually accepted.
IRONMAKING MINERALS AND ANCIENT SIDERURGY. SOME CLARIFICATION. Speaking about ancient siderurgy, in very many archaeological and historical publications “iron mineral” is quoted as a generic and lone ironmaking materials; moreover,... more
IRONMAKING MINERALS AND ANCIENT SIDERURGY. SOME CLARIFICATION.
Speaking about ancient siderurgy, in very many archaeological and historical publications “iron mineral” is quoted as a generic and lone ironmaking materials; moreover, magnetite, pyrite and some iron silicates, are quoted as ironmaking in ancient, medieval and modern times. To clarify errors and contradictions, it is necessary to subdivide the long siderurgy history, and tecnology, in four periods, partially overlapping:
- the historical direct reduction (low fire and shaft furnace) producing direct ductile iron from the Iron Age beginning to the second half of the XIX century;
- the historical indirect reduction (blast furnace) producing indirect hard iron from about X-XI centuries to the half of the XIX century;
- the current siderurgy (foundery/steelworking complexes) producing indirect iron and steel from the XVIII century to theese days;
- the “new” direct reduction (for sponge iron) producing direct ductile iron from the beginning of the XX century to the future (we hope).
So we can to assert, on the basis of the single iromaking minerals technical properties, but also from the literature and old documents, that limonite and hematite were the lone iromaking minerals in the first direct reduction; the same, toogheter with magnetite and siderite, were used in the historic indirect reduction; all theese, and other (iron sulphides and silicates), are used in the current siderurgy.
Regarding the true magnetite, we can see it late ironmaking possibilities, with the indirect reduction (second half of the XVI century), due its compact structures and harmfull sulphide presences; regarding the sandy magnetite, due its grittiness and hight content in titanium, we only can see some proofs starting to the XVIII century end. Sandy magnetite also was used in one of the first “new” direct reduction processes for producing, during the Second Mondial War, the autarkic “ferrital” (= Italian iron), that seams to have been the first true used metal from “sponge” iron.
The aim of this work is to study the mechanical properties of the ferritic nodular iron, low alloyed, at low temperature from 20 to -80°C.The application of the low alloyed ferritic ductile irons at low temperatures has long been known.... more
The aim of this work is to study the mechanical properties of the ferritic nodular iron, low alloyed, at low temperature from 20 to -80°C.The application of the low alloyed ferritic ductile irons at low temperatures has long been known. In the UNI EN 1563 are tabulated and classified ferritic irons of the series 400 and one of the series 350, respectively for applications up to -20 ° C and -40 ° C. The idea to study the mechanical properties of cast irons of the 350 series for applications at temperatures below -40 ° C came from the need to produce components for compression of technical gases, that during operation can achieve temperatures up to -80 ° C. The materials used for applications under the temperature of -40°C have always been alloyed irons or stainless steels with austenitic matrix.
The experience made an interesting extension of the use of ferritic cast irons up to temperatures of -80 ° C.
- by Enrico Flamigni and +1
- •
- Foundry Metallurgy, Cast Iron
The collective monograph “From Meteorite to Iron Bloom...” is the first in a series of books dedicated to the discoveries of early iron artifacts in Eastern Europe dating from the 3rd millennium BC to the first half of the 1st millennium... more
The collective monograph “From Meteorite to Iron Bloom...” is the first in a series of books dedicated to the discoveries of early iron artifacts in Eastern Europe dating from the 3rd millennium BC to the first half of the 1st millennium BC. Geographical coverage and chronological range reflect pathways of ancient societies of this region in the process of mastering and implementing ferrous metals. Volume 1 includes the previously unknown archival materials from the academic heritage of Alexander A. Iessen, a historiographic review of early iron artifact studies in the 20th — beginning of the 21st century in Eastern Europe, and a review of recent and the most up to date literature on chemical and technological aspects of early iron artifact studies investigating Eurasian and African artifacts. Database-1 enables characterization and systematization of approximately 200 iron items discovered from the Urals to the Carpathians in 15 archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age and the transition to the Iron Age. The most recent multidisciplinary studies of Early Bronze Age meteorite iron artifacts from mound 1 of the Boldyrevo I burial ground are also published in Volume 1. The subsequent volumes of the series will include Database-2, encompassing Eastern European iron artifacts from the end of the 2nd to the first half of the 1st millennium BC, which were selected in 2018–2021, and the results of the most recent investigations conducted on these items.
В сборник вошли материалы научной конференции 2010 г., посвященной 110-летию Каслинского чугунного павильона и Всемирной художественно-промышленной выставки в Париже. Авторами статей рассматривается широкий круг вопросов, связанных с... more
В сборник вошли материалы научной конференции 2010 г., посвященной 110-летию Каслинского чугунного павильона и Всемирной художественно-промышленной выставки в Париже. Авторами статей рассматривается широкий круг вопросов, связанных с проблемами традиций и новаторства в уральском художественном литье, его атрибуции, сохранения, реставрации
и репрезентации в музейных и частных собраниях; возрождения художественного промысла литья из чугуна. Публикации многих авторов позволили не только переосмыслить опыт прошлого, но и ввести в научный оборот и дискуссионное поле новые исследовательские данные и современные способы bнтерпретации произведений уральского художественного литья.
The collection includes essays, memoirs and scientific articles in which the authors cover various aspects of outstanding Ukrainian researcher, founder of the Kharkiv Archaeological School, Doctor of History Borys Andriyovych Shramko,... more
The collection includes essays, memoirs and scientific articles in which the authors cover various aspects of
outstanding Ukrainian researcher, founder of the Kharkiv Archaeological School, Doctor of History
Borys Andriyovych Shramko, Professor of Kharkiv University, and also analyze
the scientist's contribution to the development of scientific problems related to the history of the ancient population of Eastern Europe
in different chronological periods. In addition, the facts presented in memoirs and essays reveal a complex
life path of a scientist, his first steps in archeology, directions of scientific research, scientific discoveries
various aspects of activity as a teacher and mentor of young scientists.
For historians, archaeologists, museum workers, teachers, local historians, students of higher education
institutions and anyone interested in ancient history and archeology.
This keynote address will provide a comprehensive overview of various lubrication aspects of a typical powertrain system including the engine, transmission, driveline, and other components, as well as the integration of these lubrication... more
This keynote address will provide a comprehensive overview of various lubrication aspects of a typical powertrain system including the engine, transmission, driveline, and other components, as well as the integration of these lubrication and surface engineering concepts into a unified automotive powertrain system. In addition, this presentation will focus on the current status and future trends in automotive lubricants including discussion of current and anticipated future requirements of automotive engine oils. This presentation will also review the current standard ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) test methods for engine lubricants and other compilations of automotive standards. In addition to engine oil test development, industrial researchers are developing light-weight materials such as non-ferrous materials (Al, Mg) for engine and drivetrain materials to replace the current heavy-weight cast iron blocks. Recent industrial developments include high strength and high density of composite materials, high volume liquid molding and hydroforming technology, structural adhesive boding, and the ability to mold large structural components. Industrial researchers have also developed processing improvements for forming more complex stamped aluminum parts or panels, more robust stamping, and improved casting techniques. In this paper, our insights and perspectives on future trends in light-weight tribological material and nonotribology will also be reviewed. #