Cognitive Radios Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This report focuses on the Access network implementation of a 5G small-cell communication system using Cognitive Radio. 5G systems are the next major wireless communications standard and Cognitive Radio is being heralded as a valid implementation method when the wireless communications industry finally concludes on a fifth generation standard. The project is concerned with implementing a Beyond-Next-Generation (5G) communications network based on Cognitive Radio. A functioning model is developed in matlab, the purpose of which is to show that Cognitive Radio based 5G systems will give acceptable Quality-of-Service and energy efficiency levels.
The Access network implementation of the system involves channel assignment for the access links which provide network access to mobile subscribers. Suitable channels to service call requests are determined based on cognition.
The system performance is evaluated by estimating the system blocking and dropping probabilities and the percentage of energy saved.

This paper focuses on an essential task of the enhanced NodeB eNodeB element in LTE architecture, the Radio Resource Manager RRM, which aims to accept or reject requests for connection to the network based on some constraints and ensuring optimal distribution of radio resources between Users Equipments UEs. Its main functionalities include Admission Control AC and Packet Scheduling PS. This paper will center mainly on the PS part of the RRM task, which performs the radio resource allocation in both uplink and downlink directions. Several approaches and algorithms have been proposed in the literature to address this need (allocate resources efficiently), the diversity and multitude of algorithms is related to the factors considered for the optimal management of radio resource, specifically, the traffic type and the QoS (Quality of Service) requested by the UE. In this article, an art’s state of the radio resource allocation strategies and a detailed study of several scheduling algorithms proposed for LTE (uplink and downlink) are made. Therefore, we offer our evaluation and criticism.

- by Ammaz Sultan
- •
- Computer Science, Computational Complexity, Dynamic programming, Cognitive radio

The increasing demand of wireless applications has put a lot of limitations on the use of available radio spectrum is limited and precious resource. Many survey of spectrum utilization shows that entire spectrum is not used at all the times, so many of the radio spectrum is underutilized. Some of the frequency bands in the spectrum are unoccupied, some of the frequency bands less occupied and few bands are over utilized. Cognitive radio system is a technique which overcomes that spectrum underutilization. Cognitive radio is a technique where secondary user looks for a free band to use when primary user is not in use of its licensed band. A function of cognitive radio is called Spectrum sensing which enables to search for the free bands and it helps to detect the spectrum hole (frequency band which is free enough to be used) which can be utilized by secondary user with high spectral resolution capability. The idea of simulation and analysis of Cognitive Radio System to reuse unused spectrum to increase the total system capacity was brought in this paper and this work digs into the practical implementation of a Cognitive radio system. MATLAB R2007b (version7.5) has been used to test the performance of Cognitive radio dynamically

Wireless communication (WC), Radio environment (RF) emerges a cognitive radio scheme. It is an intelligent wireless communication system that has more awareness about surrounding environment; depending upon the environment it will give flexible communication as well as effective reuse of the unused available spectrum. Recent Research says 70% of the radio frequency spectrum is not used effectively. Spectrum sensing (SS) is a promising technique to find out the unused portions of the spectrum, called white spaces (WS). There are several algorithms are available to perform this feasibility. In this paper, cognitive radio spectrum sensing methods is presented and explains sensing challenges and reviews various sensing methods. An unlicensed Secondary User (SU) can use the licensed spectrum band without interference to the Primary User (PU). SS is the ultimate task for successful spectrum utilization. It plays a vital function of cognitive radio to avoid the harmful interference with PU's and identify the available spectrum for effective utilization. Finally; Comparative study has been taken out based on the different parameters.

- by vinoth kumar sritharan
- •
- Cognitive Radios, wireless communications,DSP

Frédéric Antoine, Nicolas Becqueret, Jean-Jacques Cheval, Étienne Damome, Christophe Deleu, Ariane Demonget, Séverine Equoy Hutin, Laurent Fauré, Laurent Gago, Hervé Glevarec, Anne-Caroline Fiévet, Isabel Guglielmone, Albino Pedroia, Sebastien Poulain, Pascal Ricaud, Nozha Smati, Analyser la radio, méthodes et mises en pratique, in Frédéric Antoine (sous la direction de), De Boeck Supérieur, Bruxelles, 2016, 550 000 signes, http://fr.calameo.com/read/00001585689e056dbfc2f, https://static.fnac-static.com/multimedia/editorial/pdf/9782807300330.pdf et http://radiography.hypotheses.org/2066 (Extrait mis en ligne par De Boeck Supérieur)

This paper explores the 3GPP 5G network architecture from release 15 phase 1 and how this will evolve with the introduction of next generation core (NGC) network. The paper starts with a discussion about interworking between LTE and 5G then explores spectrum topics before presenting a detailed view of the end to end 5G network architecture, including the functional decomposition of the radio access network (RAN). Paper originally appeared in Volume 12, Part 1 of The ITP (Institute of Telecommunications Professionals) Journal.

- by Abhishek Kasina
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

The increasing demand of wireless applications has put a lot of limitations on the use of available radio spectrum is limited and precious resource. Many survey of spectrum utilization shows that entire spectrum is not used at all the times, so many of the radio spectrum is underutilized. Some of the frequency bands in the spectrum are unoccupied, some of the frequency bands less occupied and few bands are over utilized. Cognitive radio system is a technique which overcomes that spectrum underutilization. Cognitive radio is a technique where secondary user looks for a free band to use when primary user is not in use of its licensed band. A function of cognitive radio is called Spectrum sensing which enables to search for the free bands and it helps to detect the spectrum hole (frequency band which is free enough to be used) which can be utilized by secondary user with high spectral resolution capability. The idea of simulation and analysis of Cognitive Radio System to reuse unused spectrum to increase the total system capacity was brought in this paper and this work digs into the practical implementation of a Cognitive radio system.MATLAB R20 07b (version7.5) has been used to test the performance of Cognitive radio dynamically

- by ALI MOULAEI NEJAD
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

Security in every aspect is highly desirable may be at home or at office. Automated system specially designed to safeguard personal belonging, country’s secret, protection of secret research data, simple university building or a personal car, have been designed using various techniques of computing world both, software and hardware.
This paper tries to implement hardware based approach of designing security system. In this project FPGA based security system is designed capable of unlocking the door once the correct code is entered from DE2 board. Finally the output of overall system is evaluated based on the display on LCD present on De2 board of Altera Company.

- by Santosh Gautam
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

In this paper a new hybrid blind spectrum sensing method is proposed. The method is designed to enhance the detection performance of Conventional Energy Detector (CED) through combining it with a proposed sensing module based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficient's relationship as operation mode at low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values. In the proposed sensing module a certain factor called Average Ratio (AR) represent the ratio of energy in DCT coefficients is utilized to identify the presence of the Primary User (PU) signal. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves PU detection especially at low SNR values.

In Pakistan criminals are using different radio systems to convey their hatred messages. It is necessary to stop the propagation of their propaganda by using low cost jamming solutions. For security purposes, various frequency jamming techniques were supposed to be implemented to disturb the radio communication, cell phone, radar and wireless transmission signals. In this research work, these techniques are discussed and low cost solutions are provided to jam the illegal amplitude modulation (AM) and Frequency modulation (FM) based radio systems in laboratory environment. These circuits were implemented with the help of discrete components and integrated circuit (ICS). The power of the purposed system is less than commercially available jammers. The Electronic Workbench (EWB) software and MS Visio were used during the designing process

A compact and reconfigurable band notch UWB antenna for cognitive radio application has been proposed in this paper. The proposed UWB antenna has dual notch band in WI-max and WLAN and has reconfigurable property in terms of band notching for a single notch band in Wi-Max. Reconfigurable property of the presented antenna in WLAN band has been achieved by using a MEMS switches. The ON and OFF conditions of the MEMS switch are actually responsible to achieve the reconfigurable property. The proposed two notch bands (WI-max and WLAN) are obtained by embedding an elliptical slot on radiating patch and a rectangular strip on ground plane respectively. Empirical relations related to the proposed design for elliptical slots to obtain desired notch band have also been included in this paper. The impacts of the design parameters on notch characteristics of the antenna have also investigated. The design and functional simulation of the proposed antenna structure have performed by using HFSS-v14. A fully functional prototype has fabricated and measured and the measured results have shown a good agreement with the simulations.

In this paper, we propose, implement, and test two novel downlink LTE scheduling algorithms. The implementation and testing of these algorithms were in Matlab, and they are based on the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL), more specifically, the Q-learning technique for scheduling two types of users. The first algorithm is called a Collaborative scheduling algorithm, and the second algorithm is called a Competitive scheduling algorithm. The first type of the scheduled users is the Primary Users (PUs), and they are the licensed subscribers that pay for their service. The second type of the scheduled users is the Secondary Users (SUs), and they could be un-licensed subscribers that don't pay for their service, device-to-device communications, or sensors. Each user whether it’s a primary or secondary is considered as an agent. In the Collaborative scheduling algorithm, the primary user agents will collaborate in order to make a joint scheduling decision about allocating the resource blocks to each one of them, then the secondary user agents will compete among themselves to use the remaining resource blocks. In the Competitive scheduling algorithm, the primary user agents will compete among themselves over the available resources, then the secondary user agents will compete among themselves over the remaining resources. Experimental results show that both scheduling algorithms converged to almost 90% utilization of the spectrum, and provided fair shares of the spectrum among users.

To transmit and receive data over any network successfully, a protocol is required to manage the flow. High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol is defined in Layer 2 of OSI model and is one of the most commonly used layer 2 protocols. HDLC supports both full-duplex and half-duplex data transfer. In addition, it offers error control and flow control. Using a modified MT8952B controller design, the current research presents a new method for implementing an ultra high bit rate HDLC Controller that is compatible with ST-BUS format using Xilinx Virtex FPGA as the target technology using VHDL for implementation. The HDLC Transceiver is used to transmit and receive the HDLC frames. Implementing the HDLC protocol transceiver in FPGA offers the flexibility, upgradeability and customization benefits of programmable logic and also reduces the total cost of every project which involves HDLC protocol controllers.

- by S. Hamed Javadi
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

The wind of change and development brought about by the era, the speed of change provided by information technologies affected the whole life and reached dizzying levels. This dizzying development in information technologies has made changes in many areas of life unavoidable. The decision-makers of today's organizations are trying to make maximum use of technology to keep up with this rapid change and to sustain their existence. Decentralized decision support systems facilitate their work. However, technology is not static, dynamic and continues to develop. Cognitive radios constitute the last example of this dynamism. In this project, beyond the personalized dimension of making a good decision, we tried to predict how technology and information will affect the decision making.

- by murat goksu
- •
- Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, Cognitive Radios
- by Study Study
- •
- Cognitive Radios

The cognitive radio is an emerging technology that enables dynamic spectrum access in wireless networks. The cognitive radio is capable of opportunistically using the available portions of a licensed spectrum to improve the application performance for unlicensed users. The opportunistic use of the available channels in the wireless environment requires dynamic channel assignment to efficiently utilize the available resources while minimizing the interference in the network. A challenging aspect of such algorithms is the incorporation of the channels’ diverse characteristics, highly dynamic network conditions with
respect to primary users’ activity, and different fragmented
sizes of the available channels. This paper presents
a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art channel
assignment algorithms in cognitive radio networks. We
also classify the algorithms by presenting a thematic
taxonomy of the current channel assignment algorithms
in cognitive radio networks. Moreover, the critical aspects
of the current channel assignment algorithms in cognitive
radio networks are analyzed to determine the strengths
and weaknesses of such algorithms. The similarities and
differences of the algorithms based on the important
parameters, such as routing dependencies, channel models,
assignment methods, execution model, and optimization
objectives, are also investigated. We also discuss open
research issues and challenges of channel assignment in
the cognitive radio networks. (Accepted in IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials IF 6.4)

Traffic Congestion is one of the severe problems in heavily populated countries like Bangladesh where Automated Traffic Control System needs to be implemented. An FPGA-based Semi-automated system is introduced in this paper including a completely new feature “Safe State” to avoid sudden unwanted collision. Here we used sequential encoding which has made the program much simpler and so that easy to control and modify. The experimental result showed the automated change in traffic lights according to the specified timing sequences which would be able to conduct maximum possible transitions of vehicles occur at different directions simultaneously without facing any accident.

- by Anik Mallik and +1
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

Latest regulations on TV white space communications and trend toward spectrum access through geolocation databases
relax the regulatory constraints on cognitive radios. Radio environment map (REM) is a kind of improved geolocation
database and an emerging topic with the latest regulations on TV white space communications. It constructs a comprehensive
temperature map of the cognitive radio network operation area by utilizing multi-domain information from geolocation
databases, characteristics of spectrum use, geographical terrain models, propagation environment, and regulations. REMs
act as cognition engines by building long-term knowledge via processing spectrum measurements collected from sensors
to estimate the state of locations without any measurement data. Active transmitter LocatIon Estimation based REM construction
technique is proposed and compared with the well-known REM construction techniques such as Kriging and
inverse distance weighted interpolation in shadow and multipath fading channels. The simulation results suggest that the
LocatIon Estimation based REM construction outperforms the compared methods in terms of RMSE and correct detection
zone ratio by utilizing additional information about channel parameters that can be estimated by classical least squares
method easily.

- by Tuna Tugcu and +1
- •
- Computer Engineering, Location Estimation (Wireless Networks), Cognitive Radios
- by João Carlos N Bittencourt
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

Cognitive radio (CR) technology has attracted dramatic attentions recently because it has an ability to dynamically adapt to local spectrum availability and improves the radio spectrum utilization by letting secondary users to access spectrum resource that is unoccupied by primary users. CR networks impose challenges due to the fluctuating nature of the available spectrum, as well as the diverse QoS requirements of various applications. To provide a better understanding of CR networks, I will introduce in this paper the spectrum sensing in cognitive radio recent developments and open research issues in Resource allocation in CR networks. First, I will present a brief overview of cognitive radio and the CR network architecture is provided. Then investigate the problem of the spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks and the efficient and strong methods needed for sense the presence of primary user to guarantee QOS and no interference affect by the primary users, we are interested in various methods of detection of a signal embedded in the noise by specifying their advantages and their drawbacks.

This report reviews Cognitive Radio technology starting from when the term Cognitive Radio was coined by Dr Joseph Mitola in the late 90s. Basic concepts about CR technology as well as different features of CR alongside principles behind CR more importantly from the cognitive cycle perspective were discussed in this report. Certain applications and test-beds across the United States and Europe like CORNET and ORBIT were identified. Several emerging research topics which could lead to major innovative CR approach were also discussed before giving a personal opinion on when CR technology is likely to be widely used.

In this paper, we present the implementation of BPSK modulation over a Software Defined Radio (SDR)
development platform, i.e. SMT8036 kit. The SDR platform is interfaced with a computer through which the generation of bits, repetitive transmission, implementation of modulations and plotting graphs by bit error rate analysis is done. In SMT8036, both transmitter and receiver are implemented on DSP processor and demodulator is implemented on FPGA. For BPSK modulator-demodulator system, a bit error rate analysis is presented. Later LDPC codes are used with BPSK. Results show that BPSK scheme with LDPC coding outperforms than just BPSK.

- by Arvinder Pal Singh Kalsi
- •
- Cognitive Radios
- by jIBENDU sEKHAR rOY
- •
- Wireless Communications, Cognitive Radios

- by Sanjoy Kundu
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

A plethora of smart home devices are currently being used to enhance the resident experience. With these devices increasingly communication enabled, there is a need for a channel to enable the communication. With Cognitive radio Technology as the backbone, the spectral congestion can be eluded from the smart home environment and provide a green alternative for existing smart home. This paper systematically investigates the novel idea of applying the cognitive radio for a smart home environment and evolving a prototype to implement the same.

- by Sudha Thiyyakat
- •
- Cognitive Radios, TV White Spaces
- by NISHA KURUVILLA
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

Temperature variations significantly affect the performance and reliability of RF integrated circuits, which necessitates for thermal management in RF circuits. In this paper, an
integrated analog temperature sensor (ATS) which operates with simple, low-cost one-point calibration is proposed. The temperature to voltage conversion is achieved in two steps i.e. temperature to frequency, followed by frequency to voltage conversion. The output voltage can be used to compensate the temperature dependent errors in the high frequency circuits, thereby reducing the performance degradation due to thermal gradient. The proposed ATS exhibits high sensitivity of 1.182 MHz/C to temperature in the range of -20C to 120C. The errors due to supply and process variations after one-point calibration are within +/- 0.015C. The integrated sensor was implemented in the 0.13um CMOS process. It occupies a core area of 0.0076 mm2 while consuming 756 uW from a 1.2 V supply.

- by Shikhamoni Nath
- •
- Indian studies, India, Indology, Cognitive Radios
- by Sergey Cheusov
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

In the past decade, with an increased focus on core competencies, support functions and basic engineering designs have been increasingly outsourced. To this day, however, success is illusive to many outsourcers. This paper focuses on the potential of the Outsourcing and more on the capability of Bangladesh and how it can contribute to the International Engineering Outsourcing Arena. This research paper is done remembering the $55 billion outsourcing market of India, our neighboring country. We find that communication, the engagement of the appropriate resources, a mutual understanding of service delivery objective, and a cooperative, trust-building relationship can improve the chance of completing outsourcing initiatives successfully. The primary focus of the outsourcing Engineering Teams will be to support the engineering, design, and manufacturing and test needs of the manufacturing customers. Bangladesh can emerge as a very strong option In the International Engineering Outsourcing arena if proper steps are taken from now on. We put these findings into an outsourcing management framework for designs of PCB, FPGA, ASIC and even integration and synthesis of medium and small chips at a very low cost.

Six preprocessing algorithms for the detection of firearm gunshots are statistically evaluated, using the receiver operating characteristic method as a previous feasibility metric for their implementation on a low-power VLSI circuit. Circuits are intended to serve as the input detection sensors of a low-power environmental surveillance network. Some possible VLSI implementations for the evaluated algorithms are also evaluated. Results indicate that the use of wavelet bank filters, either discrete or continuous, might be the best choice in terms of the compromise between detection efficiency and the power requirements of the intended application.

- by Alfonso Chacon-Rodriguez and +2
- •
- Computer Architecture, Wireless Communications, Embedded Systems, FPGA

The explosive growth in the use of real-time
applications on mobile devices has resulted in new
challenges to the design of medium access control (MAC)
protocols for ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose
an energy efficient cognitive radio (CR) MAC protocol for
QoS provisioning, called ECRQ-MAC, which integrates
the spectrum sensing at physical (PHY) layer and the
channel-timeslots allocation at MAC layer. We consider
the problem of providing QoS guarantee to CR users as
well as to maintain the most efficient use of scarce bandwidth
resources. The ECRQ-MAC protocol exploits the
advantage of both multiple channels and TDMA, and
achieves aggressive power savings by allowing CR users
that are not involved in communication to go into doze
mode. The proposed ECRQ-MAC protocol allows CR users
to identify and use the unused frequency spectrum of licensed
band in a way that constrains the level of interference
to the primary users. Our scheme improves network
throughput significantly, especially when the network is
highly congested. The simulation results show that our
proposed protocol successfully exploits multiple channels
and significantly improves network performance by using
the licensed spectrum opportunistically, and protects QoS
provisioning over cognitive radio ad hoc networks.

- by Dr. Sikder M Kamruzzaman
- •
- Energy efficiency, Cognitive Radios, Medium Access Control

This article shows the potential of Cognitive Radio technologies as paradigms in the development of new opportunities for access to communication platforms and future challenges in their implementation. For its elaboration, theoretical methods were used, such as the historical-logical analysis, the system approach and the analysis and synthesis; As empirical methods, documentary analysis was used, underlining the most up-to-date information on the subject. The fundamental problem is the strict assignment of frequency bands, which leads to a low use of them or a high level of saturation in the services offered. We highlight the four fundamental issues related to the characterization and optimization of the physical layer, routing and security schemes, challenges in the implementation of general and current standardization of some technologies including the overall vision that is currently available. Cognitive Radio as a disruptive technology imposes numerous challenges, which we reflect with our analysis from a general perspective analyzing the different solutions for the spectral census starting point for management, with security needs in communication and exposing different technologies and standards already tested to experimental level and in operation, highlighting the most versatile solutions from the point of view of reconfiguration and adaptation. From here are suggested lines aimed at deepening these technologies with a view to promoting research projects, mainly the development needs to achieve a Cognitive Radio system.