Energy efficiency in wireless networks and green communications Research Papers (original) (raw)

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has proliferated rapidly as a cost-effective solution for data aggregation and measurements under challenging environments. Sensors in WSNs are cheap, powerful, and consume limited energy. The energy consumption is considered to be the dominant concern because it has a direct and significant influence on the application's lifetime. Recently, the availability of small and inexpensive components such as microphones has promoted the development of wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs). Examples of WASN applications are hearing aids, acoustic monitoring, and ambient intelligence. Monitoring animals, especially those that are becoming endangered, can assist with biology researchers' preservation efforts. In this work, we first focus on exploring the existing methods used to monitor the animal by recognizing their sounds. Then we propose a new energy-efficient approach for identifying animal sounds based on the frequency features extracted from acoustic sensed data. This approach represents a suitable solution that can be implemented and used in various applications. However, the proposed system considers the balance between application efficiency and the sensor's energy capabilities. The energy savings will be achieved through processing the recognition tasks in each sensor, and the recognition results will be sent to the base station.

Adaptive modulation techniques play an important
role in modern wireless communications networks. The switching
point between neighboring modulations is a key factor in
maximizing the performance of an adaptive modulation system.
In this paper, we analyze the optimum switching points for
adaptive modulation in a wireless network with Rayleigh fading.
We compute the optimum switching points considering three
criteria: maximum throughput, maximum packet error rate
target and delay to transmit a correct packet. We show that the
optimum switching points depend on several parameters,
including the channel model and the selected criterion.

Now days wireless sensor network plays an important role for monitoring various parameter in the area of agriculture, coal mine, disaster management etc. Here ZigBee protocol is used for wireless communication. We successfully achieved wireless communication among multiple Firebird V robots and in between PC to Firebird V robots. In this paper we used centralized architecture i.e. star topology. We measure Received Signal Strength Indicators (RSSI) at various distance for indoor with Line of Sight (LOS) and for outdoor without LOS. We also measure transmission error and packet lost at various distance.

Centralized communication-based control is one of the main methods that can be implemented to achieve autonomous advanced energy management capabilities in DC microgrids. However, its major limitation is the fact that communication bandwidth and computation resources are limited in practical applications. This can be often improved by avoiding redundant communications and complex computations. In this paper, an autonomous communication-based hybrid state/event driven control scheme is proposed. This control scheme is hierarchical and heuristic, such that on the primary control level, it encompasses state-driven local controllers, and on the secondary control level, an event-driven MG centralized controller (MGCC) is used. This heuristic hybrid control system aims at reducing the communication load and complexity, processor computations, and consequently system cost while maintaining reliable autonomous operation during all possible scenarios. A mathematical model for the proposed control scheme using Finite State Machines (FSM) has been developed and used to cover all the possible modes/sub-modes of operation, and assure seamless transitions among them during various events. Results of some case studies involving severe operational scenarios were presented and discussed. Results verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed communication-based control scheme. Index Terms—Communication-based control, DC microgrids, finite state machine, hybrid state/event driven control.

The heated 5G network deployment race has already begun with the rapid progress in standardization efforts, backed by the current market availability of 5G-enabled network equipment, ongoing 5G spectrum auctions, early launching of non-standalone 5G network services in a few countries, among others. In this paper, we study current and future wireless networks from the viewpoint of energy efficiency (EE) and sustainability to meet the planned network and service evolution toward, along, and beyond 5G, as also inspired by the findings of the EU Celtic-Plus SooGREEN Project. We highlight the opportunities seized by the project efforts to enable and enrich this green nature of the network as compared to existing technologies. In specific, we present innovative means proposed in SooGREEN to monitor and evaluate EE in 5G networks and beyond. Further solutions are presented to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in the different network segments. The latter spans proposed virtualized/cloud architectures, efficient polar coding for fronthauling, mobile network powering via renewable energy and smart grid integration, passive cooling, smart sleeping modes in indoor systems, among others. Finally, we shed light on the open opportunities yet to be investigated and leveraged in future developments.

- by Meysam Masoudi and +3
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- Renewable Energy, Green architecture, Mobile Networks, Green Architecture and Environmental Design

The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications .The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Se presentan 20 documentos originales de utilidad en para administrar la ejecución de proyectos de ahorro y uso eficiente de energía para vehiculos automotores, embarcaciones a vela, nuevos inmuebles comerciales, reconversión de edificaciones del sector público y nuevas construcciones para vivienda. Para fínes de entrenamiento en el trabajo, este material metarial es complemento de: Gamboa Rocha, Ricardo Xavier et al. “Entrenamiento en gestión de proyectos de ahorro y uso eficiente de energía: Materiales de apoyo, para la formulación de propuestas”, Cuadernos Metodológicos en Línea. Número 9, Antología de documentos para formular propuestas de AUEE. Serie: Formación en el manejo de la componente tecnológica desarrollada. 2 de octubre del 2016. Editorial Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada en Línea CITALI. CEPROS AC. 142 páginas. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. https://www.academia.edu/30938948/

- by Ricardo Gamboa-Rocha and +1
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- Energy Efficiency Buildings, Quality of Mental Health Care, Energy efficiency, Energy Efficiency in Buildings

International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & communication concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Cellular network operators are always seeking to increase the area of coverage of their networks, open up new markets, and provide services to potential customers in remote rural areas. However, increased energy consumption, operator energy cost, and the potential environmental impact of increased greenhouse gas emissions and the exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources (fossil fuel) pose major challenges to cellular network operators. The specific power supply needs for rural base stations (BSs) such as cost effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and reliability can be satisfied by taking advantage of the technological advances in renewable energy. This study investigates the possibility of decreasing both operational expenditure (OPEX) and greenhouse gas emissions with guaranteed sustainability and reliability for rural BSs using a solar photovoltaic/diesel generator hybrid power system. Three key aspects have been investigated: (i) energy yield, (ii) economic factors, and (iii) greenhouse gas emissions. The results showed major benefits for mobile operators in terms of both environmental conservation and OPEX reduction, with an average annual OPEX savings of 43% - 47% based on the characteristics of solar radiation exposure in Malaysia. Finally, the paper compares the feasibility of using the proposed approach in a four-season country and compares the results against results obtained in Malaysia, which is a country with a tropical climate.

- by MOHAMMED H. ALSHARIF and +1
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- Energy efficiency in wireless networks and green communications

Limited spectrum resources and dramatic growth of high data rate applications have motivated opportunistic spectrum access utilizing the promising concept of cognitive networks. Although this concept has emerged primarily to enhance spectrum utilization and to allow the coexistence of heterogeneous network technologies, the importance of energy consumption imposes additional challenges, because energy consumption and communication performance can be at odds. In this paper, the approaches for energy efficient spectrum sensing and spectrum handoff, fundamental building blocks of cognitive networks is investigated. The tradeoff between energy consumption and throughput, under local as well as under cooperative sensing are characterized, and what further aspects need to be investigated to achieve energy efficient cognitive operation under various application requirements are discussed.

This paper describes the design of FPGA based signal processing card. An on board real time digital signal processing system is designed using FPGA. The platform can decode process of various kinds of digital and analog signals simultaneously. The design trend in this card is towards small size, high integration and fast real time processing. For the optimum performance a 16 bit 1 MSPS ADC is used which is interfaced with FPGA to make all the data processing onboard in real time. This card can be used in many signal processing based applications like audio signal processing, audio compression, digital image processing, video compression, speech processing, speech recognition, digital communications by interfacing several separate board using inbuilt I/O's, each with a number of input channels that will communicate with each other in real time over a high speed communication link. The resulting images can be displayed directly on LCD or OLED panel displays using I/O's peripherals. The project introduces many challenging issues, which are being addressed in turn with different prototype designs. These issues are the ADC performance, interfacing the ADCs to the FPGA, implementing the flexible processing algorithms and high speed interconnection between the boards.

A Mobile agent is " a program that is self-governing enough to act separately, even when the user or application that launched it is not available to provide guidance and handle errors ". In general terms, it is a program that acts in behalf of its owner. A mobile agent is an object that migrates through many nodes of a assorted network of computers, under its own control, in order to perform tasks using resources of these nodes. The mobility trait of a mobile agent implies operation thereof in untrustworthy environments, which introduces malicious host threats. Available literature have been studied, analyzed and discussed. The salient characteristics as well as the drawbacks of current solutions were isolated. Through this knowledge a dynamic mobile agent security framework was defined. The framework is based on the definition of multiple security levels, depending on type of deployment environment and type of application. A prototype was constructed and tested and it was found to be lightweight and efficient, giving developers. Insight into possible security threats as well as tools for maximum protection against malicious hosts. The framework outperformed other frameworks / models as it provides dynamic solutions without burdening a system with unnecessary security gadgets and hence paying for it in system cost and performance.

"Energy efficiency in mobile radio networks has recently gained great interest due to escalating energy cost and environmental concerns. Rapidly growing demand for capacity will require denser and denser networks which further increase the energy consumption. In this regard, the deployment of small cells under macro-cellular umbrella coverage appears a promising solution to cope with the explosive demand in an energy efficient manner. In this paper, we investigate the impact of joint macro-and femtocell deployment on energy efficiency of wireless access networks, based on varying area throughput requirements. We take into account the the co-channel interference, fraction of indoor users, femto base station density and backhaul power consumption. It is shown that utilizing indoor base stations provide significant energy savings compared to traditional macro only network in urban areas with medium and high user demand where the gain increases up to 75 percent as more data traffic.
is offloaded to femtocells"

- by Sibel Tombaz
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- Heterogeneous Networks, Wireless networks, Energy efficiency, Wireless Backhaul

While the 5G technology of cellular communications promises great capacity and coverage to access information anywhere and anytime, it is feared to have huge power consumption. Significant research been has been directed towards solving this problem which exists both on the subscribers' side as well as the operators' side. There have been efforts like predicting traffic, modifying the physical layer etc. towards making the 5G technology more energy efficient. The aim of this study is to see the technology enablers for 5G from an energy efficiency perspective. Efforts will be made to point out specific areas in 5G cellular where improvements or modifications could make 5G cellular more energy efficient.

Energy efficiency in wireless networks has become the most compelling challenge for researchers, equipment vendors, and mobile operators not only to reduce operational costs but also to reduce the environmental effects and to make cellular networks more environmentally friendly. There have been many attempts to achieve appropriate solutions to this issue. In this paper, we provide an extensive overview of the intelligent cooperation management techniques (switching cell, cell zooming, heterogeneous networks, and mobile operator cooperation) that have been considered to save energy and we highlight the principles of the operation, energy savings, advantages, and shortcomings of each technique. We conclude this review with several open issues and potential research topics in this field.

- by MOHAMMED H. ALSHARIF and +1
- •
- Wireless Communications, Energy efficiency in wireless networks and green communications

One of the topologies that mobile operators have deployed to provide a satisfactory indoor and outdoor coverage is Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS). However, the energy consumed by DAS to meet these coverage and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements contributes to the operational expenses as well as greenhouse gasses emission. This paper looks at how sleep mode can improve the energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) performance of DAS. Maximal Ratio Transmission (MRT) with perfect Channel State Information (CSI) has been used. The analysis has been further extended to include Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR). Results have shown that sleep mode improves EE in DAS by 10% and 13% with MRT alone and MRT plus FFR respectively, but reduces SE.

- by Gerald Budigiri
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- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Optimization techniques, Deep Learning

Enhancement of network lifetime is a key design criterion for most of the energy constrained networks as
nodes are battery operated. In multi-hop wireless network, proper utilization of battery power is very much
necessary to maintain network connectivity. If the battery power of a node drains quickly then its
connectivity in its neighborhood will be lost. So the study of network lifetime is very much crucial as
compared to other network parameters. Considering this importance we made an attempt to study the
behaviour of three most common routing protocols in ad hoc network. Extensive simulations are done on
AODV, DSR and ZRP to determine the network lifetime at different node mobility and at different network
load. Simulation results suggest that AODV is the most energy efficient protocol as compared to other.

The importance of convolutional codes is well established. They are widely used to encode digital data before transmission through noisy or error-prone communication channels to reduce occurrence of errors and memory. This paper presents novel decoding technique, memoryless Hybrid Register Exchange with simulation and FPGA implementation results. It requires single register as compared to Register Exchange Method (REM) & Hybrid Register Exchange Method (HREM); therefore the data transfer operations and ultimately the switching activity will get reduced.

Energy efficiency (EE) is of paramount importance for future cellular networks due to ever increasing energy consumption. Powering radio access network with green energy promises a potential reduction of network operating cost and carbon footprints while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we propose a novel network model for the downlink LTE-A cellular networks with hybrid power supplies. The considered network deploys BSs having individual energy storages and on-site green energy harvester such as solar panel. Under the proposed model, joint transmission (JT) CoMP transmission technique is applied for selecting the best serving BSs for user equipment (UE). Our aim is to investigate the potential of SINR based JT CoMP and distanced based JT CoMP on the proposed hybrid model and quantify their individual contributions considering stochastic behavior of traffic demand profile. Extensive simulations are carried out for evaluating the energy consumption gain (ECG),...

- by Abdullah Bin Shams
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- Computer Science, Wireless Communications, Renewable Energy, Hybrid Systems

In this paper, we have proposed a Relay based Improved Throughput and Energy-efficient Multi-hop Routing Protocol (Rb-IEMRP) for the Intra Wireless Body Sensor Network (Intra-WBSN). Moreover, mathematical analysis has been presented, to calculate the minimum number of relay nodes require to be deployed corresponding to the bio-sensor nodes in Intra-WBSN. Normal sensing data from bio-sensor nodes forwarded to BNC through relay nodes while emergency data is directly transmitted to BNC. Relays nodes are placed in the patients' cloth. It can be easily replaced or recharged that facilitates effective health monitoring. The proposed routing protocol has achieved better network stability, network lifetime, energy efficiency and throughput as compared to Stable Increased Throughput Multi-Hop Protocol for Link Efficiency in Wireless Body Area Networks (SIMPLE) and Reliable Energy Efficient Critical Data Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks (REEC) routing protocols. It has been validated through simulation results. KEYWORDS Intra wireless body sensor network (Intra-WBSN), Body node coordinator (BNC), Relay, Wireless body sensor network (WBSN), Energy efficiency.

Wireless cellular industry has hardly seen more thrilling times, capacity demands by cellular users will continue to increase due to accelerating demands of high speed data application like social networking, Machine to machine communication and high speed video streaming. In order to meet high demands of data hungry devices cellular networks are going through major infrastructure reforms. In traditional networks, capacity demands are full filled by placing planned sets of homogeneous high power macro Base Stations (BS). However, addition of BS is not always feasible due to high opex and capex which forces network operators to install Low Power Nodes (LPNs) to meet this capacity crunch. This infrastructure change in traditional network is known as Heterogeneous Network. This paradigm shift in basic homogeneous network brings major challenges in design and analysis of traditional cellular networks. Recognizing these demands, this research work proposes a tractable approach to key performance metrics that are used to rate the performance of state of the art Heterogeneous Cellular Networks sometimes referred as multi-tier network. Advance probability concepts and stochastic geometry are used to get some significant insights.

In this paper, we propose two cross layer geographic forwarding schemes which address congestion in wireless video sensor networks (VSN) to provide reliable video delivery. The first scheme Load Balanced Reliable Forwarding (LBRF) introduces the notion of local load balancing where a sensor dynamically determines the next hop among the alternative neighbors providing positive advancement towards the sink by considering the balance of their buffer occupancy levels at the time of delivery. LBRF utilizes a modified version of SMAC where the packet structure as well as the operation of SMAC is modified for the accurate monitoring of the buffer occupancy conditions of the neighbors. The second scheme Directional Load Balanced Spreading (DLBS) combines local and direction-based (spatial) load balancing approaches to provide more reliable and faster video delivery by benefiting from the advantages of both approaches. The performance of the forwarding schemes are compared using simulation with two geographic routing schemes where one applies no load balancing and the other applies spatial load balancing. The results show that both LBRF and DLBS provide more reliable video delivery as compared to other schemes, whereas DLBS is more reliable and faster as compared to LBRF. In addition, DLBS provides more energy efficient video delivery in terms of energy expenditure per successfully delivered frame to the sink as compared to LBRF and the other two schemes.

- by Youssef Iraqi and +1
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- Energy efficiency in wireless networks and green communications, Admission Control

One of the most challenging goals of many wireless sensor network (WSN) deployments is the reduction of energy consumption to extend system lifetime. This paper considers a novel combination of techniques that address energy savings at the hardware and application levels: wake-up receivers and node level power management, plus prediction-based data collection. Individually, each technique can achieve significant energy savings, but in combination, the results are impressive. This paper presents a case study of these techniques as applied in a road tunnel for light monitoring. Preliminary results show the potential for two orders of magnitude reduction in power consumption. This savings of 380 times allows the creation of an energetically sustainable system by considering integration with a simple, photovoltaic energy harvester.

- by Alessandro Bogliolo and +2
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- Antennas & Radio Wave Propagation, Time Series, Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless MAC protocols
- by Brian Francoise
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- Computer Science, Renewable Energy, Telecommunications, Green architecture
- by Charles Ikerionwu
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- Computer Science, Political Science, Computer Security, Cyber Security

Green cellular networking has drawn intensive attention recently for cellular operators in order to reduce the network operation cost and carbon footprints. In this paper, we consider base stations (BSs) powered by hybrid power supplies including both the conventional grid and the renewable solar energy. We propose a model for energy cooperation among BSs having individual energy storages which are connected through resistive power lines for energy sharing. Furthermore, dynamic point selection (DPS) CoMP technique is applied for selecting the best serving BS for users equipment (UE). Our goal is to maximize the green energy utilization leading to higher energy efficiency. Tempo-spatial variations of both the renewable energy generation and the traffic demand are exploited for the proposed BS cooperation. Extensive simulations are carried out for evaluating energy efficiency (EE) performance of the proposed cellular network in conjunction with DPS CoMP technique and energy sharing scheme. From simulation results we investigate the benefits of energy cooperation and effectiveness of CoMP technique in this regime.

- by Abdullah Bin Shams
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- Engineering, Wireless Communications, Renewable Energy, Hybrid Systems

- by Cicek Cavdar
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- Computer Science, Renewable Energy, Telecommunications, Green architecture

In order to assess the performance of new energy efficient network technologies for green communication, network power consumption and system level simulations are crucial in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). In this paper, we present a MATLAB based simulator to measure the network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), and on-grid energy savings etc. considering tempo-spatial dynamics of traffic demand. The simulator is built on renewable energy powered cellular network and is capable of evaluating the downlink performances under different coordinated multipoint (CoMP) schemes such as dynamic point selection (DPS) and joint transmission (JT). In JT transmission technique, the number of base stations (BSs) is not limited to two but can be extended to multiple numbers of BSs to serve a single user equipment (UE) for attaining a better quality of services (QoS). The proposed cellular network deploys individual energy storage device, renewable energy source, and resistive power lines among BSs for energy cooperation. The aim of this simulator is optimizing the green energy utilization and thereby reducing the on-grid power consumption. The simulator is offered for free under an academic, non-commercial use license, a first to the authors knowledge.

13th International Conference on Networks & Communications (NeCoM 2021) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Computer Networks & Data Communications. The conference looks for significant contributions to the Computer Networks & Communications for wired and wireless networks in theoretical and practical aspects. Original papers are invited on computer Networks, Network Protocols and Wireless Networks, Data communication Technologies, and Network Security. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.

- by Abdullah Bin Shams and +1
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- Wireless Communications, Renewable Energy, Hybrid Systems, Wireless networks