Green Communications Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has proliferated rapidly as a cost-effective solution for data aggregation and measurements under challenging environments. Sensors in WSNs are cheap, powerful, and consume limited energy. The energy consumption is considered to be the dominant concern because it has a direct and significant influence on the application's lifetime. Recently, the availability of small and inexpensive components such as microphones has promoted the development of wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs). Examples of WASN applications are hearing aids, acoustic monitoring, and ambient intelligence. Monitoring animals, especially those that are becoming endangered, can assist with biology researchers' preservation efforts. In this work, we first focus on exploring the existing methods used to monitor the animal by recognizing their sounds. Then we propose a new energy-efficient approach for identifying animal sounds based on the frequency features extracted from acoustic sensed data. This approach represents a suitable solution that can be implemented and used in various applications. However, the proposed system considers the balance between application efficiency and the sensor's energy capabilities. The energy savings will be achieved through processing the recognition tasks in each sensor, and the recognition results will be sent to the base station.

Sustainable Development, Political Ecology and Environmental Policy

The heated 5G network deployment race has already begun with the rapid progress in standardization efforts, backed by the current market availability of 5G-enabled network equipment, ongoing 5G spectrum auctions, early launching of non-standalone 5G network services in a few countries, among others. In this paper, we study current and future wireless networks from the viewpoint of energy efficiency (EE) and sustainability to meet the planned network and service evolution toward, along, and beyond 5G, as also inspired by the findings of the EU Celtic-Plus SooGREEN Project. We highlight the opportunities seized by the project efforts to enable and enrich this green nature of the network as compared to existing technologies. In specific, we present innovative means proposed in SooGREEN to monitor and evaluate EE in 5G networks and beyond. Further solutions are presented to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in the different network segments. The latter spans proposed virtualized/cloud architectures, efficient polar coding for fronthauling, mobile network powering via renewable energy and smart grid integration, passive cooling, smart sleeping modes in indoor systems, among others. Finally, we shed light on the open opportunities yet to be investigated and leveraged in future developments.

- by Meysam Masoudi and +3
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- Renewable Energy, Green architecture, Mobile Networks, Green Architecture and Environmental Design

While the 5G technology of cellular communications promises great capacity and coverage to access information anywhere and anytime, it is feared to have huge power consumption. Significant research been has been directed towards solving this problem which exists both on the subscribers' side as well as the operators' side. There have been efforts like predicting traffic, modifying the physical layer etc. towards making the 5G technology more energy efficient. The aim of this study is to see the technology enablers for 5G from an energy efficiency perspective. Efforts will be made to point out specific areas in 5G cellular where improvements or modifications could make 5G cellular more energy efficient.

- by AMiR HOSEiN
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- Wireless Communications, Open Access, Power Consumption, Green Communications

Energy efficiency is a key concern of proposing next-generation wireless communications since it has a significant impact on human existence on the earth's surface due to two causes, namely global warming caused by CO2 emissions and rising sea levels. Additionally, this challenge has become more concerning as the high demand for data rates, spectral efficiency, and QoS integrated with massive IoT communications. As a result, it is necessary to implement green mobile communications technologies that may decrease energy consumption while increasing battery life, as well as improved capacity to allow the fast development of small cell integrated base stations. So previously mentioned, featureenabled wireless communication networks is known as 5G green cellular communication networks. To achieve the green cellular communication, several techniques have been proposed and discussed in this article like as small cell, wireless power and data transmission, mm Wave, massive MIMO, and beamforming.

- by ANKAN CHAKRABORTY
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- Telecommunication, Green Technology, Green Communications

Energy efficiency (EE) is of paramount importance for future cellular networks due to ever increasing energy consumption. Powering radio access network with green energy promises a potential reduction of network operating cost and carbon footprints while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we propose a novel network model for the downlink LTE-A cellular networks with hybrid power supplies. The considered network deploys BSs having individual energy storages and on-site green energy harvester such as solar panel. Under the proposed model, joint transmission (JT) CoMP transmission technique is applied for selecting the best serving BSs for user equipment (UE). Our aim is to investigate the potential of SINR based JT CoMP and distanced based JT CoMP on the proposed hybrid model and quantify their individual contributions considering stochastic behavior of traffic demand profile. Extensive simulations are carried out for evaluating the energy consumption gain (ECG),...

- by Abdullah Bin Shams
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- Computer Science, Wireless Communications, Renewable Energy, Hybrid Systems
- by Kamarul Ariffin Noordin
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- Resource Allocation, Energy Harvesting, Green Communications

⎯Ozone is a green house gas. Ozone absorption cross sections have been reported with discrepancies and inconsistencies. In this paper, simultaneous effects of the optical path length and temperature variations on ozone gas absorption cross sections are investigated at different wavelengths. HITRAN 2012, the latest available line list on spectralcalc.com simulator, is used in this study to simulate ozone gas absorption cross sections in relation to the simultaneous effects of the optical path length and temperature at the wavelengths of 603 nm and 575 nm. Results obtained for gas cells with the optical path length from 10 cm to 120 cm show that the decrease in temperatures from 313 K to 103 K results in the increase in ozone gas absorption cross sections. At wavelengths of 603 nm and 575 nm, the percentage increase of ozone gas absorption cross sections is 1.22% and 0.71%, respectively. Results obtained in this study show that in the visible spectrum, at constant pressure, ozone gas absorption cross sections are dependent on the temperature and wavelength but do not depend on the optical path length. Analysis in this work addresses discrepancies in ozone gas absorption cross sections in relation to the temperature in the visible spectrum; thus, the results can be applied to get optimal configuration of high accuracy ozone gas sensors.

- by David Michael and +1
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- Green Communications
- by Brian Francoise
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- Computer Science, Renewable Energy, Telecommunications, Green architecture

Green cellular networking has drawn intensive attention recently for cellular operators in order to reduce the network operation cost and carbon footprints. In this paper, we consider base stations (BSs) powered by hybrid power supplies including both the conventional grid and the renewable solar energy. We propose a model for energy cooperation among BSs having individual energy storages which are connected through resistive power lines for energy sharing. Furthermore, dynamic point selection (DPS) CoMP technique is applied for selecting the best serving BS for users equipment (UE). Our goal is to maximize the green energy utilization leading to higher energy efficiency. Tempo-spatial variations of both the renewable energy generation and the traffic demand are exploited for the proposed BS cooperation. Extensive simulations are carried out for evaluating energy efficiency (EE) performance of the proposed cellular network in conjunction with DPS CoMP technique and energy sharing scheme. From simulation results we investigate the benefits of energy cooperation and effectiveness of CoMP technique in this regime.

- by Abdullah Bin Shams
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- Engineering, Wireless Communications, Renewable Energy, Hybrid Systems

The rapid development of technologies such as photo-intensive social networks, on-demand video streaming, online gaming, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is causing a tremendous growth of traffic volume. Such large-scale expansion is leading to higher energy consumption and carbon footprint for the telecommunication industry. Governments are trying to minimize the environmental impact by introducing regulations and taxes; driving companies to use renewable energy. However, renewable energy is still not as cost-effective compared to traditional sources of energy (i.e., brown energy), and their availability varies significantly across time and geographic locations. Therefore, it is a challenge for telecommunication companies to comply with regulations and minimize carbon footprint without significantly increasing their operational cost. In this context, we propose an Energy Smart Service Function Chain Orchestrator called ESSO. ESSO reduces the overall carbon footprint of a telecommunication network by opportunistically adapting Service Function Chain (SFC) locations to utilize more energy at locations with surplus renewable energy. ESSO minimizes brown energy consumption by migrating SFCs across different locations. In addition, ESSO provisions SFC components in a manner that allows switches, switch ports, and servers to be put into low-power consumption state. Our trace-driven simulations on real ISP topologies show that considering the availability of renewable energy sources during SFC embedding even for a small-scale network can result in 2-3× reduction in carbon footprint.

Energy efficiency has become an encouragement, and more than this, a requisite for the design of next-generation wireless communications standards. In current work, a dual-hop cognitive (secondary) relaying system is considered, incorporating multiple amplify-and-forward relays, a rather cost-effective solution. First, the secondary relays sense the wireless channel, scanning for a primary network activity, and then convey their reports to a secondary base station (SBS). Afterwards, the SBS, based on these reports and its own estimation, decides cooperatively the presence of primary transmission or not. In the former scenario, all the secondary nodes start to harvest energy from the transmission of primary node(s). In the latter scenario, the system initiates secondary communication via a best relay selection policy. Performance evaluation of this system is thoroughly investigated, by assuming realistic channel conditions, i.e., non-identical link-distances, Rayleigh fading, and outdated channel estimation. The detection and outage probabilities as well as the average harvested energy are derived as new closed-form expressions. In addition, an energy efficiency optimization problem is analytically formulated and solved, while a necessary condition in terms of power consumption minimization for each secondary each node is presented. From a green communications standpoint, it turns out that energy harvesting greatly enhances the resources of secondary nodes, especially when primary activity is densely present.

The future generation of wireless communication technologies is expected to be energy-smart while providing rich multimedia contents with higher Quality of Service (QoS) to the end-users, which necessitates integration of various technologies. Green Cognitive and Cooperative HetNets involve optimal integration of cognitive and cooperative communication techniques in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) to increase the energy efficiency without sacrificing significantly the QoS. To reduce the energy consumption overhead introduced by cognitive and cooperative communications, there is a need to incorporate green concepts in communication technologies. Finally, design challenges in embracing green technologies to achieve Green Cognitive and Cooperative HetNets is addressed.

- by GRD JOURNALS and +1
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- Green Communications, HetNet, Cognitive and Cooperative communication
- by Cicek Cavdar
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- Computer Science, Renewable Energy, Telecommunications, Green architecture

In order to assess the performance of new energy efficient network technologies for green communication, network power consumption and system level simulations are crucial in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). In this paper, we present a MATLAB based simulator to measure the network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), and on-grid energy savings etc. considering tempo-spatial dynamics of traffic demand. The simulator is built on renewable energy powered cellular network and is capable of evaluating the downlink performances under different coordinated multipoint (CoMP) schemes such as dynamic point selection (DPS) and joint transmission (JT). In JT transmission technique, the number of base stations (BSs) is not limited to two but can be extended to multiple numbers of BSs to serve a single user equipment (UE) for attaining a better quality of services (QoS). The proposed cellular network deploys individual energy storage device, renewable energy source, and resistive power lines among BSs for energy cooperation. The aim of this simulator is optimizing the green energy utilization and thereby reducing the on-grid power consumption. The simulator is offered for free under an academic, non-commercial use license, a first to the authors knowledge.

- by Abdullah Bin Shams and +1
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- Wireless Communications, Renewable Energy, Hybrid Systems, Wireless networks
- by Ana Petric
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- Collaborative Systems, Mobile Communication, Energy efficiency, Mathematical Sciences

The Linux operating system provides many well-developed tools that support the concept of energy-efficient networking. This paper outlines the results of research focused on the design and implementation of a control system reducing power consumption of IP-traffic processing in a network of Linux-based software routers. It is demonstrated how the standard ACPI-compliant system components can be adjusted to meet the requirements of adaptive energy-aware network control and what performance tradeoffs may there be expected. In particular, it is demonstrated how the abstraction layers provided by the Linux kernel can be used to exploit energy-saving mechanisms of packet processing servers. Formulations of the routing optimization and service rate control problems are presented and discussed. The results of the extensive experimental studies are presented as well.

- by Piotr Arabas and +2
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- Control Systems Engineering, Operating Systems, Computer Networks, Linux Kernel

Green communication is a new focus within the telecommunications industry, leading to various innovative ideas on how to optimize communication in order to achieve energy savings. While the majority of those ideas target the transport layer of communication systems, this paper takes a different approach and proposes an innovation for the application layer by introducing a novel concept in the mobile telecom service provisioning process: the swarm-oriented services. The presented proof-of-concept swarm-oriented mobile telecom service is called the Collaborative Downloading and its primary goal is to lower the mobile users’ overall energy consumption while they are downloading data. In order to enable this service, we designed the self-organizing market-based algorithm (SOMA), which combines swarm intelligence (i.e. self-organization) and market-based (i.e. auctions) mechanisms, while the proof-of-concept implementation is based on multi-agent technology. Analytical results show that the proposed Collaborative Downloading service saved up to 76% of energy in mobile device batteries when compared with the current mobile data download practice (in a scenario with 6 mobile users whose mobile devices support GPRS and Bluetooth networking technologies).

- by Vedran Podobnik
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- Self-Organization, Collaborative Systems, Mobile Communication, Energy efficiency

In the field of science, electricity drives each and every node of technical applications especially if telecommunication field is concerned. Burning of coke or fossil fuel emanates sufficient electricity but scientist cannot disregard the detrimental effect of green house gas (GHG) generated from this process. Every year, India loses major portion of power in this field which can be reduced if green technology in this field is adopted. The optimization of power consumption independent of any application is "greening of telecommunication" which considers not only the fuel efficient equipments and eco-friendly designs of telecommunication networks but also the disposal of tele-waste. It also involves the renewable and eco-friendly energy sources, energy saving and eco-friendly manufacturing components and optimization of thermal energy. IP based network of cloud computation consumes enormous energy which violets main motivation of the greening of environment. Green taken common with the every word like electronics, codes, power amplifiers and antennas will show the roads toward green telecom. In this paper an effort has been made to present the review of green telecom which associates the disadvantages of ‘state of the art’ telecommunication technology. This paper includes the comparative study of conventional technology and recent green technologies in telecom sector which offer an idea to choose the best technology to make our environment green.

- by Angshuman Khan
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- Telecommunication, Green Technology, Green Communications

The Second International Conference on Green Communications, Computing and Technologies (GREEN 2017), held between September 10-14, 2017 in Rome, continued the inaugural event focusing on current solutions, stringent requirements for further development, and evaluations of potential directions. The event targeted to bring together academia, research institutes, and industries working towards green solutions.
Expected economic, environmental and society wellbeing impact of green computing and communications technologies led to important research and solutions achievements in recent years. Environmental sustainability, high-energy efficiency, diversity of energy sources, renewable energy resources contributed to new paradigms and technologies for green computing and communication.
Economic metrics and social acceptability are still under scrutiny, despite the fact that many solutions, technologies and products are available. Deployment at large scale and a long term evaluation of benefits are under way in different areas where dedicated solutions are applied.
The conference had the following tracks:
 Improving Green-ness
 Smart Energy and Smart Grid
We take here the opportunity to warmly thank all the members of the GREEN 2017 technical program committee, as well as all the reviewers. The creation of such a high quality conference program would not have been possible without their involvement. We also kindly thank all the authors that dedicated much of their time and effort to contribute to GREEN 2017. We truly believe that, thanks to all these efforts, the final conference program consisted of top quality contributions.
We also gratefully thank the members of the GREEN 2017 organizing committee for their help in handling the logistics and for their work that made this professional meeting a success.
We hope that GREEN 2017 was a successful international forum for the exchange of ideas and results between academia and industry and to promote further progress in the field of green communications, computing and technology. We also hope that Rome, Italy provided a pleasant environment during the conference and everyone found some time to enjoy the historic charm of the city.

- by Carlos Westphall and +1
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- Green Computing, Green Technology, Green Communications

Concerns about global warming and increasing number of base stations (BSs) leading to rising energy consumption have prompted extensive research effort focusing on energy efficiency (EE) issue for cellular networks. As a result, cellular operators are increasingly deploying renewable energy (RE) sources in BSs as a promising way to reduce the on-grid consumption and operational expenditure. In this paper, we propose a novel framework on green energy driven cellular networks aiming to maximize the utilization of the green energy and minimize the grid energy consumption considering stochastic traffic demand profile. Each BS is equipped with renewable energy generators, such as solar panel along with a set of batteries as an energy storage device and also connected to commercial grid supply. In addition, joint transmission (JT) coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission technique is integrated with the proposed model for selecting the best serving BSs for a user equipment (UE). The prime goal is to quantify the EE of various selection schemes namely, distance based, SINR based and SINR-distance based JT CoMP techniques under the proposed network model. Provision of sleep mode approach in BSs is also considered. A thorough investigation in the downlink of LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) cellular system is carried out for evaluating EE performance of the proposed framework under a wide range of network settings. Numerical results validate the proposed network models demonstrating a considerable enhancement in network EE compared to other counterparts.

– Green communication aims to reduce the overall energy consumption and to optimize the system capacity. In 3G cellular networks, power consumption of all Node-B's is same for low traffic time as well as high traffic time. In this paper, power consumption of 3G cellular networks is reduced by forming a power efficient dynamic topology based on Node-B's. In a 24 hour period, there is certain length of time in which Node-B's power is underutilized. This time duration is termed as Night Zone and is uniquely defined. During this time, the topology of the Node-B is made dynamic. A single Node-B covers different number of cells in different times based on a sinusoidal rise and fall approximation of the total cell traffic. In this way, the energy, which is used in operating a Node-B, can be saved by shutting down a number of Node-B's in an area. Our results have shown 37% power being saved in indoor office scenario, 21% in pedestrian environment and 14.8% in vehicular environment. By virtue of a simple analytical model that spans over three distinct environmental scenarios, the behavior of this topology can be generalized for any given environment. The capacity, Quality of Service (QoS), electromagnetic exposure limits and a Node-B's maximum transmission power constraints are taken into consideration.

- by Muhammad Adeel
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- Cellular Networks, Green Communications

Abstract: Green Communication is a term closely related to green technology (Vereecken,
W. et al, 2010). The term ‗Green‘ gives the impression of something being environment
friendly, which is exactly the case with green communication. With the growth of new
communication technologies, undesired energy consumption is also increasing and causing
an increase of the global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (Calvanese, E. et al, 2011). Green
communication tries to find out the ways through which this environment degradation by
carbon emission can be reduced. In this paper, it is tried to investigate how Community Radio
can be proved as the most suitable vehicle for communicating environment friendly and need
of the hour for sustainable development, taking the case of Jan Dhan Yojana.

- by Archana Kumari and +1
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- Green Communications