Enzymes Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Aim: To Find the Effect of Concentration of Pectinase on Apple (Malus domestica) Juice Production Research Question How does an increase in the concentration of the enzyme pectinase affect the production of apple juice from apple (Malus... more

Aim: To Find the Effect of Concentration of Pectinase on Apple (Malus domestica) Juice Production
Research Question
How does an increase in the concentration of the enzyme pectinase affect the production of apple juice from apple (Malus domestica) pulp?

Despite the increasing number of publications dealing with solid-state (substrate) fermentation (SSF) it is very difficult to draw general conclusion from the data presented. This is due to the lack of proper standardisation that would... more

Despite the increasing number of publications dealing with solid-state (substrate) fermentation (SSF) it is very difficult to draw general conclusion from the data presented. This is due to the lack of proper standardisation that would allow objective comparison with other processes. Research work has so far focused on the general applicability of SSF for the production of enzymes, metabolites and spores, in that many different solid substrates (agricultural waste) have been combined with many different fungi and the productivity of each fermentation reported. On a gram bench-scale SSF appears to be superior to submerged fermentation technology (SmF) in several aspects. However, SSF up-scaling, necessary for use on an industrial scale, raises severe engineering problems due to the build-up of temperature, pH, O2, substrate and moisture gradients. Hence, most published reviews also focus on progress towards industrial engineering. The role of the physiological and genetic properties of the microorganisms used during growth on solid substrates compared with aqueous solutions has so far been all but neglected, despite the fact that it may be the microbiology that makes SSF advantageous against the SmF biotechnology. This review will focus on research work allowing comparison of the specific biological particulars of enzyme, metabolite and/or spore production in SSF and in SmF. In these respects, SSF appears to possess several biotechnological advantages, though at present on a laboratory scale only, such as higher fermentation productivity, higher end-concentration of products, higher product stability, lower catabolic repression, cultivation of microorganisms specialized for water-insoluble substrates or mixed cultivation of various fungi, and last but not least, lower demand on sterility due to the low water activity used in SSF.

The shrinkage of cotton goods on laundering has long been one of the major problems requiring the attention of the textile technologists. At one time or another all of us have been subjected to the annoyance of the shrinkage of our... more

The shrinkage of cotton goods on laundering has long been one of the major problems requiring the attention of the textile technologists. At one time or another all of us have been subjected to the annoyance of the shrinkage of our personal clothing during laundering collars, shirts for men, under wear, frocks for women for example.
In the laundering of cotton goods, the full shrinkage is not always produced in the first wash and often three launderings are required before dimensional stability is reached. It has generally been found that a fabric which shrinks 5% in first washing treatment may shrink 7% before reaching stability. The ratio of the final shrinkage to initial shrinkage is often 1:4.
Shrinkage is the contraction in the dimension of the fabric due to usage. Cotton fabric suffers from two main disadvantages of shrinking and creasing during subsequent washing. Creasing is overcome by the resin finishing whereas the shrinking is prevented by a special finishing known as sanforising and the machine used for that purpose is known as Zero- Zero pre shrinking machine.
Cotton has the property of swelling in water and this effects shrinking. Also the mechanical stress, strain and tension, during spinning and weaving etc, when released cause the fabric to shrink.

Food quality, food preservation, and food safety are the most significant concerns in the food industry currently. Moreover, consumers demand for minimally processed foods and ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables because of its convenience... more

Food quality, food preservation, and food safety are the most significant concerns in the food industry currently. Moreover, consumers demand for minimally processed foods and ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables because of its convenience since they do not need to process the product later.

This Excel spreadsheet calculates the required sterilization time of canned solid foods, by applying Pham's (1987; 1990) formula method. The spreadsheet can also find the heat process value F of such foods. Pham's original equations have... more

This Excel spreadsheet calculates the required sterilization time of canned solid foods, by applying Pham's (1987; 1990) formula method. The spreadsheet can also find the heat process value F of such foods.
Pham's original equations have been extended, to enable calculation of the microbial spoilage rate and of the nutrient retention. All equations used are listed in the calculation section of this spreadsheet.
Findings by Pham are compared and contrasted to those of C.R. Stumbo's heat processing model (1973): the calculated sterilization times Pt, heat process values F, microbial spoilage rates, and nutrient retention were found to be very similar.
Important differences between Pham and Stumbo, however, are: 1) Pham's equations were primarily developed for conduction-heating, solid canned foods; Stumbo's model can also be used for canned convection-heated, liquid products. 2) Pham developed equations for processes in which the heating (fh) and cooling (fc) rates can differ; Stumbo assumes equal heating and cooling rates: fh = fc.
Pham (1987) stated that some of his calculations have to be solved by trial and error. In this spreadsheet such iterations, indicated by pink cells, can easily be solved by Excel's tool Goal Seek. An instruction on how to use Goal Seek has been added.
Six worked examples are included, which may be of help in understanding the use of this spreadsheet. The worked examples are also applied for model validation, and to compare Pham's findings with Stumbo's results.

A biosensor is an analytical device that consists of an immobilized biocomponent in conjunction with a transducer, and represents a synergistic combination of biotechnology and microelectronics. This review summarizes the use of... more

A biosensor is an analytical device that consists of an immobilized biocomponent in conjunction with a transducer, and represents a synergistic combination of biotechnology and microelectronics. This review summarizes the use of biosensors for detecting and quantifying heavy metal ions. Heavy metal contamination is of serious concern to human health since these substances are non-biodegradable and retained by the ecological system. Conventional analytical techniques for heavy metals (such as cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) are precise but suffer from the disadvantages of high cost, the need for trained personnel and the fact that they are mostly laboratory bound. Biosensors have the advantages of specificity, low cost, ease of use, portability and the ability to furnish continuous real time signals. The analysis of heavy metal ions can be carried out with biosensors by using both protein (enzyme, metal-binding protein and antibody)-based and whole-cell (natural and genetically engineered microorganism)-based approaches.

Enzymes play an important role in metabolism that helps in catalyzing bio-chemical reactions. A computational method is required to predict the function of enzymes. Many feature selection technique have been used in this paper by... more

Enzymes play an important role in metabolism that helps in catalyzing bio-chemical reactions. A
computational method is required to predict the function of enzymes. Many feature selection technique
have been used in this paper by examining many previous research paper. This paper presents supervised
machine learning approach to predict the functional classes and subclass of enzymes based on set of 857
sequence derived features. It uses seven sequence derived properties including amino acid composition,
dipeptide composition, correlation feature, composition, transition, distribution and pseudo amino acid
composition .Support vector machine recursive Feature elimination (SVRRFE) is used to select the optimal
number of features. The Random Forest has been used to construct a three level model with optimal
number of features selected by SVMRFE, where top level distinguish a query protein as an enzyme or nonenzyme,
second level predicts the enzyme functional class and the third layer predict the sub functional
class. The proposed model reported overall accuracy of 100%, precision of 100% and MCC value of 1.00
for the first level, whereas accuracy of 90.1%,precision of 90.5% and MCC value of 0.88 for second level
and accuracy of 88.0%, precision of 88.7% and MCC value of 0.87 for the third level.

Biochar is being evaluated globally as a means to improve soil fertility, ecosystem services and sequester carbon. The present study was conducted in the arid zone agricultural region of Pakistan to investigate the impact of biochar on... more

Biochar is being evaluated globally as a means to improve soil fertility, ecosystem services and sequester carbon. The present study was conducted in the arid zone agricultural region of Pakistan to investigate the impact of biochar on the soil microbial biomass, abundance, and activity in the rhizosphere of mash bean crop. For this, pyrolyzed biochar of sugarcane bagasse was prepared and applied at rates of 0, 0.25 and 0.5%-C (C-equivalent basis) with and without NPK fertilization (23 N, 45 P and 25 K kg ha-1). Biochar treatments were applied before sowing of mash bean, and the soil samples were taken from each treatment plot at crop maturity. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were significantly increased with biochar (132%) and NPK fertilization (27%) in mash bean, while 18S rRNA was significantly decreased with biochar application by 22%. 18S abundance was increased (20%) when biochar was applied along with chemical fertilizer. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increased by 19% and 67% with biochar amended at 0.5%-C. Urease and dehydrogenase activities significantly increased with biochar applied at 0.5%-C and NPK fertilization. The results suggest that the application of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar can be useful in improving the legume yield and soil functions in the calcareous soil of the arid area.

The aim of the present study was to determine the level of selected toxicants in water, their bioaccumulation and effects on antioxidant enzymes i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in vital organs (gills,... more

The aim of the present study was to determine the level of selected toxicants in water, their bioaccumulation
and effects on antioxidant enzymes i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase
(POD) in vital organs (gills, liver and kidney) of fish, Cirrhina mrigala. The 3 different representative
water samples and 60 fish samples (20 fish from each site) were collected from three sites i.e. fishfarm,
hatchery and Indus River of Punjab, Pakistan. The results showed differences in physico-chemical
parameters of water samples collected from all the sites. The concentrations of Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and
nickel (Ni) were higher in river water as compared to farm and hatchery. Different organs of fish collected
from different sites showed variations in their metal concentration. In Indus River fish, the concentrations
of metals were highest in liver followed by kidney and gills. The Indus River fish also exhibited highest
SOD activity in all the organs as compared to farm and hatchery fish. The activity of CAT enzyme was
higher in kidneys and gills of farm fish compared to the liver of hatchery fish. The maximum POD activity
was recorded in liver, kidney and gills of hatchery fish. This study reveals that fish could acquire higher
uptake of metals due to excessive pollution of heavy metals and other toxic elements in river water.
In response to metals toxicity, the antioxidant system can be useful as an early warning tool in natural
monitoring studies

A novel bacterial strain capable of decolorizing reactive textile dye Red BLI is isolated from the soil sample collected from contaminated sites of textile industry from Solapur, India. The bacterial isolate was identified as Pseudomonas... more

A novel bacterial strain capable of decolorizing reactive textile dye Red BLI is isolated from the soil sample collected from contaminated sites of textile industry from Solapur, India. The bacterial isolate was identified as Pseudomonas sp. SUK1 on the basis of 16S rDNA analysis. The Pseudomonas sp. SUK1 decolorized Red BLI (50mgl−1) 99.28% within 1h under static anoxic condition at

Fueron aisladas 100 cepas de Bacillus spp. productoras de proteasas, de ellas se seleccionó la más eficiente por su halo de hidrólisis en medio agar nutriente-caseína. Se estudió el medio y las condiciones de cultivo sobre la producción... more

Fueron aisladas 100 cepas de Bacillus spp. productoras de proteasas, de ellas se seleccionó la más eficiente por su halo de hidrólisis en medio agar nutriente-caseína. Se estudió el medio y las condiciones de cultivo sobre la producción de proteasas y su actividad con el fin de optimizar las condiciones de producción de la enzima. Para ello se utilizó un Diseño de experimento factoriales y un Compuesto Central Rotativo; los resultados fueron tratados por el método matemático de la Superficie de Respuesta. Se obtuvieron valores óptimos de actividad de enzimática 12 U Anson con el medio y las condiciones de cultivo óptimas. El extracto enzimático producido (ESS) bajo condiciones óptimas fue probado para la producción de hidrólizados de proteínas de sangre total bovina, con una razón de hidrólisis con valores entre 30 y 35%.

Candida rugosa lipase is an important virulent factor in case of candidiasis, our work aims to inhibit this enzyme by secondary metabolites extracted from the seeds of Pe-ganum harmala plant. After the inhibition tests, ethanol and... more

Candida rugosa lipase is an important virulent factor in case of candidiasis, our work aims to inhibit this enzyme by secondary metabolites extracted from the seeds of Pe-ganum harmala plant. After the inhibition tests, ethanol and dichloromethane fractions showed significant inhibitions CE50 : 0.83 g/l and 1.74 g/l, respectively. The use of chromatographic techniques was allow to isolate a major compound (3.64 %) which showed an important inhibitory and an antioxidant activities (0.5 mg/ml inhibited 80.13 % of the enzyme activity). It would be very interesting to carry out spectroscopic techniques to determine the chemical structure of this compound.

Background and Objective: Moringa oleifera has multiple uses and almost all parts of the plant form part of the traditional diet in many Tropical and Subtropical countries. It is not clear how the dried raw seed was eaten affects... more

Background and Objective: Moringa oleifera has multiple uses and almost all parts of the plant form part of the traditional diet in many Tropical and Subtropical countries. It is not clear how the dried raw seed was eaten affects diabetes. Research has shown that the raw seed has a wide range of medical properties and nutritive values. Most of the plants used for diabetes mellitus are not edible therefore studying a plant with hypoglycemic activity would have to amerce value in the management of the disease. Material and Method: The diabetic state was confirmed after 72 hours of induction of diabetes with 150mg/kg of alloxan. The animals were separated into 5 groups (n=5). Group1 and 2 served as normal control (NC) and Diabetic non Treated (DNT) feed with normal chow and water ad libitum. Group 3 received metformin hydrochloride orally. Group 4 and 5 received 450mg and 350mg of raw Moringa oleifera powder orally. A weekly analysis of blood glucose from the tail vein was done. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 14 days and serum was collected for determination of serum lipids and enzymes profile. Result: Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were seen to be reduced while High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was seen to be significantly increased at the end of two weeks. ALT, AST and ALP in the treatment groups at the end of the period were seen to be decreased significantly. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera Raw seeds given at doses 350mg, and 450mg/day showed anti hyperglycemic and hepatoprotective activity against alloxan induced diabetes in the rat.

Textile wet processing is one of the most polluting industrial processes. It is a complex process, and its complexity depends on the composition of textile material. From this point of view, new efficient strategies for cotton wet... more

Textile wet processing is one of the most polluting industrial processes.
It is a complex process, and its complexity depends on the
composition of textile material. From this point of view, new efficient
strategies for cotton wet processing are needed, which are
cost-effective and reduce the impact on the environment. The goal
of this work is to accomplish most aspects of preparatory finishing
(desizing, scouring) by means of “green chemistry,” or, in other
words, nontoxic enzymatic treatments. To achieve this goal, a
mixture of a-amylase (Am) and polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes
from Trichoderma harzianum induced with orange peel was successfully
produced. Partial purification of these enzymes using
dialysis and chromatographic techniques was carried out, and the
purified enzymes were characterized. Different effects on the
enzyme activity, including temperature, pH, and surfactant, were
studied. The treatment of cotton fabric in a single bath for desizing
with Am or a single bath for scouring with PG was accomplished.
The treatment conditions were optimized by varying the
enzyme concentration, pH value, treatment temperature, and
duration. Treatment effectiveness on fabric properties was evaluated
via weight loss (%), violet scale shades, residual starch in
fabric (%), copper number, tensile strength, and water absorbency
(wettability). A combined process for desizing and scouring was
applied to the raw cotton fabric using a mixture of Am and PG
enzymes. The effect of the two enzyme concentrations at different
incubation times on the desizing and bioscouring efficiencies was
further studied.

This is a clinical review of current techniques in wound bed preparation found to be effective in assisting the wound-healing process. The process begins with the identification of a correct diagnosis of the wound's etiology and... more

This is a clinical review of current techniques in wound bed preparation found to be effective in assisting the wound-healing process. The process begins with the identification of a correct diagnosis of the wound's etiology and continues with optimizing the patient's medical condition, including blood flow to the wound site. Débridement as the basis of most wound-healing strategies is then emphasized. Various débridement techniques, including surgery, topical agents, and biosurgery, are thoroughly discussed and illustrated. Wound dressings, including the use of negative pressure wound therapy, are then reviewed. To properly determine the timing of advance therapeutic intervention, the wound-healing progress needs to be monitored carefully with weekly measurements. A reduction in wound area of 10 to 15 percent per week represents normal healing and does not mandate a change in the current wound-healing strategy. However, if this level of wound area reduction is not met consi...

Proteins and reducing sugars are well known because of their capability of reducing compounds like DNS and elements like copper. When they join with these compounds, they manifest certain coloration that can be measured with a... more

Proteins and reducing sugars are well known because of their capability of reducing compounds like DNS and elements like copper. When they join with these compounds, they manifest certain coloration that can be measured with a spectrophotometer; therefore with solutions of different protein and sugar concentrations, we constructed a calibration curve. Alfa amylase degrade starch, and its enzyme activity was determined by staining the product with DNS and measuring its absorbance