Gardening Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Children’s gardens are becoming increasingly popular within public gardens. Developing a children’s garden begins with a clear understanding of visitor’s needs and institutional goals, and can end with any of several models. Generally... more

Children’s gardens are becoming increasingly popular within public gardens. Developing a children’s garden begins with a clear understanding of visitor’s needs and institutional goals, and can end with any of several models. Generally these
models fall into one of two categories: exploration spaces designed and cared for by adults or gardens planted and maintained by children. There is a great deal of design diversity within children’s gardens, but a well-designed garden will meet educational goals while serving as a model of sustainability. This article examines the essentials that go into producing and running a successful children’s garden while arguing the need for core principles such as water conservation and focusing on native plants to be incorporated.

The aim of the present work is to make a detailed investigation of the dissemination and dispersion of the plants which were cultivated in Medea's garden of medical plants in Colchis. It was found that the plants in the Medea's... more

The aim of the present work is to make a detailed investigation of the dissemination and dispersion of the plants which were cultivated in Medea's garden of medical plants in Colchis. It was found that the plants in the Medea's garden were highly heterogeneous from the point of plant geography. Plants from humid and arid Mediterranean basin, Near, Minor and East Asia zones were found in Medea's garden. Among the most important were the plants of floristic centers of Mediterranean basin. Study of the botanical geographical aspects of medical plants gave us opportunities to establish optimal time of dissemination of medical plants diasporas in Colchis; this process is associated with climate oscillations of Holocene and intensive migrations of peoples of Mediterranean.

The article deals with a change of an urban space in Prague-Kbely as it was reflected in the municipal press, with special attention to the fate of allotment garden colonies. There used to be several garden colonies in the suburban Prague... more

The article deals with a change of an urban space in Prague-Kbely as it was reflected in the municipal press, with special attention to the fate of allotment garden colonies. There used to be several garden colonies in the suburban Prague district of Kbely. In recent years some of them had to disappear in order to make space for new development of Kbely. We propose an analysis of how this change was reflected in the local municipal paper “Kbelák,” which is funded by the municipality and is distributed free to every household in the district.

... 2005; Geis 2005; Greiffenhagen and Neller 2005, for a research overview see Vetter 2007 ... a public community,'Stadtumbau Ost'cannot be afforded,”(vhw 2003: 67; own translation). ... for Urban Development... more

... 2005; Geis 2005; Greiffenhagen and Neller 2005, for a research overview see Vetter 2007 ... a public community,'Stadtumbau Ost'cannot be afforded,”(vhw 2003: 67; own translation). ... for Urban Development (Senatsverwaltung f€ ur Stadtentwicklung) and the housing corpora-tion. ...

This PPT document explains in a comprehensive way, how to cultivate Table Grapes. Preparation of demonstration blocks, nurseries, arrangement of training workshops and handing over the mother plants to the local farmers of the selected... more

This PPT document explains in a comprehensive way, how to cultivate Table Grapes. Preparation of demonstration blocks, nurseries, arrangement of training workshops and handing over the mother plants to the local farmers of the selected agencies of Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai and FR Region of Bannu will be done according to the standard protocols. Keeping in mind the arrangement of the seven pillars of Vision 2025 new opportunities could be created via viticulture development. Horticulture is a fast growing sector with rising exports and increasing demand in domestic and international markets. Pakistani fruits, both fresh and dry, have great potential for exports. So, the present project will also contribute in the vision of 2025 (One nation One vision) not only to help in the development of FATA but also in the development of adjacent region. It will give rise to development of industries related to Grapevines products like raisins, juices, jams etc. that will be source of new jobs and development in the region. For the alleviation of poverty by enhancing the socioeconomic status of FATA people through viticulture development, we will further extend our work via developing a new project to extend our work to the remaining agencies like Khyber, Mohmand and Waziristan etc. The selected potential and successful varieties of grapes will be introduced for nurseries development and handing over to farmers of the FATA region in future as mother plants.

Background: Heritability and population-specific lifestyle factors are considered to significantly contribute to chronic low back pain (LBP), but traditional population studies fail to (1) adjust for genetics; and (2) use standard and... more

Background: Heritability and population-specific lifestyle factors are considered to significantly contribute to chronic low back pain (LBP), but traditional population studies fail to (1) adjust for genetics; and (2) use standard and validated definitions for LBP and for lifestyle factors. Methods: Using a classical and a co-twin control study design and validated definitions for chronic LBP and lifestyle variables, we explored the relative contribution of genetics and environment on the prevalence of chronic LBP in a sample of adult Australian twins. Results: Data from 105 twin pairs showed that the prevalence of chronic LBP is significantly determined by genetic factors (heritability = 32%). Additionally, monozygotic twins were five times more likely to have chronic LBP than dizygotic twins when one of the siblings of the pair was affected. In a case-control analysis (n = 38 twin pairs), an exploratory analysis showed higher prevalence of chronic LBP associated with light walking exercises and vigorous gardening or heavy work around the house. Daily time spent in sitting was also positively associated with chronic LBP, but not moderate physical activities such as jogging, cycling and gentle swimming. In the final multivariate model, only time spent in vigorous gardening or heavy work around the house remained associated with chronic LBP (odds ratio 6.5; 95% confidence interval 1.47-28.8).

If your garden is missing out on that something unique, an ending up touch to complement the charm of your plants and flowers, a water feature can be the completing centrepiece. A water feature, more than any other accessory, can turn... more

It is predicted that by the year 2050, majority of Africans will living in urban area. In Cameroon, urbanization rate radically evolved from 37.8 % in 1987 to 52.0 % in 2010 and projections for 2030 show that 2 out of 3 Cameroonians will... more

It is predicted that by the year 2050, majority of Africans will living in urban area. In Cameroon, urbanization rate radically evolved from 37.8 % in 1987 to 52.0 % in 2010 and projections for 2030 show that 2 out of 3 Cameroonians will live in urban areas. Such a situation will outstrip job creation and the capacity of Africans governments to control and provide essential infrastructure. It will also an increase of unemployment as well as underemployment, poverty, food insecurity and health risks among those living in and around cities. Urban and peri-urban agriculture appear to be a better response to these challenges, as observed in the case of Bamenda, where local productions around the town (rural urban continuum) remain essential to feeding citizens. However, environmental impacts studies have not been carried out to examine qualitative and quantitative positive impacts of these activities centered on crop production, mainly production of leafy traditional vegetables around the cities. The actual context of sustainable development requires a better understanding between the vegetable gardening and the environment, which was the main focus of research. An environmental impact assessment based on gardeners' inputs was conducted along the rural-urban continuum of Bamenda in the Northwest Region Cameroon. A survey questionnaire was administered among 150 growers divided equally in rural and peri-urban areas. The survey strongly insisted on the determination of active composition, families and chemical classes using the Phytosanitary Index ACTA, as well as the list of Cameroon registered pesticides. Data on environmental impacts were processed and analyzed through the Leopold and Fecteau matrices. Two variables were used for this: original impacts factorial (crop management) and production systems. The main results show that the majority of gardeners were young (34.67 %) of 30 to 40 years age group. Most of the gardeners in urban areas (88%) grow vegetables in home gardens of smaller size (less than 0.05 ha) while in peri-urban area, 76 % of respondents have farms measuring between 0.1 to 0.25ha located near their homes. In rural areas, the majority of growers (48 %), operating away from their habitat, owned farms larger or equal to 0.25 ha. Among the chemical used in production systems on the continuum were Carbonates and Thiocarbonates (35 %) followed by organophosphate (21 %), unidentified Pyrethroids synthetic components (17 %) and Organochlorines (4 %). The threshold of environmental impacts criticality is established and appears greater or equal to the average value of 16 in the rating scale. The results of this survey confirmed that there was an uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers on vegetables throughout the rural-urban continuum of Bamenda. The study identified lack of training and gardeners' sensitization as well as the non-compliance to the legal texts relating to the safe use of chemical fertilizers and chemicals, as the aggravating factors and causes of environmental damage around rural-urban Bamenda. (2) World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 2024 San Pedro / Tel: +225 07 05 86 90 (3) Département de géographie de l'université de Yaoundé 1. / Tel: +237 99 85 59 26/ +237 22 00 81 78 (4) AVRDC -The World Vegetable Center, Liaison Office Cameroon, C/o IITA -Cameroon, PO Box 2008, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroun / Tel: +237 22 10 84 48//+237 97 90 00 95, (5) Department of Physical Geography, University of Freiburg, +49 761 203 3513 (Office) +49 761 203 3596 (Fax.) Résumé Il est prévu que d'ici 2050, la majorité des Africains vivront en milieu urbain. Au Cameroun, le taux d'urbanisation a radicalement évolué, passant de 37,8% en 1987 à 52,0% en 2010 et les projections pour 2030 montrent que 2 Camerounais sur 3 vivront dans des zones urbaines. Une telle situation sera supérieure à la création d'emplois et à la capacité des gouvernements africains à contrôler et à fournir l'infrastructure essentielle. On assistera également à une augmentation du chômage ainsi que du sous-emploi, l'accentuation de la pauvreté, l'insécurité alimentaire et des risques de santé chez les personnes vivant dans les centres urbains et périurbains.

Die Naturgarten-Bewegung hat für den Naturschutz im Anthropozän wichtige Pionierarbeit geleistet. Naturgärten zeigen, wie viel der Mensch als Gärtner und Pfleger für die Erhaltung der Natur leisten kann, und sie illustrieren das große... more

Die Naturgarten-Bewegung hat für den Naturschutz im Anthropozän wichtige Pionierarbeit geleistet. Naturgärten zeigen, wie viel der Mensch als Gärtner und Pfleger für die Erhaltung der Natur leisten kann, und sie illustrieren das große Potenzial der Naturförderung gerade auch in der intensiv genutzten Agglomerations- und Siedlungslandschaft.
Die große neue Herausforderung ist es, die Naturgärten aus dem einzelnen Garten des Liebhabers in die gesamte Siedlungslandschaft auszubreiten: »Raus aus den Naturgärten – rein in die intensiv
genutzten Agglomerations- und Siedlungslandschaften«. Dafür braucht es zum Teil ein Umdenken und mehr Offenheit von Seiten der Naturgarten-Bewegung: Erstens braucht es Toleranz für die neuartige Natur des Anthropozäns. Zweitens muss die Natur in der Gemeinde
die gesamte Bevölkerung (nicht nur einige Naturgärten) erreichen. Dafür
braucht es unter anderem mehr gestalterische Vielfalt beim Naturgärtnern: Ein Naturgarten kann, muss aber nicht, eine kleine Wildnis sein. Dieser kann auch gepflegt und »designed« sein. Drittens sollten wir vermehrt den Blick über den Gartenzaun wagen. Die meisten Naturgärten sind zu klein und isoliert, um für sich alleine Arten erhalten zu können. Dies kann nur durch die Zusammenarbeit in der Nachbarschaft, im Quartier und in der Gemeinde erreicht werden. Viertens geht es im Siedlungsraum nicht nur um die Förderung von seltenen Arten sondern insbesondere auch um die Erhaltung einer genügenden Vielfalt von mittelhäufigen bis häufigen Arten.

Türkiyede'de yetişen yerli yabancı badem ırkları ve özellikleri

This poem was featured in a special gathering of differently abled poets.

Konsep taman klasik tropis memang memiliki daya tarik tersendiri. kualitas tropis yang cenderung mengusung konsep natural "back to nature" masih banyak diaplikasikan dalam tema taman rumah masa kini. Taman klasik tropis lebih banyak... more

Konsep taman klasik tropis memang memiliki daya tarik tersendiri. kualitas tropis yang cenderung mengusung konsep natural "back to nature" masih banyak diaplikasikan dalam tema taman rumah masa kini. Taman klasik tropis lebih banyak diaplikasikan dalam pola taman yang cenderung memiliki ruang dengan luasan sedang atau cenderung luas. berbeda dengan gaya taman minimalis yang rata-rata diaplikasikan pada area yang memiliki ruang terbatas dan cenderung sempit. Unsur klasik yang berarti mengusung tema dasar terdahulu " klasik " kemudian menghadirkannya kembali dalam gubahan menurut versi dan trend yang populer di masa kekinian.

Objective: To describe the development and application of the School Food Environment Assessment Tools and a novel scoring system to assess the integration of healthy and environmentally sustainable food initiatives in elementary and... more

Objective: To describe the development and application of the School Food Environment Assessment Tools and a novel scoring system to assess the integration of healthy and environmentally sustainable food initiatives in elementary and secondary schools. Design: This cross-sectional study included direct observations of physical food environments and interviews with key school personnel regarding food-related programs and policies. A five-point scoring system was then developed to assess actions across six domains: 1) food gardens 2) composting systems 3) food preparation activities 4) food-related teaching and learning activities, and availability of 5) healthy food and 6) environmentally sustainable food. Setting: Vancouver, Canada Subjects: A purposive sample of public schools (n=33), from all six sectors of the Vancouver Board of Education. Results: Schools scored highest in the areas of food garden and compost system development and use. Regular integration of food-related teaching and learning activities and hands-on food preparation experiences were also commonly reported. Most schools demonstrated rudimentary efforts to make healthy and environmentally sustainable food choices available, but in general, scored lowest on these two domains. Moreover, no schools reported widespread initiatives fully supporting availability or integration of healthy or environmentally sustainable food across campus.

Community psychology (CP) research on the natural environment lacks a theoretical framework for analyzing the complex relationship between human systems and the natural world. We introduce other academic fields concerned with the... more

Community psychology (CP) research on the natural environment lacks a theoretical framework for analyzing the complex relationship between human systems and the natural world. We introduce other academic fields concerned with the interactions between humans and the natural environment, including environmental sociology and coupled human and natural systems. To demonstrate how the natural environment can be included within CP’s ecological framework, we propose an ecological model of urban forest stewardship action. Although ecological models of behavior in CP have previously modeled health behaviors, we argue that these frameworks are also applicable to actions that positively influence the natural environment. We chose the environmental action of urban forest stewardship because cities across the United States are planting millions of trees and increased citizen participation in urban tree planting and stewardship will be needed to sustain the benefits provided by urban trees. We used the framework of an ecological model of behavior to illustrate multiple levels of factors that may promote or hinder involvement in urban forest stewardship actions. The implications of our model for the development of multi-level ecological interventions to foster stewardship actions are discussed, as well as directions for future research to further test and refine the model.

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, DC, is an institute of Harvard University dedicated to supporting scholarship internationally in Byzantine, Pre-Columbian, and Garden and Landscape Studies through... more

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, DC, is an institute of Harvard University dedicated to supporting scholarship internationally in Byzantine, Pre-Columbian, and Garden and Landscape Studies through fellowships, meetings, exhibitions, and publications. Located in Georgetown and bequeathed by Robert Woods Bliss and Mildred Barnes Bliss, Dumbarton Oaks welcomes scholars to consult its books, images, and objects, and the public to visit its garden, museum, and historic house for lectures and concerts.

Internationales Symposium „Gartenkultur in Russland“ Hannover, 9.-11. Mai 2012, Zentrum für Gartenkunst und Landschaftsarchitektur, Leibniz Universität Hannover Международный симпозиум „Садово-парковая культура в России“, Ганновер, 9-11... more

Internationales Symposium „Gartenkultur in Russland“ Hannover, 9.-11. Mai 2012, Zentrum für Gartenkunst und Landschaftsarchitektur, Leibniz Universität Hannover
Международный симпозиум „Садово-парковая культура в России“, Ганновер, 9-11 мая 2012 г.
Das Symposium fand im Rahmen der Russland-Wochen an deutschen Hochschulen 2012 anlässlich des Deutsch-Russischen Jahres der Bildung, Wissenschaft und Innovation 2011/2012 statt.

This paper discusses a recent project ("Speak to the Earth and It Will Tell You") by the British artist Jeremy Deller, which was on display at Skulptur Projekte 2017. It consisted of a ten-year collaboration with gardeners from allotment... more

This paper discusses a recent project ("Speak to the Earth and It Will Tell You") by the British artist Jeremy Deller, which was on display at Skulptur Projekte 2017. It consisted of a ten-year collaboration with gardeners from allotment clubs in Münster, Germany, who recorded their social and horticultural activities in diaries, which were then compiled into a library and presented in a gardener’s cabin.
Following art historian Claire Bishop’s call to judge participatory projects aesthetically, rather than ethically or instrumentally (aesthetics, here, is taken in the Rancièrian sense of pertaining to the perceptual configuration of society), this paper asks if the ideas and effects generated in this project for the participants and for the viewers succeed in disrupting prevailing social constructions of time, space and social activities.
Based on a close reading of the work and on gardeners’ accounts and local press reviews, I argue that the work manages to construct an anachronistic spatio-temporal environment, where time is slow, reliable and diachronic, and space presents itself as culturally and architecturally homogeneous and obsolete. By so doing, the project negates prevailing forms of experience, namely the precarity, heterogeneity and virtualization of contemporary life.
In a broader context, the paper adds to the discussion on the political (in)efficacy of anachronisms in contemporary art, by suggesting that in a virtual society characterized by a radically heterogeneous present, it is the reenactment of past ‘manners of beings’, rather than past contents, that can prove a useful disruptive tactic—a suggestion consistent with Rancière’s claim that art “is political insofar as it frames a specific space-time sensorium.”

Recently in Norway there has been a growing awareness for historical gardens plants, and the inclusion of these plants in gene banks. This includes plants known in culture at least before 1940. From 1998 to present Agder Botanical Garden,... more

Recently in Norway there has been a growing awareness for historical gardens plants, and the inclusion of these plants in gene
banks. This includes plants known in culture at least before 1940. From 1998 to present Agder Botanical Garden, Kristiansand,
South Norway, has documented several hundred different historical perennials, bulbs, ornamental shrubs and garden roses in
selected localities, e.g. old gardens, parks, churchyards, etc. in Southwest Norway. About 165 different taxa of perennials, bulbs
and shrubs have been collected live, accompanied with more or less detailed data on age, provenience, etc. These plants are on
display in the Millennium Garden, and planted out in 6 different groups, roughly according to their period of introduction into
Norwegian gardens. The groups are: 1) The Viking garden (ca. 800-1050), 2) The Medieval garden (ca. 1150-1550), 3) Renaissanceand
Baroque gardens (ca. 1550-1790), 4) The Romantic landscape park (ca. 1790-1850), 5) The Gardens of the 19 th century
(ca. 1850-1900) and 6) The Gardens of the 20 th century (ca. 1900-2000). The historical garden roses, ca. 80 taxa, are displayed
in a separate garden. Both the Millennium garden and the Historical rose garden are part of the Norwegian gene bank network.

Global warming leads to shifts in vegetation types in given temperate environments. The fastest species movement is due to the globalized supply and use of exotic plants in gardening and urban landscaping. These standard practices... more

Global warming leads to shifts in vegetation types in given temperate environments. The fastest species movement is due to the globalized supply and use of exotic plants in gardening and urban landscaping. These standard practices circumvent dispersal limitations and biological and environmental stresses; they have three major global impacts: (i) the enhancement of biological invasions, (ii) the elevation of volatile organic compound emissions and the resulting increase in photochemical smog formation, and (iii) the enhancement of CO 2 fixation and water use by gardened plants. These global effects, none of which are currently considered in globalchange scenarios, are increasingly amplified with further warming and urbanization. We urge for quantitative assessment of the global effects of gardening and urban landscaping.

In Yerevan, as well as in a number of other Armenian cities, gardens were designed and constructed mainly during the Soviet era, and most of them were transformed, distorted and devastated in the first decade of the period of... more

In Yerevan, as well as in a number of other Armenian cities, gardens were designed and constructed mainly during the Soviet era, and most of them were transformed, distorted and devastated in the first decade of the period of independence. In the last decade, a unique number of gardens/parks have been built or reconstructed in Yerevan. The city of Yerevan needs this kind of investigation. To observe and analyse the current state of gardens and parks, architectural and design structures as well as compositional design issues and problems concerning Yerevan's gardens and parks can be the first study in the Armenian history of design and architecture We still do not have any information about similar research efforts in the given sphere carried out in the countries neighbouring Armenia and other foreign countries. This article presents the right process of modernization and/or construction of gardens/parks based on the study of the best models envisions and requires application and implementation of different tools of compositional design and modification not only in the design proper of gardens/parks, but also in the external design and aesthetic nuances of the adjacent surrounding, leaving any compositional design setup unchanged.

I created a community garden proposal for Southwest Network, a behavioral health agency located in Chandler Arizona. This proposal was the beginning of another community garden that is being built in Casa Grande, Arizona. This paper... more

I created a community garden proposal for Southwest Network, a behavioral health agency located in Chandler Arizona. This proposal was the beginning of another community garden that is being built in Casa Grande, Arizona. This paper serves as the foundation for a future book written from an anthropological and social work approach to building a successful and sustainable community garden.

Auch in der Schweiz dauert das Artensterben an. Das naturnahe Gärtnern kann ein Teil der Lösung sein. Urbane Grünräume sind nämlich zu einem wichtigen Rückzugsgebiet für die Artenvielfalt geworden. In diesem Artikel stellen wir... more

Auch in der Schweiz dauert das Artensterben an. Das naturnahe Gärtnern kann ein Teil der Lösung sein. Urbane Grünräume sind nämlich
zu einem wichtigen Rückzugsgebiet für die Artenvielfalt geworden.
In diesem Artikel stellen wir Resultate eines Forschungsprojektes vor, das untersucht hat, wie eine Förderung von Wildpflanzen auch in verdichteten Siedlungsräumen möglich bleibt.

This homily was meant to be 8 minutes. But it was at least 20...It is not a model in homiletics. Far from it. So why post it?... The occasion was the 26 June 2022, exactly 150 years after the first recorded Scandinavian Lutheran Service... more

This homily was meant to be 8 minutes. But it was at least 20...It is not a model in homiletics. Far from it. So why post it?... The occasion was the 26 June 2022, exactly 150 years after the first recorded Scandinavian Lutheran Service in Queensland in the Lutheran Church on Wickham Terrace, Brisbane. The event 150 years ago coincided with the Nativity of St John the Baptist (St Hans Aften), linked to the Midsummer Festival.,....The officiant in 1872 was the Norwegian, Christopher Gaustad.
Texts for the homily: Jeremiah 29:1, 4-7; Revelation 7:9-12, 17; John 17:1, 20-23

Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. attracted much attention all over the world due to its ornamental, medicinal and commercial importance. In India, many national research institutes has carried out research for development of different... more

Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. attracted much attention all over the world due to its ornamental, medicinal and commercial importance. In India, many national research institutes has carried out research for development of different varieties. As a result, a large number of new cultivars have been developed in India. Hybridization, chemical mutagens and tissue culture are common methods of propagation and variety development in Bougainvillea but unfortunately, scientist have not paid much attention towards grafting methods for multicolour Bougainvillea flowering on a single plant. The author have working since many years on multicolour Bougainvillea with Tender Twig Grafting (TTG) with more than 75% success rate. This paper dealt with the practical approach and technique used for the development of ornamentally much demanded multicolor flowering of Bougainvillea on single stock.

Un catalogo de plantas seleccionadas para el clima de las costas del municipio de Huatulco, en el estado de Oaxaca, México.
Donde se mencionan especies usadas en la jardines mediterráneos, Xerojardineria y algunas especies tropicales.

Rosa spinosissima (also known as R. pimpinellifolia), the wild Scots Rose, has the widest natural geographical distribution of any rose species, extending from the coastal fringes of western Europe to Siberia. It has also become... more

Rosa spinosissima (also known as R. pimpinellifolia), the wild Scots Rose, has the widest natural geographical distribution of any rose species, extending from the coastal fringes of western Europe to Siberia. It has also become naturalised in North America and parts of the Southern Hemisphere. Its many vernacular names include 'Scots Rose' or 'Scotch Rose' (because of its association with Scotland), 'Burnet Rose' (because its leaves resemble those of the Burnets Sanguisorba) and 'Dune Rose' (because coastal sand-dunes provide one of its main habitats). Most of the common names used in mainland Europe also reflect these concepts and include translations of 'Scots Rose'. 'Scots Rose' is the preferred name in English. The adjective 'Scotch' is not favoured in Scotland -it should only be applied to whisky! Rosa spinosissima itself was cultivated in British gardens from at least the 16 th century and illustrated in the printed 16 th and 17 th century European Herbals. The flowers of British wild forms are normally white or cream and sweetly scented. Its fruits are such a dark purple that they appear black. The first form of the species with coloured flowers was found and described in Scotland in the 17 th century by Sir Robert Sibbald -one of the Founders of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Robert Brown raised the first coloured Scots Roses with 'double' flowers near Perth, Scotland in the late 18 th century. However, by 1830, hundreds of single, semi-double and double flowered coloured 'Scotch Roses' had been raised by Robert Brown, Robert Austin of Glasgow, Scotland and other nurserymen. The colours available included white, cream, yellow, pink, red, mauve and purple with combinations in veined, striped, marbled and tinged flowers. Some varieties were bicoloured in the same sense as Rosa foetida 'Bicolor' with the front of the petals being one colour and the back of the petals being a different colour.

Are you planning to go for Growing Marijuana ? Well, it is essential to be aware of the Growing Marijuana rules before you go ahead with cannabis gardening.We will walk you through the process so that you do not encounter any issues... more

The book Suzhou Classical Gardens stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of Chinese traditional garden study. It made its first faint showing in the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture period, and reaped the... more

The book Suzhou Classical Gardens stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of Chinese traditional garden study. It made its first faint showing in the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture period, and reaped the fruit in the Division for Theoretical and Historical Research in Chinese Architecture period. The editor Liu Dunzhen and his colleagues accomplished this book in a difficult time with the architect’s sensitive and historian’s rigorous, for the purpose of protection and renovation of the traditional gardens. The changing urban environments and architectural practices in 21st Century proposed a new topic on the research of traditional garden. Rethinking the historical experience of writing this book and finding the new interpretation methods of the form of gardens which maybe a critical and pragmatic inheritance of the book for younger generations today.

While the benefits of gardening to mental health and trauma recovery are well documented, and a number of voluntary organizations have been involved in developing gardens with refugees, as yet there is no clear mandate to allow and... more

While the benefits of gardening to mental health and trauma recovery are well documented, and a number of voluntary organizations have been involved in developing gardens with refugees, as yet there is no clear mandate to allow and mainstream gardening in large-scale refugee camps. This article argues for the importance of this in the planning of camps on the basis that many crises are indeed protracted, that refugees often stay in camps for tens of years rather than months and that gardening has significant environmental, psychological and social benefits, as well as contributing to food sovereignty and sustainable drainage. Drawing on interviews with residents of a refugee camp in northern Iraq, all participants in a camp-based garden competition in 2016 and 2017, this article illustrates the benefits of gardening and argues for their sustained inclusion in camp design.

An amended version of this presentation for the Social History Society Conference, 2014. Paraquat was formulated and promoted differently for professional agriculturalists and for amateur gardeners. When domestic users disregarded these... more

An amended version of this presentation for the Social History Society Conference, 2014. Paraquat was formulated and promoted differently for professional agriculturalists and for amateur gardeners. When domestic users disregarded these boundaries, tragedies followed. This forms part of a chapter in my thesis on the Chemicals and their Users in the British Home, 1930s -1980s.

Community garden is the fenced piece of land gardened with entertainment goals and regarding to the social environment reviving plans. Social function is the most prominent role of this kind of gardens. Strong connection with neighbors,... more

Community garden is the fenced piece of land gardened with entertainment goals and regarding to the social environment reviving plans. Social function is the most prominent role of this kind of gardens. Strong connection with neighbors, increasing the participatory spirit, decreasing the crimes, increasing cultural identity, orgnanizing free times, training and etc. are the social benefitd of community gardens. Despite they are considered as local actions, these gardens happen to have global outputs and be as reaction to subscales universal challenges. Nowadays, there are a lot of locations and lands susceptible to be a community garden which cause using its benefits for citizens and especially local residents. One of the most suitable sites for being a community garden is the lands known as vacant lots which are present in the cities these days alot. Vacant lots are the small spaces regarding to their scale, location, possition and etc. have not been utilized as a large/average scale urban land use. Minoodar neighberhood in Ghazvin, a multi-cultural community with low/medium income people living there which also have vacant lots and defenseless spaces while lacking in identity is one of its features. In this paper, after presenting a accurate definition of community garden combination and determining its function, drsirable effects of them will be examined. Then, the importance of vacant lots regarding to urban sustainable development topics will be discussed and the necessity of establishing the community gardens in Minoodar area will be accomplished. The information needed in this paper have been collected with documentary and descriptive methods, interview and field observation.