Garlic Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of enzyme Lysozyme, which is extracted from the egg’s albumin and The Allicin antibiotic which is extracted from the garlic. It also studies their effects on some bacteria which have been obtained pure and others have been isolated in the extracts of Lysozyme and Allicin. Then we face the foods which are contaminated with such species of these bacteria and their dangers on the public health. The study was conducted in two phases, the first of which included knowing the effectiveness of extracts and their effects on some sorts of bacteria which were treated by these extracts through the tests of sensitivity screening. The second phase of this study included the treatment of some types of food which are commonly circulated and speedily damaged – the treatment was with these materials to know their impact in eliminating the microbes that are found in these foods and prevent damage for a long time. We examined three types of bacteria: (E .coli, Streptococcus, Salmonella). The results of sensitivity screening, which were done in two ways: (CD-proliferation plates and confirmation way), showed the sensitivity of these microbes with rates ranging between (100%) to (33.4%) named (garlic male). While the less ones were Allicin extracts that were extracted from the foreign garlic, the mixture of Allicin which was extracted from the local eggs and Lysozyme which was extracted from the foreign eggs with red peel. Besides, tow samples of food (milk and meat), which are commonly circulated in the governorate, were tested and treated with Allicin and Lysozyme extracts. The results showed the effectiveness of Allicin with its quality in eliminating most microbes in meat, especially E. coli and its effectiveness in eliminating all microbes in milk with no influence on Salmonella. But Lysozyme effectiveness notes varied, but it eliminated in the two samples with no influence on E.coli.

- by
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- Food, Resistant Starch, Bacteria, Garlic

BACKGROUND: Herbal medicines are now recently used as treatment options. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the combination therapy of medicinal herbs in the treatment of induced gastrointestinal injury among albino wistar rats. METHODS: A total of 60 Albino Wistar rats of both sexes weighing between 130g-150g were used. The control groups which consisted of negative control groups received 1ml of normal saline while the positive control group was given 20mg/kg of indomethacin and sacrificed after 6 hours. Those in the test group were given 20mg/kg of indomethacin, treated in different doses of single and combined extracts of Allium sativum, Brassica oleracea and Aloe barbadensis at 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg body weights, twice daily for 8 days and sacrificed. RESULTS: There was no visible sign of ulceration or perforation observed on the stomach and duodenum when compared with the control. The combination of all three plant extracts at different concentrations ranging from 100-300mg/kg cleared all visible ulcers and perforations on the stomach of wistar rats. Similarly, all ulcers in the duodenum of indomethacin induced wistar rats were cleared by the combination of the three extracts. The sections of rat stomach and duodenum given 100mg/kg herbal cocktail and indomethacin showed normal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: A mixture of the three herbs at 300mg/kg was better in healing gastric and duodenal ulcers. The mixture of the three plants extracts exhibit good anti-ulcer activity that warrants further studies.

- by frederick Akinbo
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- Medicinal Plants, Medicine, Aloe, Garlic
- by edzard E Ernst
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- Medicine, Herbal Medicine, Safety, Phytotherapy

. Allicin thio-2-propene-1-sulfinic acid S-allyl ester is the main biologically active component of garlic clove extracts. Its biological activity was attributed to either antioxidant activity or thiol disulfide exchange. Antioxidant properties of both Ž . allicin and its precursor, alliin qS-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide , were investigated in the Fenton oxygen-radical generating w Ž .

- by L. Konstantinovski and +1
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- Electron Spin Resonance, Medicinal Plants, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Biological Sciences

Organic sulfur compounds (OSCs) derived from plants, fungi or bacteria can serve as chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agents and have been attracting medical and research interest as a promising source for novel anti-cancer agents. Garlic, which has long been used as a medicinal plant in different cultures due to its multiple beneficial effects, contains a consistent number of OSCs, the majority of which are currently under investigation for their biological activities. Experimental animal and laboratory studies have shown strong evidence that garlic OSCs may affect cancer cells by promoting early mitotic arrest followed by apoptotic cell death without affecting healthy cells. The ability of OSCs to hinder cancer cell proliferation and viability tightly correlates with the length of the sulfur chain. Current data support a mechanism of mitotic arrest of cancer cells due to the alteration of the microtubule network, possibly as a consequence of the high reactivity of sulfur atoms against the thiol groups of different cellular macromolecules controlling crucial regulatory functions. Taken together, these findings indicate a promising potential for the use of garlic-derived sulfur compounds in chemoprevention and chemotherapy.

- by Claudia Cerella
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- Medicinal Plants, Apoptosis, Mitosis, Mice

1 The effects of exogenous guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine on vascular tone and cyclic nucleotide accumulation of noradrenaline-precontracted endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rat mesenteric artery rings were... more

Streptolysin O (SLO) is a potent cytolytic toxin produced by almost all strains of group A streptococci and is considered an important virulence factor for this organism. In this study we investigated the effect of allicin and aqueous garlic extracts on the haemolytic activity of SLO. All tested materials potentially inhibited the SLO haemolytic activity. Allicin neutralized SLO in a dose-and time-dependent manner. A 15 min incubation of SLO with 35 mg allicin totally inhibited the haemolytic activity of SLO [IC 50 (concentration necessary to reach half maximum inhibition)55.97 mg]. The inhibitory activity of an old extract of garlic was equipotent to pure allicin (IC 50 56.27 mg; P,0.05). In contrast, fresh extract of garlic inhibited the SLO haemolytic activity at lower concentrations (IC 50 51.59 ml; 1.9 mg allicin). The inhibitory effect of the allicin was restored by addition of reducing agent DTT at 2 mM, suggesting that allicin likely inhibits the SLO by binding to the cysteine residue in the binding site. These results indicate a new activity for allicin and allicin may be a potential alternative drug against streptococcal diseases. Abbreviations: GAS, group A streptococci; HU, haemolytic unit; IC 50 , concentration necessary to reach half maximum inhibition; RBC, red blood cell; SLO, streptolysin O.

- by Mohsen Arzanlou
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- Medical Microbiology, Biological Sciences, Streptococcus Pyogenes, Garlic

Allicin, the main biologically active component of garlic clove extracts, has been evaluated for its′ efficacy in preventing deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage in Nile tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were fed on 2 different doses of 0.5 g and 1 g of allicin/ kg diet for 28 days. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and globulin were estimated. Moreover, the level of malonaldehyde (MDA) was analyzed as a lipid peroxidation marker. In addition, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were analyzed as antioxidant biomarkers in liver, kidney and gills. Results show that deltamethrin subacute intoxication (1.46 mg/L for 28 days) increased serum AST, ALT, ALP, cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine and tissue MDA. At the same time, serum total protein and albumin as well as tissue level of GSH, GSH-Px, SOD and CAT were reduced. Allicin supplemented diets enhanced all the altered serum biochemical parameters as well as tissues′ lipid peroxidation and antioxidant biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that feeding allicin can ameliorate deltamethrin-induced oxidative stress and might have some therapeutic properties to protect Nile tilapia on subacute deltamethrin toxicity.

- by Mohamed Abdel Daim
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- Freshwater Fish Immunology, Diet, Herbal Medicine, Antioxidants
- by Camila Cunha
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- Botany, Evolutionary Biology, Plant Biology, Ecology

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a key factor in the transepithelial movement of sodium, and consequently salt and water homeostasis in various organs. Dysregulated activity of ENaC is associated with human diseases such as hypertension, the salt-wasting syndrome pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary oedema or intestinal disorders. Therefore it is important to identify novel compounds that affect ENaC activity. This study investigated if garlic (Allium sativum) and its characteristic organosulfur compounds have impact on ENaCs. Human ENaCs were heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes and their activity was measured as transmembrane currents by the two-electrode voltageclamp technique. The application of freshly prepared extract from 5 g of fresh garlic (1% final concentration) decreased transmembrane currents of ENaC-expressing oocytes within 10 min. This effect was dose-dependent and irreversible. It was fully sensitive to the ENaC-inhibitor amiloride and was not apparent on native control oocytes. The effect of garlic was blocked by dithiothreitol and L-cysteine indicating involvement of thiol-reactive compounds. The garlic organosulfur compounds S-allylcysteine, alliin and diallyl sulfides had no effect on ENaC. By contrast, the thiol-reactive garlic compound allicin significantly inhibited ENaC to a similar extent as garlic extract. These data indicate that thiol-reactive compounds which are present in garlic inhibit ENaC.

- by Wolfgang Clauss and +1
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- Organic Chemistry, Patch-clamp and imaging techniques, Microelectrodes, Garlic

Total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of four onion varieties (red, white, yellow and sweet) and shallot from selected locations (Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Texas and Georgia) were determined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (4000-400 cm À1 ). The Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) assay was used to quantify TPC and three assays were used to determine TAC, including 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) with cross-validation (leave-oneout) was conducted on onion and shallot extracts (n = 200) and their corresponding F-C, DPPH, TEAC and FRAP values were employed to obtain four independent calibration models for predicting TPC and TAC for the extracts. Spectra from an extra 19 independent extracts were used as an external validation set for prediction. A correlation of r > 0.95 was obtained between FT-IR predicted and reference values (by F-C, DPPH, TEAC and FRAP assay) with standard errors of calibration (SEC) and standard errors of cross-validation (SECV) less than 2.85, 0.35 and 0.45 lmol Trolox/g FW of extracts for TEAC, FRAP and DPPH assay, respectively; and 0.36 mg gallic acid/g FW of extracts for the F-C assay. In addition, cluster analysis (principal component analysis (PCA)) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) could differentiate varieties of onions and shallot based upon infrared spectral features. Loading plots for the various chemometrics models indicated that hydroxyl and phenolic functional groups were most closely correlated with antioxidant capacity. The use of mid-infrared spectroscopy to predict the total antioxidant capacity of vegetables provides a rapid and precise alternative to traditional wet chemistry analysis.

- by Barbara Rasco
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- Engineering, Principal Component Analysis, Food Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sclerotium cepivorum Berk, the causal agent of white rot, exclusively affects Allium species such as garlic and onion, and is found in practically all regions where alliums are cultivated. It causes great damage in diverse regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, North-, Central-, and South America, Australia and New Zealand (Schwartz and Mohan, 2008). Control of S. cepivorum is difficult; because it produces abundant sclerotia which can remain dormant for more than 15 years (Crowe et al., 1993). S. cepivorum is listed as an Annex II-B quarantine pest that this harmful organism is limited in Turkey and that constitute a limitation to importation by Plant Quarantina Regulations of Turkey. It was detected for the first time on onion bulbs at the storages and in the fields in Central Anatolia (Özmen, 1991). During the main cropping season of 2006 white rot disease was seen in Taşköprü districts in Kastamonu province; about 25 % of the garlic fields were infested. Moreover, white rot disease occured in the fields in Balıkesir province during the harvest season of 2008. Numerous decayed garlic bulbs intensively covered with small black sclerotia were found (Fig.1). Furthermore, many of these garlic bulbs were not normal in size. The sclerotia were round, black, roughly poppy-seed-sized and 0.35-0.50 mm in diameter. S. cepivorum produced white colony on PDA medium, which rapidly converted to abundant masses of sclerotia (Fig.2). White rot disease occurred in many of the garlic fields in the growing season of 2009. The foliar disease symptoms were observed as yellowing (Fig.3). The bulbs of the diseased plants were seen to be covered with white mycelium and the typical sclerotia (Fig.4). To our knowledge, this is the first outbreaks report of S. cepivorum on garlic in Turkey.

- by Mehmet Hadi AYDIN
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- Garlic, White Rot, Sclerotium cepivorum
- by Alice Bhasale
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- Phytotherapy, Common Cold, Reviews, Garlic

A sequential extraction procedure was developed for the fractionation of different classes of selenium species present in garlic. The consecutive steps included leaching with water, extraction of cell-wall bound species after lysis with a mixture of cellulase, chitinase and ␤-glucanase completed by a proteolytic attack, extraction with HCl to liberate the residual organic bound species and finally, extractions with sulfite solution and CS 2 to complete the mass balance by the recovery of Se 0 and Se 2− , respectively. Selenium speciation in the aqueous fractions was probed by anion-exchange and ion-pairing reversedphase HPLC-ICP MS after purification by preparative size-exclusion LC. It was found to be strongly affected by the sample redox conditions. The peak identity was matched with a mixture of 9 compounds expected to be present in allium plants; electrospray QTOF MS turned out to be unsuccessful. Selenite, selenate and selenomethionine were the dominating species present.

- by Joanna Szpunar
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- Analytical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Selenium, Sequential Extraction
- by Alfonso Carotenuto
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- Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Flavonoids

Successful wound healing depends upon angiogenesis, and impaired angiogenesis is a hallmark of the chronic wounds encountered with diabetes and venous or arterial insufficiency. To intervene and improve wound closure, it is essential to investigate the effects of different natural remedies in wound healing. The chicken dorsum skin excisional wound assay was used to investigate the influence of different concentrations of aged garlic solution (AGS) on wound healing. Gross, histopathology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computer-based three-dimensional (3D) image-probing techniques were utilized to determine the effects of AGS on wound closure, re-epithelialization, dermal matrix regeneration, and angiogenesis. Ninety chicks, aged 1 week and divided in 6 groups, were topically exposed to different concentrations of AGS for 6 days: control (group A), 1% (group B), 5% (group C), 10% (group D), 15% (group E), and skin lotion (group F). Different patterns, ranging from incomplete to almost complete wound closure, were observed among different groups with highly significant results (P < 0.001) in group E. Histological investigations revealed a positive augment in the re-epithelialization of all AGS exposed wounds. An increase in the number of new loosely packed collagen and maturation of collagen bundles was observed in all treated wounds at days 4 and 6 post-wounding, respectively. Similar results were achieved through SEM of treated wounds. Histological investigations revealed the profuse dose-dependent neovascularization among AGS-treated wounds. Abbott curve, angular spectrum, and different parameters of 3D surface roughness of wounds were also measured for the precise quantification of angiogenesis. A very highly significant (P < 0.001) increase in angiogenesis was observed among all treated groups. No significant change was observed among control and skin lotion-treated groups. These observations substantiate the beneficial use of AGS in the treatment of wounds. Additional studies are needed to study the specific wound-healing mechanisms of chemical, or group of chemicals, present in AGS.

- by Sohail Ejaz
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- Biology, Wound Healing, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Medicine
- by Wouter Havinga
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- Forecasting, Helicobacter pylori, Biological Sciences, Phytotherapy

The study focuses on economic analysis of garlic production in the Baran District of Rajasthan. The study is carried out to determine break even analysis and constraints of garlic production in the study area. Break even analysis is carried out to arrive at that minimum level at which optimum conditions of cost and returns is equated that is no profit no loss point. In this study selected small, medium and large farmers will not be at loss even if their actual yield of garlic is decline by 56.22, 54.27 and 54.18 quintals per hectare respectively and selected small, medium and large farmers will not be at loss even if their actual price of garlic is decline by 986.96, 1005.55 and 1014.77 /quintals respectively. Break even yield and price were increased with increased size of holding of farmers. The most serious constraints as perceived by the farmers in garlic production were the high price of garlic seed at time of sowing, high cost of garlic cultivation, Unfavourable product price and High cost of irrigation etc.

- by Lokesh Meena
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- Agronomy, Production, Agriculture, Economic analysis

Spices have been shown to possess medicinal value, in particular, antimicrobial activity. This study compares the sensitivity of some human pathogenic bacteria and yeasts to various spice extracts and commonly employed chemotherapeutic substances. Of the different spices tested only garlic and clove were found to possess antimicrobial activity. The bactericidal effect of garlic extract was apparent within 1 h of incubation and 93% killing of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella typhi was achieved within 3 h. Yeasts were totally killed in 1 h by garlic extract but in 5 h with clove. Some bacteria showing resistance to certain antibiotics were sensitive to extracts of both garlic and clove. Greater anti-candidal activity was shown by garlic than by nystatin. Spices might have a great potential to be used as antimicrobial agents.

- by Daljit Singh
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- Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Biology

A wide range of biological activities of garlic in vitro and in vivo have been verified including its antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme widely distributed in mammals and is inducible preferentially by IFN-γ. IDO degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan to form N-formyl kynurenine.

- by Hasan Namdar Ahmadabad
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- Immunology, Dendritic Cells, Cellular Immunology, Spleen

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) powder (GP) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder (TP) as an alternative to antibiotic on production performance, biochemical parameters and economic utility of broiler chicken rearing. A total of 300 Commercial broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain randomly divided into 5 treatment groups viz. T0 (Control), T1 (antibiotic), T2 (GP 0.5%), T3 (TP 0.5%) and T4 (GP 0.25% & TP 0.25%) having three replications consisting of 20 chicks in each. In this study, feed consumption (FC), live weight (LW) and FCR showed insignificant (P>0.05) difference among the treatments. Abdominal fat (%) significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 group compared to control group. Significantly (P<0.05) higher dressing percentage found in T3 group compared to T0, T1 and T2 groups. Significantly (P<0.05) lower concentration of serum glucose found in T3 group compared to T0 and T1 group. Significantly (P<0.05) lower concentration of cholesterol found in all treated groups compared to control group. Total cost of production per broiler in T1 (antibiotic group) was significantly (P<0.05) highest as compared to other treated groups. Total income, net profit and BCR per bird was comparatively (P>0.05) highest in T3 group. Analyzing the above factor, the performance of T3 group was better as a replacement of antibiotic. Birds fed 0.5% turmeric powder supplemented diet achieved superior result due to turmeric has ability to increase dressing percentage, reduce abdominal fat (%), glucose, cholesterol and reduce total cost of production.

- by Mst Mayeeda Parvin
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- Nutrition, Poultry Science, Poultry Nutrition, Chicken

Although garlic has been used for its medicinal properties for thousands of years, investigations into its mode of action are relatively recent. Garlic has a wide spectrum of actions; not only is it antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiprotozoal, but it also has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and immune systems. Resurgence in the use of natural herbal alternatives has brought the use of medicinal plants to the forefront of pharmacological investigations, and many new drugs are being discovered. This review aims to address the historical use of garlic and its sulfur chemistry, and to provide a basis for further research into its antimicrobial properties.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide with hypertension being a major contributing factor to cardiovascular disease-associated mortality. On a population level, non-pharmacological approaches, such as alternative/complementary medicine, including phytochemicals, have the potential to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors, including high blood pressure. Several epidemiological studies suggest an antihypertensive effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and of many its bioactive components. The aim of this review is to present an in-depth discussion regarding the molecular, biochemical and cellular rationale underlying the antihypertensive properties of garlic and its bioactive constituents with a primary focus on S-allyl cysteine and allicin. Key studies, largely from PubMed, were selected and screened to develop a comprehensive understanding of the specific role of garlic and its bioactive constituents in the management of hypertension. We also reviewed recent advances focusing on the role of garlic bioactives, S-allyl cysteine and allicin, in modulating various parameters implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. These parameters include oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability, hydrogen sulfide production, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, expression of nuclear factor-κB and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. This review suggests that garlic and garlic derived bioactives have significant medicinal properties with the potential for ameliorating hypertension and associated morbidity; however, further clinical and epidemiological studies are required to determine completely the specific physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in disease prevention and management.

- by Dipayan Sarkar
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Phytotherapy, Hypertension

Objective: Naturally occurring phytochemicals display an active cancer preventive strategy to inhibit, delay, or reverse human carcinogenesis. Studies have indicated that certain daily-consumed dietary phytochemicals have cancer protective effects mediated by carcinogens. Lipid peroxide plays a detrimental role in all cancers including skin carcinogenesis. Garlic, a phytochemical, has acquired a special position in the folklore of many cultures as a formidable prophylactic and therapeutic medicinal agent. In this report, we pursue the chemopreventive effect of aqueous garlic on skin carcinogenesis. Methods: "Swiss albino mice" were divided into five groups depending on the combination of skin cancer-inducing 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and garlic treatments. Histology of the affected skin and biochemical assays for lipid peroxide, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-Stransferase, and glutathione peroxidase were performed to demonstrate the effect of garlic in mice. Immunoblotting was performed with cyclo-oxygenase-2, p53, and caspase-3 to demonstrate expressions of the respective proteins in skin lysates. Results: Garlic extracts inhibited the oxidative modification of lipids, thus protecting cells from injury by the oxidized molecules. The best chemopreventive action of garlic was observed in mice in which garlic treatment was performed before and after the induction of skin carcinogenesis. Garlic ingestion delayed formation of skin papillomas in animals and simultaneously decreased the size and number of papillomas, which was also reflected in the skin histology of the mice treated. Conclusion: The protective effects against skin cancer elicited by garlic in mice are believed to be due at least in part to the induction cellular defense systems.

- by Tapas Saha
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- Nutrition, Cancer, Cancer Prevention, Antioxidants

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Antimicrobial drug resistance is a growing threat to global public health. Historical records and herbal texts relating to traditional Celtic medicine indicate an extensive pharmacopeia of plants for treating infections likely caused by microbes. However, a major barrier for successful integration of these remedies into mainstream practice is the current lack of accurate interpretation and scientific validation. Materials and methods: We investigated the flora of the Isle of Arran, Scotland, via in situ targeted screening of
83 out of 138 plants identified in Meddygion Myddvai (a 14th century Welsh manuscript) to treat conditions related to microbial infections, and an additional 18 plants from modern ethnobotanical knowledge on the
island (Scottish School of Herbal Medicine). In a follow-up proof-of-concept study, bioassay-guided fractionation was performed to identify bioactive constituents from two high scoring hits that inhibited Staphylococcus
aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacterial growth. Results: 67 historical plants (80.7%) and 14 modern plants (77.8%) were found to have detectable levels of antimicrobial activity when tested using Mobile Discovery kits, with human saliva as a source of bacteria for
screening. Sabinene, a natural bicyclic monoterpene from juniper “berries” (Juniperus communis L.) and alliin, a natural sulfoxide from garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.), were isolated and confirmed as primary antibacterial
leads. Conclusion: Using historical medical sources such as those associated with traditional Celtic medicine to guide rigorous, evidence-based scientific investigation, provides additional leads for new and alternative bioactive molecules for combating bacterial diseases.

- by Charles Wagner
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- Ethnobotany, History of Medicine, Phytochemistry, History of Science

In an investigation conducted at the Teaching and Research Farming of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt to compare the effects of plants extract of Garlic and Ginger on the growth and yield characteristics of cowpea, garlic bulbs and ginger rhizomes were weighed(0,30,and 60g/l) and ground into paste. Each rate of the pastes were steeped into two spoonfuls of vegetable oil and mixed with 10g of detergent(to serve as adjuvant) .Each rate of the garlic or ginger, vegetable oil and detergent mixture was diluted in 10 liters of water and applied as foliar spray on growing cowpea 3Weeks after planting. Subsequent spray scheduled was done at 10-day intervals. It was a 2×3×4 split plot factorial experiment fitted into a completely randomize design and replicated three times. Leaf damage decreased with increasing application of the plant extracts (garlic and ginger). Though a linear increase in insects pest population was observed as levels of the plant extracts increased , flower abscission decreased with increase in rates of the plant extract treatments. Again weight per 100 seeds and grain yield increased significantly with increasing rates of the plant extract treatments. The observed increase in cowpea insect pest incidence with increase in the rates of the plant extracts, implies that the plant extracts posses attractant properties while at the same time exhibiting antifeedant characteristic making it possible for an increase in grain yield as was observed in this study. [Isirima Chekwa, Ben, Umesi Ndubuisi and Nnah Maxwell B. Comparative Studies On Effects Of Garlic (Allium Sativum) And Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Extracts On Cowpea Insects Pest Attack. World Rural Observations 2010;2(2):65-71]; ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.

- by Ndubuisi Umesi
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- Agronomy, Ecology, Agriculture, Comparative

La química ha estado presente desde el principio de los tiempos, pues desde el inicio del hombre como lo conocemos hoy en día, éste tuvo que recurrir a usar, transformar y estudiar las cosas materiales que le rodeaban para sobrevivir. Empezaron en la edad de piedra, al necesitar fuego, encontraron la manera de producir éste por medio de fricción u otra fuente, de esta manera también necesitaron un combustible duradero lo que los llevo a sacar la madera de los árboles y experimentar cual de todas las especies de árboles les servirán más; este comportamiento humano refleja la filosofía de las ciencias naturales hoy en día y como surgen, es decir, a partir de la materia, el individuo o la población adoptan una idea para luego aplicarla a la práctica y comprobarla experimentalmente para luego, si se comprueban estas ideas, dejarlas constatadas como teorías. Como se puede leer, la química no siempre estuvo regida bajo teorías que explican el objeto de estudio de esta área, sino que estas ideas adoptadas por individuos y comprobadas en la práctica fueron una base para las teorías, en el momento (probablemente) tales humanos no sabían que estaban aplicando la química, ni siquiera el concepto de química como tal, pero al aplicar actos que les servirían a poblaciones futuras, estas ideas se convirtieron en teorías sólidas y con argumentos científicos.

- by STIVEN GONZALEZ CUARTAS
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- Chemistry, Química, Garlic, garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Effects of essential oil of Allium sativum (garlic) and Piper longum (Indian long pepper) were evaluated on muscular activity of whole Fasciola gigantica and its strip preparation. The whole flukes and longitudinal strip preparations of the flukes were isometrically mounted to record the spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) and to evaluate effects of cumulative doses (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/ml) of the plant essential oils. Whole flukes and the strip preparations exhibited continuous SMA without any significant difference in its baseline tension, frequency and amplitude for 2 h. Essential oil of A. sativum produced significant reduction in the frequency and the amplitude of the SMA of whole fluke at 1 and 3 mg/ml concentrations. It caused complete paralysis of the fluke after 15 min of administration of 3 mg/ml concentration. Similar to whole fluke, essential oil of A. sativum (3 mg/ml) also produced flaccid paralysis in the strip preparations of the flukes. Essential oil of P. longum firstly induced marked excitatory effect and then there was flaccid paralysis of the whole fluke following 15 min exposure at 3 mg/ml concentration. Complete flaccid paralysis of the strip preparation was also ensued after 15 min of administration of 3 mg/ml concentration of P. longum. In both the essential oils, the whole fluke and strip preparations did not recover from paralysis following 2-3 washes. In conclusion, the observations demonstrated irreversible paralytic effect of essential oils of A. sativum and P. longum on F. gigantica in vitro which might possibly help to developing herbal-based anthelmintic.

- by Santosh Mishra
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- Microbiology, Pepper, Essential Oil, Experimental parasitology

Objective: To assess the effects of vaginal garlic on longterm
symptomatic group B streptococcus (GBS) vaginitis.
Methods: Nine patients with confirmed long-term symptomatic
vaginal GBS not resolved with antibiotics presented
with 1 or more of the following symptoms: burning sensation
in the vagina, dyspareunia, erythema and erosion of the vaginal
walls, perianal and labial fissures, pain on urination, thick
clear discharge, strong putrid odor, and nausea.
These women treated themselves with nightly doses of
one half clove of freshly cut garlic inserted vaginally for
between 1 to 4 weeks, and 1 patient additionally treated with
0.5 g of 1% chlorhexidine gel inserted every 4th to 7th night.
Subsequent maintenance doses every 2 to 3 days were used as
decided by the patient.
Results: In 8 of the 9 cases, nightly garlic use followed by
occasional maintenance doses, as described, was found to be
an effective tool that eliminated the symptoms of long-term
symptomatic GBS vulvovaginitis, which were not previously
resolved with 1 or more 10-to-14 day courses of antibiotics. In
1 of the 9 cases, the woman found garlic irritating and discontinued use, thus found no curative treatment.
Conclusion: This study shows that fresh garlic may be
useful for the treatment of long-term symptomatic GBS vaginitis.
Further study is needed to know if garlic would also be
useful during pregnancy to prevent preterm labor caused by GBS, GBS amnionitis, and GBS disease of the newborn.

- by Judy Slome Cohain
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- Garlic
- by Divya Singh
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Accounting, Health Care, Interaction

The study is aimed to investigate the acaricidal effect of Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium cepa (onion) oils on different stages of Boophilus annulatus hard tick. Engorged B. annulatus females were collected from naturally infected cattle. A number of engorged ticks were incubated at 28°C and 85 % relative humidity to lay eggs, which were incubated to obtain larvae that were used in the study. The used garlic and onion oils were prepared by steam distillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography. These oils were dissolved in ethanol, methanol alcohols, and, partially, in water. The oils were tested in different concentrations; 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 %. These concentrations were applied on adult ticks by adult immersion test; on larvae by larval immersion technique and on eggs. The 20, 10, and 5 % of garlic oil dilutions in ethanol and methanol killed all adult ticks and larvae within 24 h. Similar results were obtained for 10 and 20 % garlic oil dissolved in water. The effect of 10 % aqueous solution of garlic oil on embryonated eggs was clear as its addition to these eggs led to their in ability to hatch, deformity in shape, and change in color. The 10 and 20 % onion oil in ethanol and methanol alcohols killed 76-86 % of the adult ticks within 72 h post-application. While, all larvae died within 24 h postsubjected to these two concentrations. These concentrations (10 and 20 %) of onion oil in water killed 56-80 % of the treated ticks. Moreover, 10 % aqueous solution of onion oil prevented hatching of embyonated eggs. We concluded that garlic and onion oils have acaricidal effect on all stages of B. annulatus at concentrations higher than 5 %. Only

- by Shawky Aboelhadid
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- Microbiology, Parasitology, Medical Microbiology, Sulfides
- by Mark Lester S Chico
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- Plant Biology, Agriculture (Biology), Insecticides, Plant growth

Introduction: Garlic is an important crop growing all
around the globe for its nutritional and medicinal
purpose. Due to climate change soil production of garlic
is affected and thus lower in yield. For improving the
yield and increasing the quality of vegetables a new
technique was developed is called hydroponic
technology.
 Review results: In hydroponic, garlic can be produced
on condition basis by providing proper nutrition and
growth environment including air, light, soilless
mediums, and water requirements. Methods like deep
water culture, nutrient film technique, drip irrigation,
bubble ponics are very common under different soilless
mediums which includes organic, inorganic and
synthetic. A detailed overview on production
technology, nutrition, medium and hydroponic
techniques which are discussed in details are given
below in this review.

- by Muhammad Fraz Ali
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- Climate Change, Garlic, Hydroponic Production

L’ail est bien connu pour son efficacité contre les vampires qu’il repousse aussi sûrement que l’eau bénite ou la croix du Christ. Ce que l’on sait moins, en revanche, c’est que cette arme anti-revenants était déjà en usage en Égypte ancienne, et que l’idée d’utiliser le bulbe de cette plante à cet effet fut empruntée aux Égyptiens par les Grecs, puis reprise par les Romains, avant d’essaimer à travers l’Europe de l’Est, jusqu’à être utilisée, à la fin du Moyen Âge, dans la lutte sanglante qui opposa paysans et nobles aux supposés vampires buveurs de sang.

- by Amandine Marshall
- •
- Egyptology, Magic, Ghosts, Cultural History Of Ghosts

In keeping with the paradigm of fighting fire with fire, it is suggested that the resemblance of garlic cloves to oversized teeth may help to underpin the legendary efficacy of garlic against the bite of the vampire. The argument casts a wide net – topics range from the fangs of prehistoric predators to the perceptions of garlic in ancient Egypt, Rome and Persia; from the Balkan nezhit to the Middle Eastern nazar; and from biomedical data to comparative linguistics.

- by Lloyd Graham
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- Apotropaic Devices, Vampire Literature, Deviant burial (Archaeology), Folk Religion

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan pengaruh dari penggunaan fitobiotik bawang putih (Allium sativum) dan tanaman meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) sebagai aditif pakan terhadap penampilan produksi ayam pedaging (konsumsi pakan, bobot badan akhir, konversi pakan, mortalitas dan income over feed cost (IOFC)). Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 192 unsexed Day Old Chicks (DOC) Lohman MB Platinum dengan rata -rata bobot badan 39,8 -45,7 g. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah konsumsi pakan, bobot badan akhir, konversi pakan, mortalitas dan IOFC dengan metode percobaan tersarang dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 8 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Jika terdapat pengaruh yang berbeda maka dilanjutkan dengan Uji Berganda Duncan. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah 0 %, 0,4 %, 0,8 % dan 1,2 % dalam bentuk tepung dan enkapsulasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan fitobiotik bawang putih (Allium sativum) dan tanaman meniran (Phylanthus niruri L.) sebagai aditif pakan dalam pakan ayam pedaging memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penampilan produksi ayam pedaging. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah enkapsulasi lebih baik daripada tepung fitobiotik bawang putih (Allium sativum) dan tanaman meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). Level optimal dari aditif pakan dalam enkapsulasi fitobiotik adalah 0,8 %.

- by Asminarsih zainal prio
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- Garlic, Feed Additives, Encapsulated, Feed Additive
- by Pankaj Agrawa
- •
- Clinical Trial, Drug interactions, Herbal Medicine, Phytotherapy

Latar Belakang : Salah satu penyebab terjadinya hipertensi adalah pola makan yang salah, seperti kebiasaan konsumsi garam berlebih. Makanan yang mengandung kadar garam berlebih dapat meningkatkan tekanan darah. Upaya menambahkan bumbu dalam makanan diketahui dapat menurunkan kadar garam yang digunakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan bawang putih sebagai bumbu dalam makanan, karena bawang putih bermanfaat dalam menurunkan tekanan darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan bawang putih terhadap pemilihan kadar garam pada penderita hipertensi.
Metode : Empat puluh empat subjek pasien hipertensi dikelompokkan ke dalam 2 kelompok, kelompok kontrol (n=22) dan kelompok perlakuan (n=22). Kedua kelompok diminta untuk menentukan rasa yang mereka suka pada sampel makanan dengan 3 kadar garam berbeda (0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%), kemudian pengujian ini diulangi kembali 10 menit kemudian menggunakan sampel makanan dengan kadar garam yang sama namun dengan tambahan bumbu bawang putih untuk kelompok perlakuan.

- by Gardinia Nugrahani
- •
- Hypertension, Consumer Preferences, Garlic, garlic (Allium sativum L.)

The present study evaluated the effect of varying levels of garlic (Allium sativum) inclusion on the growth, feed utilization and survival of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). One hundred twenty red tilapias with initial average body weight of 7.36 ± 0.75 g were randomly introduced into 12 aquaria in 4 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Treatments were fed with experimental diets for six weeks. The various levels of garlic powder (0, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) was added to commercial diet. At the end of the experiment, growth, survival rates, and feed utilization were evaluated. There was no significant difference in the growth of the fish. The highest survival rate was recorded from 1.5% garlic supplementation that showed significant difference compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). In terms of feed utilization, lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded from 1% garlic inclusion that showed significant difference compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). This study showed that addition of 1% to 1.5% garlic powder in the diet improved the feed utilization and survival rate of red tilapia.

- by Jaypee Samson
- •
- Immunology, Animal feeding and nutrition, Garlic, Tilapia

One hundred and twenty (120) strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were enumerated and isolated from raw dromedary milk in Morocco using various cultured media. Strains isolated were characterized by phenotypic, physiological and biochemical properties. Results showed that high counts of LAB were found. Presumptive lactobacilli counts ranged from 2.5 Â 10 2 to 6 Â 10 7 cfu/ml, presumptive lactococci levels varied from 5 Â 10 2 to 6 Â 10 7 cfu/ml, presumptive streptococci counts varied from 4.2 Â 10 2 to 8 Â 10 7 cfu/ml, presumptive leuconostoc levels ranged from 5.4 Â 10 2 to 5.4 Â 10 7 cfu/ml. Results showed also that Lactobacillus and Lactococcus were the predominant genera with 37.5% and 25.8%, respectively. The dominated species found were Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (17.5%), Lactobacillus helveticus (10%), Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus (9.20%), Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei (5.80%) and Lactobacillus plantarum (5%). This is the first report on the characterization of LAB strains isolated from the one humped camel milk produced in Morocco.

- by Clelia Altieri
- •
- Chemical Engineering, Microbiology, Technology, Meat Science

Medicinal properties of garlic (Allium sativum) have been widely known and used since ancient times till the present. Garlic enhances immune functions and has antibacterial, antifungal and antivirus activities. It is known to prevent platelet aggregation, and to have hypotensive and cholesterol-and triglyceride-lowering properties, although the latter features have been questioned. This review is focused on anticancer efficacy of Allium sativum, and attempts to explain the mechanisms of this action. Medicinal properties of garlic rely upon organosulfur compounds mostly derived from alliin. Organosulfur compounds originating from garlic inhibit carcinogen activation, boost phase 2 detoxifying processes, cause cell cycle arrest mostly in G2/M phase, stimulate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, increase acetylation of histones. Garlic-derived sulfur compounds influence also gap-junctional intercellular communication and participate in the development of multidrug resistance. This review presents also other little known aspects of molecular action of garlicderived compounds, like modulation of cellular redox state, involvement in signal transduction and post-translational modification of proteins by sulfane sulfur or by formation of mixed disulfides (S-thiolation reactions). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 50:247-265, 2009. V V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

- by Inga Kwiecień
- •
- Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences

Despite the extensive availability and use of plant extracts as feed additives in various livestock species, peer-reviewed and scientific evidence of their usage in horses is lacking. This article dealt with the review of reports from recent studies investigating the usage of plant bioactives or extracts in horse nutrition. For the time being, several herbs, either alone or in composites, are being commercialized and openly available in horsemarket stores, which makes it difficult and confusing for horse owners and veterinarians to make a justifiable choice. Usage of ginger extract as a feed additive in sport horses is encourageable as it manages to attain quick recovery after exhaustion in racing and jumping events. Garlic, ginseng, primerose, and rose hip possess potent antioxidative properties, and their supplemen-tation in a regular diet may lessen the chance of occurrence of oxidative stress-related diseases. Owing to their cytoprotective and mucus-stimulatory effects, licorice and Aloe vera extracts have potentiality as feed additives in Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses, as they are more prone for equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Echinacea is able to stimulate the equine immunocompetence on addition to the regular diets of equine species. Besides the anti-inflammatory effect, devils claw possess anorexigenic effect, which can limit feed intake, thus keeping the body condition score in check and avoiding obese-related health problems in horses. Regularizing flaxseed meal or its extract as a dietary supplement may support healthy skin and coat condition due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids as an active component. Aloe vera, well known for cytoprotective and mucus-stimulatory effects, is found to be efficient in protecting the gastrointestinal tract against ulcers or other disorders on administering as a dietary supplement to equines, but the extent of effect depends on the dosage and extent of supplementation. Although, theoretically plant extracts application is safer compared with synthetic antibiotics or drugs, it does not mean they are completely safe, and few considerations should be given for dosage of the drug, period of administration, apart from monitoring parallel drugs given to prevent herb-drug interactions. The plant extracts with potent benefits, and not tested in horses have to be evaluated with a primary objective to verify the negative side effects, if any, followed by standardization of the dosage.

Poultry supplemented with ginger and garlic improved growth and feed conversion ratio and decreased mortality rate. Garlic supplementation also responsible for enhancing the activity of pancreatic enzymes and provides an environment for better absorption of nutrients. Dietary fermented garlic supplementation in poultry ration can increase the intestinal villus height, villus area, cell area and cell mitosis in the intestine and results in better feed conversion efficiency. The inclusion of ginger root powder at levels 0.5% and 1% in the diet had no significant (P>0.05) effect on Hb, PCV, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC percentage. The combined effect of garlic and ginger mixtures has greater influence as an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent that successfully reduced the cholesterol in the serum and also been used to prevent high blood pressure, high cholesterol level and cholesterol oxidation which are the primary causes of atherosclerosis, the precursor of cardiovascular diseases in poultry. It has been confirmed that garlic supplementation enhances immune system in poultry chicken due to rich aromatic oils which enhance digestion of birds due to modulation of intestinal microbiota. So, Japanese quail feed supplemented with ginger and garlic has resulted better production performance in terms of feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, disease resistant with enhanced immunity for better consumption by human being and animals.

- by sidharth prasad mishra
- •
- Hematology, Immunity, Cholesterol, Japanese Quail
- by Khattak Khushi
- •
- Zoology, Dentistry, Biomedical Engineering, Phytotherapy

Garlic (Alllium sativum L., Fam Liliaceae) is used medicinally mainly for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and prevention of arteriosclerosis. Clinical trials have consistently shown that "garlic breath" and body odor are the most common (and well-documented) complaints associated to garlic intake. Case reports have highlighted the possibility that garlic use may cause allergic reactions (allergic contact dermatitis, generalized urticaria, angiedema, pemphigus, anaphylaxis and photoallergy), alteration of platelet function and coagulation (with a possible risk of bleeding), and burns (when fresh garlic is applied on the skin, particularly under occlusive dressings). Consumption of garlic by nursing mothers modifies their infant's behavior during breast-feeding. Finally, garlic may enhance the pharmacological effect of anticoagulants (e. g. warfarin, fluindione) and reduce the efficacy of anti-AIDS drugs (i. e. saquinavir).

- by Francesca Borrelli
- •
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Drug interactions, Lactation, Safety

The onion, and to some extent its cousin, garlic, play an important role in the cultural heritage. They are a part of almost all national dishes of the Arab (and Muslim) world today. These recipes have been handed down through generations and their forerunners are found in many medieval sourcebooks about food and recipes [such as Kitāb al-ghidhā’, Kitāb al-aghdhiya, Kitāb al-mu’ākala, Kitāb al-tabīkh etc], where onions and garlic feature prominently.
While both are mentioned in the Qur’ān (Q 2:61), the Prophet prohibited people who ate onion and garlic from going to the mosque immediately after eating them, to avoid annoying other worshipers with flatulence consequences and bad mouths’ odours. Hence, legal discussions about their consumption, raw or in cooked form, are part of the Islamic jurisprudence.
Pharmacology and medical books, for example by al-Kindī and al-Samarqandī, ascribed great value to both bulbs and encouraged people to eat them for their qualities. Physicians used them for their anti-bacterial values to fight infections; long before bacteria was even discovered. These bulbs even found their way into aphrodisiac recipe books such as Kitāb al-bāb al-bāhiya wa-l tarākīb al-sulṭāniya to treat dysfunctions and increase sexual appetite. Onions and garlic were also used to ward off Jinn and appeared as remedies for all sorts of perceived evil and superstitions.
The books of table and eating manners [such as Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid] mention the bulbs and the etiquette of the zurafā '(refined, elegant and witty) says a lot about their consumption [as found in Kitāb al-Muwashshā].
Loved and hated, sanctioned or condemned, recommended or rejected, both bulbs found their way not only into the pots or onto the tables, but also into proverbs, anecdotes and literary outputs of the Arab and Muslim world through the ages.
This paper will look at the various discussions, usages and conventions about onions and garlic in numerous Arabic classical texts, literary works, anecdotal collections, poems, medical and pharmacological books and treatises, as well as ḥadīth collections that all form a part of the cultural heritage of the Arab and Islamic world.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.), among the oldest cultivated plants, are used both as a food and for medicinal applications. In fact, these common food plants are a rich source of several phytonutrients recognized as important elements of the Mediterranean diet, but are also used in the treatment and prevention of a number of diseases, including cancer, coronary heart disease, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes type 2, hypertension, cataract and disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. colic pain, flatulent colic and dyspepsia). These activities are related to the thiosulfinates, volatile sulfur compounds, which are also responsible for the pungent of these vegetables. Besides these low-molecular weight compounds, onion and garlic are characterized by more polar compounds of phenolic and steroidal origin, often glycosilated, showing interesting pharmacological properties. These latter compounds, compared to the more studied thiosulfinates, present the advantages to be not pungent and more stable to cooking. Recently, there has been an increasing scientific attention on such compounds. In this paper, the literature about the major volatile and non-volatile phytoconstituents of onion and garlic has been reviewed. Particular attention was given to the different methodology developed to perform chemical analysis, including separation and structural elucidation.

- by Virginia Lanzotti
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- Engineering, Pharmacology, Technology, Pharmacognosy