Poultry Nutrition Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Background and Aim: Pelung chickens make unique, pleasant, and rhythmic sounds in addition to having strong muscle mass. Performance is controlled by testosterone. A natural aromatase blocker is an agent capable of blocking the aromatase... more

Background and Aim: Pelung chickens make unique, pleasant, and rhythmic sounds in addition to having strong muscle mass. Performance is controlled by testosterone. A natural aromatase blocker is an agent capable of blocking the aromatase enzyme, which consequently prevents testosterone from being changed into estradiol. Such a condition results in consistently high testosterone levels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the administration of the shell powder of Anadara granosa on the testosterone level, frequency and quality of sounds, and metabolism of Pelung chickens within set parameters of thyroid hormone levels, the triiodothyronine (T3)/thyroxine (T4) ratio, and weight gain. Materials and Methods: This study used four Pelung chickens aged 14 months. Control data consisted of data before treatment (day 0). Shell powder of A. granosa was administered for 56 days. Body weight (BW) was measured, and blood samples were drawn. In addition, the sounds from Pelung ch...

Selenium prevents the formation of free radicals. Hematologically speaking selenium has a important role in protecting hemoglobin from peroxidizing. In the following study 20 laying chiks from the Rosso race were subjected to the... more

Selenium prevents the formation of free radicals. Hematologically speaking selenium has a important role in protecting hemoglobin from peroxidizing. In the following study 20 laying chiks from the Rosso race were subjected to the experiment, being divided into two batches. The experimental batch was given feed diet 21/5 for laying hens toghether with 6 grams/kg M.F. (mixed fodder) Sel-Plex™, and the control batch was given the same feed diet but without the added selenium. Before the start of the experiment as well as 30 days after, biological samples were collected and used to determine haematological and biochemical levels. The results were transcribed as charts and tables and also biostatistically interpreted. In the experimental batch significant growths were observed in the erythrocyte constants: eritremie, hemoglobinemy, hematocrite, MCV and MCH. Of the biochemical markers significant growths were observed in: ascorbinemic acid, lipids and serum pseudocholinesterase. The following parameters dropped significantly : proteinemia and blood sugar.

Ascorbic acid, widely known as vtamin C, is an essential nutrient for animals such as poultry. Ascorbic acid in poultry feed improves animal health and thus increases the growth performance of birds. Ascorbic acid can be used in the form... more

Ascorbic acid, widely known as vtamin C, is an essential nutrient for animals such as poultry. Ascorbic acid in poultry feed improves animal health and thus increases the growth performance of birds. Ascorbic acid can be used in the form of synthetic products or can be naturally obtained from fruits and plants. It is soluble in water and can be easily administered in drinking water and the diet. Poultry can synthesize ascorbic acid in the body. However, the performance of the animals can be improved by adding ascorbic acid to their diet. In addition, ascorbic acid is called an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory. This increases their resistance to disease during the transition season. Ascorbic acid supplementation positively affects the stress response, especially during the dry season in tropical countries. Furthermore, supplementing ascorbic acid in the poultry's diet improves resistance to diseases, regulates stress, and helps in the body's oxidation process. Ultimately,...

Trabajos recientes indican que el uso de colina natural en la dieta genera mejoras en el peso de las aves. En base a estos antecedentes en la Sección Avicultura del INTA-EEA Pergamino se realizaron dos ensayos para determinar el efecto... more

Trabajos recientes indican que el uso de colina natural en la dieta genera mejoras en el peso de las aves. En base a estos antecedentes en la Sección Avicultura del INTA-EEA Pergamino se realizaron dos ensayos para determinar el efecto del producto sobre la energía metabolizable aparente de la dieta utilizando pollos en crecimiento y gallos.
Su inclusión produjo mejoras en la utilización de la energía bruta que se tradujeron en un incremento en el contenido de EMA de la dieta. Dicha mejora se situó entre 59/60 kcal/kg (pollos) y 88 kcal/kg (gallos), con una dosis de 400 g/tn.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the potentials and effects of Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics on broiler growth, health, and Salmonella infection. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the inoculum... more

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the potentials and effects of Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics on broiler growth, health, and Salmonella infection. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the inoculum size applicable for broilers, 1-day-old broilers were orally fed fresh cultures of single strains and a B. subtilis KKU213/Pediococcus pentosaceus NP6 mixture at 108 and 1012 colony-forming unit (CFUs)/mL/chick. The body weight gain (BWG), Salmonella contamination level and total Bacillus and LAB abundances in the crop and intestine were measured. Subsequently, 1-day-old broilers were orally fed of KKU213, CH403, and Pediococcus acidilactici SH8 at 1010 CFUs/mL, followed by inulin. After 35 days, the BWG, Bacillus and LAB abundances in the cecum, blood parameters, and KKU213 colonization were assessed. Results: The broilers fed single strains or KKU213+NP6 exhibited a higher BWG and a higher crop LAB abundance than the controls (p<0.05). Probiotic...

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Artemisia herba-alba (white wormwood) or olive leaf (Olea europaea) powder supplementation on growth performance, carcass yield, and serum biochemical parameters in broilers. Materials... more

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Artemisia herba-alba (white wormwood) or olive leaf (Olea europaea) powder supplementation on growth performance, carcass yield, and serum biochemical parameters in broilers. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from April to May 2017 in Chemini region, Northern Algeria. A total of 60 1-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were divided into three groups consisted of 10 chicks, in each of two replications. The chicks in Group 1 were fed with a standard commercial diet (SCD); Group 2 received the same SCD with 2% supplementation of A. herba-alba powder; and Group 3 received the same SCD with 2% supplementation of O. europaea powder. Growth performance was measured with body weights every 2 weeks, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass yield at the end of 42 days of rearing. Blood samples were collected to analyze serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and total protein levels. Results: Results showed that, at 42 days of rearing, supplementation of O. europaea and A. herba-alba significantly increased (p<0.001) mean body weight (2230.10±26.38 g and 2117.42±26.38 g, respectively, vs. 2336.66±27.88 g in chicks of Group 1), but there was no significant difference (p≥0.05) among the three diets for FCR or percentage carcass yield. Among the serum biochemical parameters, glucose was significantly affected (p<0.01) by supplementation of olive leaf powder (1.90 g/L: Group 3), compared to the SCD (2.24 g/L: Group 1) or Artemisia powder (2.05 g/L: Group 2). Moreover, the supplementation of olive leaf powder in Group 3 broilers significantly affected (p<0.05) the serum cholesterol level (0.95 g/L), compared to the control diet (1.13 g/L). There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) for the other selected serum biochemical concentrations, namely triglycerides, urea, and total protein. Conclusion: The supplementation of Artemisia or olive leaf powder into the diet for broilers improved body weight by about 5% or 10%, respectively, at slaughter with moderate changes in blood biochemical parameters.

In a 6-week experiment on 560 Cobb broilers, the response of chickens to supplementation of diets with particulate grit and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) was evaluated. Maize- and soyabean meal-based diets contained pulverized... more

In a 6-week experiment on 560 Cobb broilers, the response of chickens to supplementation of diets with particulate grit and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) was evaluated. Maize- and soyabean meal-based diets contained pulverized limestone or a mixture of 70% pulverized and 30% particulate (1.2-4 mm in diameter) limestone as a source of calcium. Both diets were supplemented with vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or 25-OH-D3 was substituted in amounts equivalent to 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, or 100% of cholecalciferol. Incorporation of particulate forms of limestone into the diet positively affected performance and the ash and Ca contents in the tibia. Replacement of cholecalciferol by 25-OH-D3 at a level of 50 and 60% had a beneficial effect on body weight gain and feed conversion, 100% substitution, on the Ca content of the tibia, whereas 50, 60, 80 and 100% substitution, on Ca and P balance.

Background and Aim: Silicon dioxide and betaine supplements are essential in the poultry diet to improve growth and laying performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of activated silicon dioxide (ASD) and betaine... more

Background and Aim: Silicon dioxide and betaine supplements are essential in the poultry diet to improve growth and laying performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of activated silicon dioxide (ASD) and betaine supplementation on quails' growth performance during the starter period and on follicular development and productive parameters at the onset of the laying period. Materials and Methods: The research used 1064 quails, aged 7 days. Four treatments were employed: A basal diet (control), a diet supplemented with 200 ppm ASD, a diet supplemented with 0.12% betaine, and a diet supplemented with a combination of 200 ppm ASD and 0.12% betaine (ASD+Betaine). Each diet group included seven replicates of 38 quails. The observed parameters were the quails' growth performance during the starter period and follicular development and egg production during the onset of the laying period. Results: The results showed that combined supplementation with ASD+Betaine improved ...

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on overall performance of broiler. A total of 96-day old Cobb-500 chicks were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups namely... more

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on overall performance of broiler. A total of 96-day old Cobb-500 chicks were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups namely T0, T1, T2and T3having three replications in each treatment group. Brooded chicks were randomly separated into replications wise separate pen to rear up to 4 weeks. Each treatment group contains 24 birds (8 birds in each replication). Experimental birds in T1, T2 and T3 were provided fenugreek seeds meal with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of feed while T0was provided with standard feed and considered as control group. The results of this study were indicated that final live weight gain and feed efficiency of birds was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 compared to T2, and T0 respectively. The result also indicated that feed efficiency was increased at dose rate of 1.5% fenugreek seeds meal in T3 compared to T2, T1 and control T0 group respectively. In case of meat yield parameters there was significant (P<0.05) difference among treatment groups except liver weight. The carcass weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 group compared to the control group. The lowest feed cost was found in T0 and highest profit in T3group. Based on the current study, it is concluded that fenugreek seed meal at a dose of 1.5% can be used as growth promoter for the production of broiler chicken.

Hatching performance of 35-40 weeks old multi colour broiler breeder normal feathered Nandanam broiler-3, Nacked Neck and Nacked Neck x Nandanam broiler-3 cross was compared. A total of 6813 hatching eggs collected from Nandanam... more

Hatching performance of 35-40 weeks old multi colour broiler breeder normal feathered Nandanam broiler-3, Nacked Neck and Nacked Neck x Nandanam broiler-3 cross was compared. A total of 6813 hatching eggs collected from Nandanam broiler-3, Nacked Neck and Nacked Neck x B3 cross were set for hatching in six consecutive batches. The per cent fertility (P0.05), total hatchability (P0.05) and fertile hatchability (P0.01) were significantly higher for the crosses (77.22±2.17; 64.57±4.09; 83.34±3.06) and Nandanam broiler-3 (73.05±1.52; 55.12±1.42; 75.49±1.66) than Nacked Neck (65.57±3.77; 43.94±5.35; 66.06±4.44). The per cent total embryonic mortality was significantly (P0.01) lesser in crosses (16.66±3.06) and B3 (24.51±1.66) than Nacked Neck (33.94±4.44). It can be concluded that significantly higher per cent fertility, total hatchability, fertile hatchability and lesser per cent total embryonic mortality were recorded in crosses.

Three experiments were conducted to determine and validate the relative bioefficacy of the liquid form of hydroxy analog (liquid MHA-FA) to that of DL-methionine (Met) in male broilers. In experiments 1 and 2, 945 and 550 male broilers... more

Three experiments were conducted to determine and validate the relative bioefficacy of the liquid form of hydroxy analog (liquid MHA-FA) to that of DL-methionine (Met) in male broilers. In experiments 1 and 2, 945 and 550 male broilers were fed either a Met-deficient basal diet, or the basal diet supplemented with four and five equimolar levels of each Met source, respectively. In experiment 3, 1232 male broilers were fed either a Met-deficient basal diet, or the basal diet with three levels (low, moderate, or high) of liquid MHA-FA or DL-Met at 65% of the liquid MHA-FA level. Growth performance improved in all trials, regardless of the Met source, relative to those broilers fed the basal diet. In experiments 1 and 2, the bioefficacy estimates for liquid MHA-FA relative to DL-Met on a product basis were: 50% and 64% for weight gain, 51% and 59% for the feed conversion ratio, and 54% and 48% for breast-meat yield, respectively. In experiment 3, there were no differences between the DL-Met or liquid MHA-FA treatments, and the broilers fed liquid MHA-FA were 68% as efficient on a product basis as those fed DL-methionine for weight gain. The results from these three trials indicate that the bioefficacy of liquid MHA-FA relative to DL-methionine is 57% on a product basis on average across all criteria tested.

Thirty-six African Black ostrich chicks were used to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels (180, 210 and 240 g/kg), stocking density (4.5 and 3 m 2 /bird) and their interactions. A factorial arrangement was used to... more

Thirty-six African Black ostrich chicks were used to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels (180, 210 and 240 g/kg), stocking density (4.5 and 3 m 2 /bird) and their interactions. A factorial arrangement was used to examine the impact of treatments on growth performance and body measurements of ostrich chicks during 2 to 10 weeks of the age. Results indicated that factors studied did not change growth performance traits. The highest value of protein efficiency ratio was observed in ostrich chicks fed diet contained 240 g/kg diet. Birds fed diet contained 240 g CP /kg diet and kept at stocking density of 3 m 2 per bird had numerically the highest protein efficiency ratio. Shank girth and tibiotarsus length decreased with increasing dietary CP level. Stocking density did not change values of body measurements, except tibiotarsus length at 6 weeks of age, which increased in birds kept at the lower density than the higher. Body height at 10 weeks of age was significantly affected by the interactions between dietary CP and stocking density. In conclusion, results affirmed that ostrich chicks can grow on diets containing low levels of CP (180-210 g/kg). Our results provide a comprehensive set of morphometric data for ostrich chicks as affected by the factors studied.

Limestone was crumbled into fine particles (LF) of 0.1-0.4 mm or to a particulate grit (LG) of 2-4 mm. One hundred and eighty individually kept Hy-Line Brown laying hens were used in the experiment and divided into 10 groups. Diets... more

Limestone was crumbled into fine particles (LF) of 0.1-0.4 mm or to a particulate grit (LG) of 2-4 mm. One hundred and eighty individually kept Hy-Line Brown laying hens were used in the experiment and divided into 10 groups. Diets containing 8.1% of LF or LG substituted for LF at a proportion of 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100% were compared with diet containing 8.1% oyster shells. At moderate substitution levels, the particulate limestone grit increased the thickness of eggshells in the first laying period (60-80% LG), improved yolk pigmentation (20-100% LG) and enlarged calcium deposition in eggshells (10-100% LG). Partial (20-90%) and complete substitution of LG for LF increased eggshell breaking strength, but improvement of tibia bone strength was observed only at 20% LG limestone. Analysis of feed refusals suggests that the limit value of voluntary intake of grit particles LG is 5.5 g daily per hen.

Dietary fiber (DF) was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. However, with increasing evidence, scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the... more

Dietary fiber (DF) was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. However, with increasing evidence, scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, digestive physiology, including nutrient digestion, fermentation, and absorption processes of poultry. It may help maintain the small and large intestine's integrity by strengthening mucosal structure and functions and increasing the population and diversity of commensal bacteria in the GIT. Increasing DF content benefits digestive physiology by stimulating GIT development and enzyme production. And the inclusion of fiber at a moderate level in diets also alters poultry growth performance. It improves gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota in the large intestine and enhancing immune functions. However, determining the source, type, form, and level of DF inclusion is of utmost importance to achieve the above-noted benefits. This paper critically reviews the available information on dietary fibers used in poultry and their effects on nutrient utilization, GIT development, gut health, and poultry performance. Understanding these functions will help develop nutrition programs using proper DF at an appropriate inclusion level that will ultimately lead to enhanced DF utilization, overall health, and improved poultry growth performance. Thus, this review will help researchers and industry identify the sources, type, form, and amount of DF to be used in poultry nutrition for healthy, cost-effective, and eco-friendly poultry production.

Feed manufacturing and the associated quality control programme are keys to successful fish culture. Unless the fisheries biologist understands and specifies the activities of the feed mill and its laboratory, profitable fish farming will... more

Feed manufacturing and the associated quality control programme are keys to successful fish culture. Unless the fisheries biologist understands and specifies the activities of the feed mill and its laboratory, profitable fish farming will be a matter of chance. Dry feeds may be ground, sifted, screened, mixed, compressed, expanded, texturized, coloured and flavoured. By one or more of these processes, a wide variety of ingredients can be prepared into a standardized product. Since most fish have size and texture preferences and often react to colour, odour, and flavour, processing research is an integral part of fish culture.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) powder (GP) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder (TP) as an alternative to antibiotic on production performance, biochemical... more

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) powder (GP) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder (TP) as an alternative to antibiotic on production performance, biochemical parameters and economic utility of broiler chicken rearing. A total of 300 Commercial broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain randomly divided into 5 treatment groups viz. T0 (Control), T1 (antibiotic), T2 (GP 0.5%), T3 (TP 0.5%) and T4 (GP 0.25% & TP 0.25%) having three replications consisting of 20 chicks in each. In this study, feed consumption (FC), live weight (LW) and FCR showed insignificant (P>0.05) difference among the treatments. Abdominal fat (%) significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 group compared to control group. Significantly (P<0.05) higher dressing percentage found in T3 group compared to T0, T1 and T2 groups. Significantly (P<0.05) lower concentration of serum glucose found in T3 group compared to T0 and T1 group. Significantly (P<0.05) lower concentration of cholesterol found in all treated groups compared to control group. Total cost of production per broiler in T1 (antibiotic group) was significantly (P<0.05) highest as compared to other treated groups. Total income, net profit and BCR per bird was comparatively (P>0.05) highest in T3 group. Analyzing the above factor, the performance of T3 group was better as a replacement of antibiotic. Birds fed 0.5% turmeric powder supplemented diet achieved superior result due to turmeric has ability to increase dressing percentage, reduce abdominal fat (%), glucose, cholesterol and reduce total cost of production.

Background and Aim: The potential solution is to use agro-industrial by-products as an unconventional source of raw materials for broiler feed. This study aims to determine the effects of substituting prickly pear (FB; Opuntia... more

Background and Aim: The potential solution is to use agro-industrial by-products as an unconventional source of raw materials for broiler feed. This study aims to determine the effects of substituting prickly pear (FB; Opuntia ficus-indica) husks for corn and FB seed cake for soybean meal on the production performance, slaughter characteristics, and chemical composition of broiler meat. Materials and Methods: Two hundred day-old chicks of equal sex ratio (1:1) of Big Fast strain, weighing on average 37±2g, were randomly divided into four homogeneous groups of 50 subjects each. Each group was subdivided into 10 packs of five animals, which were banded and numbered. Rations with substitution rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of corn and soybean meal by dehydrated husks and FB cake were randomly distributed among the groups. Results: Average daily gains and body weights on 48 days were improved (p<0.05) in 10% and 20% groups, while the 30% group performed identically to the control. Co...

Medicinal plants and their derivatives are human-friendly, nutritional supplements, and their use in the poultry industry is increasing today. Cynara scolymus is a very high-quality antioxidant medicine plant that has recently attracted... more

Medicinal plants and their derivatives are human-friendly, nutritional supplements, and their
use in the poultry industry is increasing today. Cynara scolymus is a very high-quality antioxidant
medicine plant that has recently attracted the attention of poultry and nutrition
researchers to supplement their rations and reduce feed costs. In the present study, the
effect of powder and extract of C. scolymus on broilers has reviewed. This review shows that
the impact of C. scolymus on production performance, carcass characteristics, liver enzymes
activity, and meat characteristics of broiler chickens are not significant. However, the negative
impact of this compound on these properties has not reported. Moreover, cholesterol
levels reduced by the dietary C. scolymus supplementation. The impact of C. scolymus powder
and extract on chickens’ broiler immunity was not significant in the cited literature, but
dietary C. scolymus powder increases Newcastle antibody titers and lowers blood pressure.
Dietary C. scolymus under heat stress increased anti-sheep red blood cell titers. No substantial
studies have conducted on the effect of C. scolymus on broilers. Therefore, it is not possible
to determine a single dosage for the use of C. scolymus powder or extract in broiler
diets to the improvement of the broiler characteristics. More researches are needed to
determining the appropriate dosage to achieve maximum performance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of rapeseed expeller cake (RC) in the diet of laying hens on egg performance, egg quality, retention and excretion of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, and... more

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of rapeseed expeller cake (RC) in the diet of laying hens on egg performance, egg quality, retention and excretion of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, and metabolizability of energy. The experiment was carried out with 72 Bovans Brown hens, from 28 to 53 weeks of age. Experimental treatment consisted of four isonitrogenous and isocaloric corn-soybean diets (as calculated: 17% crude protein, 11.6 MJ/kg metabolizable energy, 0.81% lysine, 0.36% methionine, 3.60% calcium and 0.37% available phosphorus), containing 0, 4, 6 or 8% RC. The RC used was produced from double zero rapeseed and contained 29.3% crude protein, 17.4% crude fat, 10.8% crude fibre, 0.63% calcium, 0.97% phosphorus, 1.91% lysine and 0.84% methionine. During the experimental period, the dietary level of RC had no significant effects on egg performance and egg quality parameters. Boiled eggs from hens fed a diet with 8% RC were characterized by an inferior flavour to those from other groups. There were no treatment effects on nitrogen balance or metabolizability of energy, though the highest dietary level of RC negatively affected retention and excretion of calcium and phosphorus.

L’essai-expérimental effectué dans une ferme traditionnelle sur un échantillon de cent vingt-cinq poussins (125) de souche Arbor Acres a donné les résultats qui ont été l’objet d’une discussion. Trois poussins sont morts sur l’ensemble... more

L’essai-expérimental effectué dans une ferme traditionnelle sur un échantillon de cent vingt-cinq poussins (125) de souche Arbor Acres a donné les résultats qui ont été l’objet d’une discussion. Trois poussins sont morts sur l’ensemble des sujets mis en expérimentation; soit un taux de mortalité de 2,4%. Avec une consommation moyenne hebdomadaire (CMH) égale à 324,09 grammes d’aliment et une consommation moyenne quotidienne (CMQ) de 46,29 grammes à la dernière semaine, on a obtenu un gain moyen hebdomadaire (GMH) de 2372,29 grammes (en poids) à la fin de l’élevage, soit 2,372 kg par poulet. Par ailleurs, le gain moyen quotidien (GMQ) au cours de la sixième semaine est égal à 81,35 grammes et celui obtenu à la fin de l’élevage est de 35 grammes. Tous les indices calculés, relatifs à la consommation hebdomadaire sont représentés par un histogramme qui montre l’évolution statistique du rapport des quantités d’aliment consommé au poids des sujets afin de définir l’efficacité de cette conversion en une production donnée par chaque poulet.
The experimental trial carried out on a traditional farm on a sample of one hundred and twenty-five chicks (125) of Arbor Acres strain gave the results that were discussed. Three chicks died on all subjects subjected to experimentation; a mortality rate of 2.4%.With an average weekly intake (MCH) of 324.09 grams of food and a daily average intake (CMQ) of 46.29 grams in the last week, an average weekly gain (GMH) of 2372.29 grams (By weight) at the end of the rearing, or 2,372 kg per chicken. In addition, the average daily gain (GMQ) in the sixth week is equal to 81.35 grams and that obtained at the end of the rearing is 35 grams. All calculated weekly consumption indices are represented by a histogram which shows the statistical change in the ratio of the amounts of feed consumed to the weight of the subjects in order to define the efficiency of this conversion in a production given by each chicken.

The present work was conducted to examine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels (18, 21 and 24%) on growth performance (Initial and final body weight, daily body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and protein... more

The present work was conducted to examine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels (18, 21 and 24%) on
growth performance (Initial and final body weight, daily body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and
protein efficiency ratio) during 2-9 weeks of age and certain body measurements (body height, tibiotarsus length and
tibiotarsus girth) at 9 weeks of age. A total of 30 African Black unsexed ostrich chicks were used in the present study
in simple randomized design. The results of the present work indicated that initial and final live body weight, body
weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion of ostrich chicks were insignificantly affected by dietary protein level
used. Protein efficiency ratio was high in the group of chicks fed diet contained 18% CP. Results obtained indicated
that tibiotarsus girth was decreased (P≤0.01) with the increasing dietary protein level, where the highest value of
tibiotarsus girth (18.38 cm) was observed in chicks fed 18% dietary protein level. Body height and tibiotarsus length
were not significantly different. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that ostrich chicks (during
2-9 weeks of age) could grow on diets contain lower levels of CP (18%).

Poultry farming is the natural practice of raising turkeys, chickens, ducks, or geese. The birds are raised for domestic or commercial use, for meat, eggs, and feathers. Chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, ostriches and emus are main types... more

Poultry farming is the natural practice of raising turkeys, chickens, ducks, or geese. The birds are raised for domestic or commercial use, for meat, eggs, and feathers. Chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, ostriches and emus are main types of poultry farms. This paper encounters the problems of poultry formers and their opinions on various issues relating to production and marketing of poultry products. Based on available imperial evidence, the paper includes that it is production and marketing level to continue to promote poultry to contribute towards poultry farm owners and livelihood support but concerted efforts must be made to find organizational solutions to minimize public health risks and government provide appropriate extension support on issues like disease prevention, predation, improving hatchability, etc,. Unfortunately most government extension programs in the developing countries are not addressing the needs of poor advice to poultry farmers. Poultry is one of the fastest growing fragments of the agricultural sector in India. The reasons behind the fast growth of the segment are growth in income level of the people, a growing urban population and falling real poultry prices. On the other hand increased investments in breeding, hatching, processing has also contributed significantly towards the growth of the industry. Total egg production in India in 2005 was 46 billion. The six southern states - Andhra Pradesh, Talangana, TamilNadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Punjab are the major producing centers.

poultry is undoubtedly bless for human to live in a better socioeconomic world.

The aim of this review article is to discuss the results of experiments on the use of microalgae as the feed material in poultry nutrition. Microalgae are unicellular, photosynthetic aquatic plants. They are introduced to poultry diets... more

The aim of this review article is to discuss the results of experiments on the use of microalgae as the feed material in poultry nutrition. Microalgae are unicellular, photosynthetic aquatic plants. They are introduced to poultry diets mainly as a rich source of n 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docohexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid, but can also serve as a protein, microelements, vitamins, and antioxidants source, as well as a pigmentation agent. The results of the majority of experiments have shown that microalgae, mainly Spirulina and Chlorella, also as defatted biomass from biofuel production, can be successfully used as feed material in poultry nutrition. They can have beneficial effects, mainly on meat and egg quality, i.e. the increased concentration of n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids in these products, but also in regards to performance indices and immune function. Positive results were also obtained when fresh microalgae biomass was used to replace antibiotic growth promoter in poultry diets. In conclusion, because of their chemical composition, microalgae can be efficiently used in poultry nutrition to enhance the pigmentation and nutritional value of meat and eggs, as well as a partial replacement of conventional protein sources, mainly soybean meal.

To investigate the influence of emulsifiers on broilers fed low-energy diets, the birds were distributed into three sets—the control was fed the basal diet, the second group was fed diets 50 kcal/kg less than control, and the third group... more

To investigate the influence of emulsifiers on broilers fed low-energy diets, the birds were distributed into three sets—the control was fed the basal diet, the second group was fed diets 50 kcal/kg less than control, and the third group was fed diets 50 kcal/kg less than control and supplemented with 500 g/ton of emulsifiers. The used mixture of exogenous emulsifiers contains phosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl choline, and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. Although the feed intake was not meaningfully affected by dietary low-energy level with emulsifier inclusion (P = 0.42), the weight gain and FCR were clearly enhanced (P = 0.005 and P = 0.044, respectively). Protein and lipids utilization were decreased by reducing energy level, but they were increased by emulsifier supplementation (P = 0.022 and P = 0.011, respectively). Liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) and muscle palmitic acid concentrations were decreased by reducing the energy level and emulsifier’s su...

Insects could be a potential replacement of protein-rich ingredients in poultry diets. Among these insects, black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has a high content of protein and fat, which reinforces the potential of using it in... more

Insects could be a potential replacement of protein-rich ingredients in poultry diets. Among these insects, black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has a high content of protein and fat, which reinforces the potential of using it in poultry feed formulation and makes it one of the most promising insect species for commercial production. Protein content as well as amino acid profile in H. illucens larvae is comparable to those in many protein-rich feedstuffs such as fish meal and soybean meal. BSF can convert organic wastes into a precious source of nutrients, such as proteins, lipids, and chitin, which contribute to reducing the environmental burden and pollution potential arising from organic waste accumulation. This review emphasizes the significance of this insect as a "green" technology in the extremely variable recycling of organic waste and generates a sustainable protein source as well as the importance of its use as a substitute of protein-rich feedstuff in poultry feed manufacturing.

An experiment was conducted using broiler finishers to determine the effects of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in broiler rations on the sensory and carcass characteristics of the birds. A total of eight broiler chickens were... more

An experiment was conducted using broiler finishers to determine the effects of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in broiler rations on the sensory and carcass characteristics of the birds. A total of eight broiler chickens were randomly selected from 40 birds fed diets containing 0% (control) and 33% replacement of fish meal with BSFLM. At 56 days of age, eight birds were slaughtered after 8-hour feed withdrawal, dressed, eviscerated and chilled for 24 h. The cold carcasses were also sectioned into various carcass joints and weighed. The breast muscles were used for sensory analysis while the thigh muscles were used for laboratory analyses. The results indicated that BSFLM inclusion up to 33% replacing commercial fish meal did not (P>0.05) adversely affect the carcass and sensory characteristics of the meat. However, proximate composition results indicated higher (P<0.001) protein content in birds fed BSFLM-based diet than their control counterparts. Dry matter, fat and ash contents were similar (P>0.05) between the control birds and the birds fed BSFLM-based diet. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that replacing fish meal with BSFLM up to 33.3% had no adverse effects on eating quality and improved protein content of the meat.