Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Research Papers (original) (raw)

Puberty suppression by means of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs is considered a diagnostic aid in gender dysphoric adolescents. However, there are also concerns about potential risks, such as poor outcome or post-surgical... more

Puberty suppression by means of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs is considered a diagnostic aid in gender dysphoric adolescents. However, there are also concerns about potential risks, such as poor outcome or post-surgical regret, adverse effects on metabolic and endocrine status, impaired increment of bone mass, and interference with brain development. This case report is on a 22-year follow-up of a female-to-male transsexual, treated with GnRH analogs at 13 years of age and considered eligible for androgen treatment at age 17, and who had gender reassignment surgery at 20 and 22 years of age. At follow-up, he indicated no regrets about his treatment. He was functioning well psychologically, intellectually, and socially; however, he experienced some feelings of sadness about choices he had made in a long-lasting intimate relationship. There were no clinical signs of a negative impact on brain development. He was physically in good health, and metabolic and endocrine parameters were within reference ranges. Bone mineral density was within the normal range for both sexes. His final height was short as compared to Dutch males; however, his body proportions were within normal range. This first report on long-term effects of puberty suppression suggests that negative side effects are limited and that it can be a useful additional tool in the diagnosis and treatment of gender dysphoric adolescents.

In the last decades, several steps have been made aiming at rendering human IVF more successful on one side, more tolerable on the other side. The "mild" ovarian stimulation approach, in which a lower-than-average dose of exogenous... more

In the last decades, several steps have been made aiming at rendering human IVF more successful on one side, more tolerable on the other side. The "mild" ovarian stimulation approach, in which a lower-than-average dose of exogenous gonadotropins is given and gonadotropin treatment is started from day 2 to 7 of the cycle, represents a significant step toward a more patient's friendly IVF. However, a clear view of its virtues and defects is still lacking, because only a few prospective randomized trials comparing "mild" vs. conventional stimulation exist, and they do not consider some important aspects, such as, e.g., thawing cycles. This review gives a complete panorama of the "mild" stimulation philosophy, showing its advantages vs. conventional ovarian stimulation, but also discussing its disadvantages. Both patients with a normal ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropins and women with a poor ovarian reserve are considered. Overall, we conclude that the level of evidence supporting the use of "mild" stimulation protocols is still rather poor, and further, properly powered prospective studies about "mild" treatment regimens are required.

The influence of long-term exposure of goldfish to dietary cadmium (Cd) on its accumulation in tissues, growth, ovarian development, luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and a response to hormonal stimulation of spawning were evaluated. The... more

The influence of long-term exposure of goldfish to dietary cadmium (Cd) on its accumulation in tissues, growth, ovarian development, luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and a response to hormonal stimulation of spawning were evaluated. The study was conducted on four groups of females for the period of 3 years, from the age of 10 weeks to second spawning. Four doses of Cd were applied in the feed: 0 (control group), 0.1, 1 and 10 mg Cd g −1 of feed (wet weight). The highest dose of Cd (10 mg g −1) inhibited growth and caused several behavioural effects. In contrast, lower dose of Cd (1 mg g −1) stimulated fish growth. The doses of Cd from 0.1 to 1 mg Cd g −1 did not influence ovarian development. The gonado-somatic index (GSI) and histological analysis of ovaries showed no differences in ovarian development between the control group and the groups receiving these doses of Cd. However, in the group receiving the highest Cd dose, GSI decreased. This was associated with persistent, long-lasting elevation of plasma LH levels. Ovulation did not occur in this group. Injections of salmon GnRH-analogue (sGnRHa) alone or with domperidone (a dopamine receptor antagonist) in sexually mature fish caused an increase of LH levels in all groups, although in the group fed with the highest Cd dose the effect was weaker than in the other groups. After the first spawning season, a negative effect of lower Cd doses (0.1 and 1 mg Cd g −1) on ovarian recrudescence (rebuilding of ovaries) and on the response to the consecutive hormonal stimulation of spawning was observed (lower number of ovulating females). There was a significantly higher content of Cd in the livers of fish than in their muscles. The results of hormonal stimulation of spawning and histological analysis of ovaries suggest that in goldfish cadmium acts mainly at the level of ovary rather than on the pituitary gland. We suppose that in the natural environment cadmium present in the feed can play an important role in the accumulation of this element in fish tissues and can influence vital physiological processes.

To compare goserelin and leuprolide given before hysterectomy for symptomatic large fibroid uteri. A randomized study of 66 premenopausal women with fibroid uteri at least 14 weeks of gestation in a gravid uterus. Women were randomized to... more

To compare goserelin and leuprolide given before hysterectomy for symptomatic large fibroid uteri. A randomized study of 66 premenopausal women with fibroid uteri at least 14 weeks of gestation in a gravid uterus. Women were randomized to receive either subcutaneous depot 3.6 mg goserelin or 3.75 mg leuprolide every 4 weeks for a total of 3 doses. Hysterectomy was performed within 1 month of the last dose. A total of 34 women randomized to the goserelin group and 31 women to the leuprolide group were available for analysis. Preoperative hemoglobin level (P=0.89), operative blood loss (P=0.72), and operating time (P=0.39) were not different between the 2 groups. Postoperative hemoglobin was higher in the leuprolide group (P=0.003), but blood transfusion requirement was not different between the groups (P=1.0). Other outcomes and side effects of the drugs were similar. Goserelin and leuprolide administered before hysterectomy for uterine fibroids have similar perioperative outcomes.

Background: Menorrhagia is a well-known complication of factor V deficiency.

Objective: Our aim was to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) following laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of endometriosis. Methods: A total of 100 patients with... more

Objective: Our aim was to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) following laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of endometriosis. Methods: A total of 100 patients with endometriosis were randomly divided into a control group (laparoscopic resection only, n=50) and treatment group (laparoscopic resection combined with GnRH-a treatment, n=50). In addition to laparoscopic resection that was performed in the control group, the treatment group also received an additional 3-6 courses of GnRH-a therapy postoperatively (3.75 mg per time, every 28 days). The effective rates, recurrence rates, dysmenorrhea relief rates, dyspareunia relief rates, chronic pelvic pain relief rates, and the total pain relief rates as well as the adverse events were recorded and analyzed. Results: Total effective rates of the treatment and control groups were 86.0% (43/50) and 62.0% (31/50), respectively, with significant inter-group difference (P<0.05)....

The large surface area, good vascularization, immense capacity for solute exchange and ultra-thinness of the alveolar epithelium are unique features of the lung that can facilitate systemic delivery via pulmonary administration of... more

The large surface area, good vascularization, immense capacity for solute exchange and ultra-thinness of the alveolar epithelium are unique features of the lung that can facilitate systemic delivery via pulmonary administration of peptides and proteins. Physical and biochemical barriers, lack of optimal dosage forms and delivery devices limit the systemic delivery of biotherapeutic agents by inhalation. Current efforts to overcome these difficulties in order to deliver metabolic hormones (insulin, calcitonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and growth hormones) systemically, to induce systemic responses (immunoglobulins, cyclosporin A [CsA], recombinant-methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [r-huG-CSF], pancreatic islet autoantigen) and to modulate other biological processes via the lung are reviewed. Safety aspects of pulmonary peptide and protein administration are also discussed.

The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence due to spaying remains unknown. Incontinent bitches can be treated successfully with depot preparations of GnRH-analogues and there are differences in plasma gonadotropin levels between... more

The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence due to spaying remains unknown. Incontinent bitches can be treated successfully with depot preparations of GnRH-analogues and there are differences in plasma gonadotropin levels between continent and incontinent spayed bitches. It is therefore assumed that the supraordinated hormones, GnRH, FSH, and/or LH, have an effect on the urodynamic parameters.

Breast cancer and its treatment negatively affect the important aspects of a woman's life such as sexual health, cognitive functions, body image, and weight. Abrupt estrogen deficiency following chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy plays... more

Breast cancer and its treatment negatively affect the important aspects of a woman's life such as sexual health, cognitive functions, body image, and weight. Abrupt estrogen deficiency following chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy plays an important role in worsening of sexuality. Aim. To evaluate the impact of breast cancer treatment on sexual functioning, cognitive function, and body weight in premenopausal women. Methods. Thirty-five women with a premenopausal diagnosis of breast cancer who are candidate to adjuvant treatment completed validated questionnaires on menopausal symptoms, sexuality, partner relationship, depression, body image, and cognitive functions after surgery (T0), then after chemotherapy or at least 6 months of endocrine therapy (T1), and after 1 year (T2). In addition, gynecological and dietological examinations were performed. Main Outcome Measure. The following validated questionnaires were used: Greene Climacteric Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Body Attitude Test, McCoy revised Italian version McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire, Cues for Sexual Desire Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Numeric Matrix Test and Rey uditory-verbal learning test, to measure cognitive functions, a recall 24 H questionnaire to evaluate food intake, Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity questionnaire and Eating Attitude Test-40, while anthropometric and plicometry data were assessed by a dietitian. Results. Low levels of sexual functioning were registered at baseline; a further decrease in sexual activity, quality of the partnered relationship, desire, and arousability was demonstrated at T1 and T2. We found a significant increase in hot flushes and anxiety. Nonsignificant deterioration of body image was demonstrated. Although women reported losing memory and concentration, "chemobrain" effect was not demonstrated as cognitive tests improved after 6 months, probably because of "learning effect." Women who had undergone chemotherapy gained weight and fat disposition was typically android. Conclusions. Young women undergoing adjuvant breast cancer therapy experience a heavy impairment in important quality of life domains as sexuality and targeted support interventions are needed.

Objective: To report a case of a gonadotroph adenoma diagnosed after a dramatic increase in estradiol level and ovarian hyperstimulation in response to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Design: Case report. Setting: Outpatient... more

Objective: To report a case of a gonadotroph adenoma diagnosed after a dramatic increase in estradiol level and ovarian hyperstimulation in response to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Design: Case report. Setting: Outpatient practice and university hospital. Patient(s): A 35-year-old woman who presented with infertility, amenorrhea, and an elevated basal estradiol concentration. Intervention(s): Ultrasonography, laparoscopy, endocrinologic assays, magnetic resonance imaging, transsphenoidal surgery, and immunocytochemical staining. Main Outcome Measure(s): Ultrasonography and laparoscopy demonstrated bilaterally enlarged ovaries containing multiple preovulatory follicles, similar in appearance in those women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with exogenous FSH. The serum estradiol level was moderately elevated, the FSH level was within the normal range, and LH was suppressed. Administration of leuprolide acetate resulted in very elevated estradiol concentrations and even larger ovarian cysts. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a sellar mass. Examination of the tissue excised by transsphenoidal excision of the mass showed a pituitary adenoma that stained strongly for FSH. Result(s): Regular menses resumed soon after excision of the gonadotroph adenoma, followed by a spontaneous pregnancy.

Human epididymal secretory protein E4 (HE4, also known as WAP four-disulphide core domain protein 2) is a new promising biomarker for ovarian cancer but its specificity against ovarian endometriotic cysts is only superficially known. We,... more

Human epididymal secretory protein E4 (HE4, also known as WAP four-disulphide core domain protein 2) is a new promising biomarker for ovarian cancer but its specificity against ovarian endometriotic cysts is only superficially known. We, thus, analysed serum HE4 concentrations together with a tumour marker CA125 in serum samples of women diagnosed with various types of endometriosis, endometrial cancer or ovarian cancer, and in samples from healthy controls. The mean serum concentration of HE4 was significantly higher in serum samples of patients with both endometrial (99.2 pM, Po0.001) and ovarian (1125.4 pM, Po0.001) cancer but not with ovarian endometriomas (46.0 pM) or other types of endometriosis (45.5 pM) as compared with healthy controls (40.5 pM). The serum CA125 concentrations were elevated in patients with ovarian cancer, advanced endometriosis with peritoneal or deep lesions, or ovarian endometriomas, but not in the patients with endometrial cancer. The microarray results revealed that the mRNA expression of the genes encoding HE4 and CA125 reflected the serum protein concentrations. Taken together, measuring both HE4 and CA125 serum concentrations increases the accuracy of ovarian cancer diagnosis and provides valuable information to discriminate ovarian tumours from ovarian endometriotic cysts.

Background: It is well known that many anurans do not reproduce easily in captivity. Some methods are based on administration of mammalian hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin, which are not effective in many frogs. There is a... more

Background: It is well known that many anurans do not reproduce easily in captivity. Some methods are based on administration of mammalian hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin, which are not effective in many frogs. There is a need for simple, cost-effective alternative techniques to induce spawning.

The aim of this study was to investigate which antihormonal treatment strategies are used in German forensic psychiatric institutions. Forensic clinics were asked about the number of treated patients. Four hundred seventy-four patients... more

The aim of this study was to investigate which antihormonal treatment strategies are used in German forensic psychiatric institutions. Forensic clinics were asked about the number of treated patients. Four hundred seventy-four patients were committed for sex offences; 12% received either CPA (n = 29) or LHRH-agonists (n = 29). Differences in efficacy were small. Several side effects confirm the importance of a protocol for minimizing medical complications. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS cyproterone acetate / forensic psychiatry / GnRH-agonists / LHRH-agonists / paraphilia

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) use reproductive hormones as endocrine signals to synchronize sexual behavior with gamete maturation and as exogenous signals (pheromones) to mediate spawning interactions between conspecifics. We examined the... more

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) use reproductive hormones as endocrine signals to synchronize sexual behavior with gamete maturation and as exogenous signals (pheromones) to mediate spawning interactions between conspecifics. We examined the differential effects of two hormonal pheromones, prostaglandin F 2␣ (PGF 2␣ ) and 17␣,20␤-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20␤-P) on neurogenesis, neurotransmission, and neuronal activities, and on plasma androstenedione (AD) levels. Exposure to waterborne PGF 2␣ induced a multitude of changes in male goldfish brain. Histological examination indicated an increase in the number of dividing cells in male diencephalon ( p Ͻ 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). Real-time quantitative PCR tests showed elevated levels of transcripts for the salmon gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) in the male telencephalon and cerebellum ( p Ͻ 0.005, one-way ANOVA) and for ChAT (choline acetyltransferase) in the male vagal lobe and the brainstem underneath the vagal lobe ( p Ͻ 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Therefore, PGF 2␣ seemed to modulate male brain plasticity that coincided with behavioral changes during spawning season. Exposure to waterborne 17,20␤-P, however, increased circulatory levels of immunoreactive AD in males and the transcripts of androgen receptor and cGnRH-II (chicken-II GnRH) in the female cerebellum ( p Ͻ 0.05, one-way ANOVA). PGF 2␣ and 17,20␤-P thereby seemed to act through distinct pathways to elicit different responses in the neuroendocrine system. This is the first finding that links a specific pheromone molecule (PGF 2␣ ) to neurogenesis in a vertebrate animal.

Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this... more

Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010),

Rett syndrome is an X-linked dominant disorder frequently caused by the mutations in the methyl-CpGbinding protein 2 gene (MECP2). Its prevalence in the population is 1/15,000-20,000. Patients with Rett syndrome present apparently normal... more

Rett syndrome is an X-linked dominant disorder frequently caused by the mutations in the methyl-CpGbinding protein 2 gene (MECP2). Its prevalence in the population is 1/15,000-20,000. Patients with Rett syndrome present apparently normal psychomotor developments during the first 6-18 months of life. Subsequently, they show a short period of developmental stagnation followed by a rapid regression in language and motor development. Precocious puberty is characterized by premature breast and pubic hair development, and advanced bone age development at 8 years of age. We present a case of Rett syndrome and precocious puberty in a 6-year-old girl. At the age of 6, the first signs of precocious puberty appeared (Tanner stage 3). Laboratory measurements were detected as follows: luteinizing hormone (LH), 0.2 mIU/mL; folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), 1.1 mIU/mL; estradiol, 36 pg/ mL; bone age, 9 years. The response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test) was characteristic for true precocious puberty (LH, 32 mIU/mL; FSH, 26 mIU/mL). This is the first reported case of precocious puberty related to Rett syndrome.

Les gonadotrophines hypophysaires sont la luteinizing hormone (LH) et la follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Elles sont sécrétées par les cellules gonadotropes de l'hypophyse. Leur régulation est sous la dépendance de différents facteurs,... more

Les gonadotrophines hypophysaires sont la luteinizing hormone (LH) et la follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Elles sont sécrétées par les cellules gonadotropes de l'hypophyse. Leur régulation est sous la dépendance de différents facteurs, certains stimulants comme la gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH) hypothalamique, d'autres inhibiteurs, comme les inhibines. Leur action est essentielle à la fonction de reproduction chez la femme comme chez l'homme. Les progrès les plus récents concernent les modes de régulation des gonadotrophines, qui sont loin d'être totalement élucidés, mais surtout la dernière décennie a vu beaucoup de progrès réalisés dans la connaissance des gènes des gonadotrophines et de leurs récepteurs, apportant des clés essentielles dans la pathologie gonadohypophysaire.

To date the association between mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIA and precocious puberty has been found in only three polish patients. We observed two children affected by MPS IIIA with central precocious puberty (CPP) both treated with... more

To date the association between mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIA and precocious puberty has been found in only three polish patients. We observed two children affected by MPS IIIA with central precocious puberty (CPP) both treated with GnRH agonists. The occurrence of CPP in both patients with MPS IIIA suggests that it is necessary to look for an association between the two conditions. The follow-up of our two patients leads us to believe also that GnRH agonist treatment can have a beneficial effect on final height and probably on the improvement of behavioural problems.

Abstracts 57 AtmruMmBPPBccsoP-OP IEmi AND soLMmmATlNt BxmRmmrAL AND cmNIcALsruDms. A&&&&, BmIocrine, Polypeptide end cmmer Institute, VA. Med. Co.. end Tulane Univ. Sch. of Med., New Orkane. LA. USA.... more

Abstracts 57 AtmruMmBPPBccsoP-OP IEmi AND soLMmmATlNt BxmRmmrAL AND cmNIcALsruDms. A&&&&, BmIocrine, Polypeptide end cmmer Institute, VA. Med. Co.. end Tulane Univ. Sch. of Med., New Orkane. LA. USA. pfobeingdevelop&ewdooaoelogeofIa~Hormo?le-Relea9iog Hormone (LH-RH) aal eomamU&. Inhibition of pituitary-gonedel axis form8 the beei8 for oocologicel epplic%tiocu of Lli-RH egordeta like [D-Trp6]-LH-RH sod "ew IA-RI4 mooi6ta free of -mnic effecb such u [Ac-~N;11(2)'-~~~~l)a-~~~)3,~it',~~10]-~-~ (SB-75). zQoni& end enugoniae of LH-RH have been wsd in patient8

Some children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) develop true precocious puberty with early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. We have seen six such children who had the diagnosis of CAH with late initiation of... more

Some children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) develop true precocious puberty with early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. We have seen six such children who had the diagnosis of CAH with late initiation of corticosteroid treatment and/or poor compliance who developed central precocious puberty (CPP). These patients were treated with standard-dose hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. Administration of depot leuprorelin (3.75 mg subcutaneously every 28 days) for 2 years or longer was effective in arresting the manifestations of puberty, decelerating the pretreatment growth velocity ([GV] 10.8 -+ 1.5 v3.65 ± 0.95 cm/yr), increasing the predicted adult height ([PAHT] 147.5 -+ 7.8 v 153.4 -+ 8.3 cm), and decreasing the bone age to statural age ratio . Analysis of auxanological data during the first 2 years of life showed that linear growth was significantly accelerated and bone age was advanced in patients who developed CPP compared with 11 age-matched patients. It appears that proper glucocorticoid replacement to achieve adequate control of hyperandrogenemia during early life might prevent development of CPP in these patients. Gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) therapy can improve the final adult height, bringing it closer to that expected from the genetic potential.

Indications for estrus induction in the bitch include missed breeding opportunities or conception failure, the treatment of primary or secondary anestrus and synchronization of ovulation for embryo transfer programs. Reported methods for... more

Indications for estrus induction in the bitch include missed breeding opportunities or conception failure, the treatment of primary or secondary anestrus and synchronization of ovulation for embryo transfer programs. Reported methods for canine estrus induction include the use of synthetic estrogens (diethylstilbesterol), dopamine agonists (bromocryptine and cabergoline), GnRH agonists (lutrelin, buserelin, fertirelin, deslorelin, and leuprolide) and exogenous gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, and human menopausal gonadotropin). These methods vary widely in efficacy of inducing estrus, as well as in the fertility of the induced estrus. The applicability of some of these methods for clinical practice is questionable. This review will summarize published reports on estrus induction and synchronization in bitches and summarize preliminary results using a long-acting injectable preparation of deslorelin.

The role of gap junctions in the neural control of fertility remains poorly understood. Using acute brain slices from adult GnRH-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, individual GnRH neurons were filled with a mixture of fluorescent... more

The role of gap junctions in the neural control of fertility remains poorly understood. Using acute brain slices from adult GnRH-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, individual GnRH neurons were filled with a mixture of fluorescent dextran and neurobiotin. No dye transfer was found between any GnRH neurons, although approximately 30% of GnRH neurons exchanged neurobiotin with closely apposed cells. Dual electrophysiological recordings from pairs of GnRH neurons revealed an absence of electrical coupling. Using adult connexin 36 (Cx36)-cyan fluorescent protein transgenic mice, Cx36 was identified in cells within several hypothalamic brain regions, including 64% of preoptic area kisspeptin neurons but not in GnRH neurons. To assess the potential role of Cx36 in non-GnRH neurons within the GnRH neuronal network (i.e. neurons providing afferent inputs to GnRH neurons), a calmodulin kinase II␣-Cre (CKC)-LoxP strategy was used to generate mice with a neuron-specific deletion of Cx36 beginning in the first postnatal week. Mutant female mice exhibited normal puberty onset but disordered estrous cyclicity, although their fecundity was normal as was their estrogen-negative and -positive feedback mechanisms. The effects of adult deletion of Cx36 from neurons were assessed using a tamoxifen-dependent inducible CKC-Cx36 transgenic strategy. Mutant mice exhibited the same reproductive phenotype as the CKC-Cx36 animals. Together these observations demonstrate that there is no gap junctional coupling between GnRH neurons. However, it is apparent that other neurons within the GnRH neuronal network, potentially the preoptic kisspeptin neurons, are dependent on Cx36 gap junctions and that this is critical for normal estrous cyclicity. contributed equally to this study.

This is a review of original data concerning new extra-and intracellular regulators of rabbit ovarian functions. Effects of some hormones including leptin, ghrelin, oxytocin, arginine-vasotocin, endothelin (ET-1), gonadotropin releasing... more

This is a review of original data concerning new extra-and intracellular regulators of rabbit ovarian functions. Effects of some hormones including leptin, ghrelin, oxytocin, arginine-vasotocin, endothelin (ET-1), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR␥), pharmacological regulators of some protein kinases such as protein kinase A (PKA), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, cell division cycle protein 2 homolog (CDC2 kinase, CDK), tyrosine kinases), and plant molecules (resveratrol, rapamycin) on the functions of ovarian cells (proliferation, apoptosis, secretory activity, expression of some protein kinases) and reproductive end points (blood level of reproductive hormones, ovarian morphology, number of ovulations, embryo yield and quality, number and viability of offspring), and their possible interrelationships and practical application in rabbit breeding are reviewed.

Hyperprolactinemia induces hypogonadism by inhibiting gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulsatile secretion and, consequently, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone pulsatility. This leads to spermatogenic... more

Hyperprolactinemia induces hypogonadism by inhibiting gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulsatile secretion and, consequently, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone pulsatility. This leads to spermatogenic arrest, impaired motility, and sperm quality and results in morphologic alterations of the testes similar to those observed in prepubertal testes. Men with hyperprolactinemia present more frequently with a macroadenoma than a microadenoma. Symptoms directly related to hypogonadism are prevalent. In men hypogonadism leads to impaired libido, erectile dysfunction, diminished ejaculate volume, and oligospermia. It is present in 16% of patients with erectile dysfunction and in approx 11% of men with oligospermia. Treatment with bromocriptine or cabergoline (CAB) is effective in men with prolactinomas, with a response that is in general comparable to treatment in women. Seminal fluid abnormalities rapidly improve with CAB treatment, while other dopaminergic compounds require longer periods of treatment. Moreover, to improve gonadal function in men, the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is necessary. New promising data indicate that a substantial proportion of patients with either micro-or macroprolactinoma do not present hyperprolactinemia after long-term withdrawal from CAB. Whether this corresponds to a definitive cure is still unknown, but treat-ment withdrawal should be attempted in patients achieving normalization of prolactin levels and disappearance of tumor mass to investigate this issue.

The importance of cryptorchidism treatment concerns the possibility of diminishing risk of malignant degeneration and improving fertility. Success rates of hormonal treatment vary: 0-55%with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and 9-78%... more

The importance of cryptorchidism treatment concerns the possibility of diminishing risk of malignant degeneration and improving fertility. Success rates of hormonal treatment vary: 0-55%with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and 9-78% with gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH). Due to uncertainties regarding the effectiveness of this treatment, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on hormonal cryptorchidism treatment was done using the methodology of Cochrane Collaboration. Two studies compared hCG with GnRH, with a testicular descent rate of 25% vs. 18%, respectively. Nine trials compared intranasal LHRH with placebo, with complete testicular descent rates of 19% vs. 5%. Two other studies comparing doses and administration intervals could not be pooled together due to heterogeneity. With the information analyzed until the present, the evidence for the use of hCG vs. GnRH shows advantages for hCG, and this review also shows that there is evidence that luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) is more effective than placebo. But because this evidence is based on few trials, with small sample sizes and moderated risk of bias, this treatment cannot be recommended for everyone, and there is no evidence that supports hCG's use in larger doses and larger intervals. Results from this systematic review are important for developing better RCTs that may decrease the uncertainty of cryptorchidism treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of monthly triptorelin injection for the treatment of endometriosis. Me&o& A multicenter clinical trial including 45 women with endometriosis, treated with triptorelin 3.75 mg i.m.... more

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of monthly triptorelin injection for the treatment of endometriosis. Me&o& A multicenter clinical trial including 45 women with endometriosis, treated with triptorelin 3.75 mg i.m. every 4 weeks in six consecutive doses. The main outcome measures were symptom relief, reduction according to revised American Fertility Society (rAFS) scores, reduction in size of ovarian endometrioma, effects on hormone and lipid profiles, changes in bone mineral density (BMD), adverse effects, and return of menstruation. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t-tests. Results: Pain-related symptoms decreased in all cases after 8 weeks of treatment. Laparoscopic assessment revealed a reduction in rAFS scores in 21 out of 25 cases (mean pretreatment scores 43.44 * 5.75 vs. post-treatment scores 22.30 f 3.40, P < 0.001). The size of ovarian endometrioma decreased in eight of nine women but none disappeared. Serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels were effectively suppressed during treatment. A slight increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed but all values were within normal limits. After 24 weeks of treatment there was a slight decrease in BMD of total body, lumbar vertebrae and femoral neck but not radius. The main adverse effects included hot flushes, night sweating, vaginal dryness, headache, dizziness and nausea. Menstruation returned 83.76 f 2.91 days after the last injection of triptorelin. Conclurion: Long-acting triptorelin is efficacious in the treatment of endometriosis and has tolerable side effects.

Please cite this article in press as: Nuruddin, S., et al., Effects of peripubertal gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on brain development in sheep--A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2013),... more

Please cite this article in press as: Nuruddin, S., et al., Effects of peripubertal gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on brain development in sheep--A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2013), http://dx.Summary In many species sexual dimorphisms in brain structures and functions have been documented. In ovine model, we have previously demonstrated that peri-pubertal pharmacological blockade of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) action increased sex-differences of executive emotional behavior. The structural substrate of this behavioral alteration however is unknown. In this magnetic resonance image (MRI) study on the same animals, we investigated the effects of GnRH agonist (GnRHa) treatment on the volume of total brain, hippocampus and amygdala.

Objective: To investigate the expression and function of GnRH and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) subtypes at the maternal-fetal interface. Design: In vitro experiments using freshly isolated human trophoblast cells, decidual stromal cells (DSCs),... more

Objective: To investigate the expression and function of GnRH and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) subtypes at the maternal-fetal interface. Design: In vitro experiments using freshly isolated human trophoblast cells, decidual stromal cells (DSCs), and immortalized cell lines. Setting: University teaching hospital. Patient(S): Placenta-fetal membranes from term deliveries. Intervention(s): Human trophoblast and DSCs were isolated, purified, and cultured. Main Outcome Measure(s): Expression of GnRH-I, GnRH-II, and GnRHR-I mRNA and protein in human trophoblast cell lines and tissues were evaluated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The effect of GnRH-I and-II on the production of select cytokines (hCG, interleukin [IL] 8, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase 3, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) were measured by ELISA and normalized for protein content. Result(s): GnRH-I, GnRH-II, and GnRHR-I mRNA and protein were identified in trophoblasts and decidua. GnRH-I and-II stimulated hCG production by trophoblast and trophoblast-derived cell lines in a dosedependent fashion (e.g., 2.8-fold, from 2.5 AE 0.5 to 7.0 AE 0.4 ng/mg protein per 24 h, for 1,000 nmol/L GnRH-I and 2.4-fold, from 2.5 AE 0.5 to 6.1 AE 0.6 ng/mg protein per 24 h, for 1,000 nmol/L GnRH-II) without affecting the production of other cytokines. Conclusion(s): Trophoblasts and decidua express GnRH-I, GnRH-II, and GnRHR-I mRNA and protein. GnRH-I and-II selectively stimulate hCG production by trophoblast cells without altering the production of select cytokines by trophoblasts or decidua. The role of GnRH-GnRHR signaling at the maternal-fetal interface therefore appears to be limited to the regulation of trophoblast hCG production. (Fertil Steril Ò 2010;94:2680-7. Ó2010 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

In this review we trace the evolutionary connections between GnRH receptors from vertebrates and the receptors for adipokinetic hormone (AKH), AKH/corazonin-related peptide (ACP), and corazonin from arthropods. We conclude that these G... more

In this review we trace the evolutionary connections between GnRH receptors from vertebrates and the receptors for adipokinetic hormone (AKH), AKH/corazonin-related peptide (ACP), and corazonin from arthropods. We conclude that these G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are closely related and have a common evolutionary origin, which dates back to the split of Proto-and Deuterostomia, about 700 million years ago. We propose that in the protostomian lineage, the ancestral GnRH-like receptor gene duplicated as did its GnRH-like ligand gene, followed by diversification, leading to (i) a corazonin receptor gene and a corazonin-like ligand gene, and (ii) an AKH receptor gene and an AKH-like ligand gene in the Mollusca and Annelida. Subsequently, the AKH receptor and ligand genes duplicated once more, yielding the situation that we know from arthropods today, where three independent hormonal systems exist, signalling with AKH, ACP, and corazonin. Our model for the evolution of GnRH signaling in the Protostomia is a striking example of receptor-ligand co-evolution. This model has been developed using several bioinformatics tools (TBLASTN searches, phylogenetic tree analyses), which also helped us to annotate six novel AKH preprohormones and their corresponding AKH sequences from the following molluscs: the sea hare Aplysia californica (AKH sequence: pQIHFSPDWGTamide), the sea slug Tritonia diomedea (pQIHFSPGWEPamide), the fresh water snail Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos (pQIHFTPGWGSamide), the owl limpet Lottia gigantea (pQIHFSPTWGSamide), the oyster Crassostrea gigas (pQVSFSTNWGSamide), and the freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii (pQISFSTNWGSamide). We also found AKHs in the tardigrade Hysibius dujardini (pQLSFTGWGHamide), the rotifer Brachionus calycifloros (pQLTFSSDWSGamide), and the penis worm Priapulus caudatus (pQIFFSKGWRGamide). This is the first report, showing that AKH signaling is widespread in molluscs.

Neurohormones similar to those of mammals are carried in fish by hypothalamic nerve fibers to regulate directly follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the... more

Neurohormones similar to those of mammals are carried in fish by hypothalamic nerve fibers to regulate directly follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH and the expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha (GPalpha), FSHbeta, and LHbeta, as well as their secretion. Its signal transduction leading to LH release is similar to that in mammals although the involvement of cyclic AMP-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) cannot be ruled out. Dopamine (DA) acting through DA D2 type receptors may inhibit LH release, but not that of FSH, at sites distal to activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKA. GnRH increases the steady-state levels of GPalpha, LHbeta, and FSHbeta mRNAs. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) 38 and neuropeptide Y (NPY) potentiate GnRH effect on gonadotropic cells, and also act directly on the pituitary cells. Whereas PACAP increases all three subunit mRNAs, ...

S 0 3 7 8 -4 3 2 0 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 2 2 3 -2 P.I. Rekwot et al. / Animal Reproduction Science 65 (2001) 157-170 to developing the concept of "control systems technologies", aimed at controlling reproductive performance. The knowledge acquired... more

S 0 3 7 8 -4 3 2 0 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 2 2 3 -2 P.I. Rekwot et al. / Animal Reproduction Science 65 (2001) 157-170 to developing the concept of "control systems technologies", aimed at controlling reproductive performance. The knowledge acquired on the effectiveness of biostimulation; the factor which conditions it and the biological mechanism which produces it in livestock species, allows its use as a breeding management tool. The understanding of the role of pheromones could be of potential economic importance in addressing some of the problems associated with livestock production in the tropics. The biostimulation technique offers a potentially useful and practical way to improve reproductive efficiency in livestock species in the tropics. The exact nature of the cues and the role of biostimulation in livestock species especially swine, sheep, goats and cattle in developing countries require more attention.

Puberty is a complex, coordinated biological process with multiple levels of regulations. The timing of puberty varies greatly in children and it is influenced by environmental, endocrine and genetic factors. Precocious puberty (PP) is an... more

Puberty is a complex, coordinated biological process with multiple levels of regulations. The timing of puberty varies greatly in children and it is influenced by environmental, endocrine and genetic factors. Precocious puberty (PP) is an important issue, affecting between 1 in 5.000-10.000 children. The physiopathological mechanism is still unknown. From an etiological point of view, PP may be subdivided into gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) -dependent and independent causes. GnRH-dependent PP, often called central precocious puberty (CPP), is based on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation associated with progressive pubertal development, accelerated growth rate and advancement of skeletal age. Conversely, peripheral precocious puberty (PPP) is related to sex steroid exposure, independently of hypothalamic-–pituitary-–gonadal (HPG) axis activation. Kisspeptins play a central role in the modulation of GnRH secretion with peripheral factors that influence the timing of ...

Our expanding knowledge of the control of follicular wave dynamics during the bovine estrous cycle has resulted in renewed enthusiasm for the prospects of precisely controlling the follicular and luteal dynamics and finely controlling the... more

Our expanding knowledge of the control of follicular wave dynamics during the bovine estrous cycle has resulted in renewed enthusiasm for the prospects of precisely controlling the follicular and luteal dynamics and finely controlling the time of ovulation. Follicular wave development can be controlled mechanically by ultrasound-guided follicle ablation or hormonally by treatments with GnRH or estradiol and progestogen/progesterone in combination. Treatment of cattle with GnRH in combination with prostaglandin Fla (PGF) 7 d later and a second GnRH 48 h after PGF (known as Ovsynch) has resulted in acceptable pregnancy rates after fixed-time AI in lactating dairy cows and in recipients in which embryos were transferred without estrus detection. Alternatively, treatments with estradiol and progestogen/progesteronereleasing devices resulted in synchronous emergence of a new follicular wave and, when a second estradiol treatment was given 24 h after device removal, synchronous ovulation and high pregnancy rates to fixed-time AI. Self-appointed embryo transfer (without estrus detection) using estradiol and progesterone treatments have resulted in pregnancy rates comparable with those obtained with recipients transferred 7 d after es&us. Furthermore, estradiol and progesterone treatments combined with PGF and eCG (given 1 d after the expected time of wave emergence) have resulted in high rates of recipients selected for transfer (84.6%) and an overall pregnancy rate of 48.7% (recipients pregnant/recipients treated). Estradiol and progestogen/progesterone treatments have also been widely used for self-appointed superstimulation protocols with equivalent embryo production to that of donor cows superstimulated using the traditional approach beginning 8 to 12 d after estrus. In summary, exogenous control of luteal and follicular development facilitates the application of assisted reproductive technologies in cattle by offering the possibility of planning the superstimulation of donors and synchronization of recipients at a self-appointed time, without the necessity of estrus detection and without sacrificing results.

Objective: To evaluate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist/antagonist conversion with estrogen priming (AACEP) in low responders with prior IVF failure. Design: Descriptive. Setting: Private practice. Patient(s): Women aged %42... more

Objective: To evaluate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist/antagonist conversion with estrogen priming (AACEP) in low responders with prior IVF failure. Design: Descriptive. Setting: Private practice. Patient(s): Women aged %42 with prior IVF attempts in which all embryos were <7 cells or >20% fragmentation on day 3 (n ¼ 137; <38: n ¼ 63; 38-42: n ¼ 74). In addition to unexplained poor response to stimulation (n ¼ 52), diagnoses included elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH >9.0 mIU/mL; n ¼ 40), advanced age (>41 years; n ¼ 26), endometriosis (III-IV; n ¼ 12), and decreased ovarian reserve (AFC <5; n ¼ 7). Intervention(s): Patients received sequential GnRH agonist, low-dose GnRH antagonist, and estradiol valerate followed by recombinant FSH, 600 IU/day (n ¼ 72) or 750 IU/day (n ¼ 65). Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy, ongoing gestation, implantation rates. Result(s): Although women aged <38 years and those on 600 IU/day produced more mature eggs and fertilized embryos than women aged 38 to 42 years, there were no differences in peak estradiol, endometrial lining, or embryos transferred. Outcomes were similar for all patients regardless of age or FSH dosage. Ongoing gestation rates were 27% (37 out of 137) for all patients, 25% (16 out of 63) for age <38 years, and 28% (21 out of 74) for ages 38 to 42 years. Conclusion(s): Women aged %42 years who are candidates for oocyte donation may still achieve pregnancy using their own eggs with the AACEP protocol. (Fertil Steril Ò 2008;89:342-7.

This article gives an overview of current pharmacological treatment of paraphilias and sex offenders focusing on the situation in Germany. Information about selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) is followed by data about... more

This article gives an overview of current pharmacological treatment of paraphilias and sex offenders focusing on the situation in Germany. Information about selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) is followed by data about established antihormonal substances (cyproterone acetate/CPA, and medroxyprogesterone acetate/MPA), as well as a more detailed account on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (LHRH agonists). The results of open, uncontrolled clinical studies with SSRIs (n = 16) and LHRH agonists (n = 11) in paraphilic outpatients confirm the positive effects of these substances. A survey about the use of CPA and LHRH agonists in forensic hospitals in Germany shows that half of the patients treated with any kind of (anti-) hormonal agents received an LHRH agonist. The authors present a protocol on side effects, contraindications, and monitoring of CPA and LHRH agonists and develop an algorithm for differential pharmacotherapy of paraphilias.

What is known about the topic of this paper • It is well known that neutering of bitches may lead to a change in coat quality, although the nature of the change has never been described in detail. • The gonadotropin concentrations of... more

What is known about the topic of this paper • It is well known that neutering of bitches may lead to a change in coat quality, although the nature of the change has never been described in detail. • The gonadotropin concentrations of spayed untreated bitches were several times higher than concentrations found in intact or spayed female dogs treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). • Side effects of neutering of bitches, for example, urinary incontinence, may be treated with GnRH analogues.

The development of treatments that control follicular wave dynamics during the bovine estrous cycle has resulted in interesting possibilities for the precise control of follicular wave emergence and the time of ovulation. For... more

The development of treatments that control follicular wave dynamics during the bovine estrous cycle has resulted in interesting possibilities for the precise control of follicular wave emergence and the time of ovulation. For superstimulation, follicular wave emergence can be controlled by ultrasound-guided follicle ablation with FSH treatments initiated 1 or 2 d later, or injection of estradiol combined with progesterone at the time of insertion of a progestogen releasing device and FSH treatments beginning 4 d later. These are the most widely used protocols for superstimulation of donor cows because they offer the convenience of being able to initiate treatments quickly and at a self-appointed time, without reducing the number of transferable embryos. However, these protocols still require precise estrus detection of donors following superstimulation in order to conduct AI at the most appropriate time. Recent studies have been designed to develop superstimulation protocols that involve fixed-time AI of donors, without regard to estrus detection. Results presented herein indicate that delaying the removal of a progestogen releasing device, combined with the administration of GnRH or porcine LH (pLH) 12 or 24 h later results in predictable, synchronous ovulations, permitting fixed-time AI without reducing the numbers or quality of embryos. These protocols facilitate the application of on-farm embryo transfer programs because they are practical, easy to administer by farm personnel, and more importantly, they eliminate the need for detecting estrus. #

The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) to suppress puberty in adolescents with gender dysphoria is a fairly new intervention in the field of gender identity disorders or transsexualism. GnRHa are used to give... more

The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) to suppress puberty in adolescents with gender dysphoria is a fairly new intervention in the field of gender identity disorders or transsexualism. GnRHa are used to give adolescents time to make balanced decisions on any further treatment steps, and to obtain improved results in the physical appearance of those who opt to continue with sex reassignment. The effects of GnRHa are reversible. However, concerns have been raised about the risk of making the wrong treatment decisions, as gender identity could fluctuate during adolescence, adolescents in general might have poor decision-making abilities, and there are potential adverse effects on health and on psychological and psychosexual functioning. Proponents of puberty suppression emphasize the beneficial effects of GnRHa on the adolescents' mental health, quality of life and of having a physical appearance that makes it possible for the patients to live unobtrusively in t...

Introduction. Puberty suppression by means of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) is used for young transsexuals between 12 and 16 years of age. The purpose of this intervention is to relieve the suffering caused by the... more

Introduction. Puberty suppression by means of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) is used for young transsexuals between 12 and 16 years of age. The purpose of this intervention is to relieve the suffering caused by the development of secondary sex characteristics and to provide time to make a balanced decision regarding actual gender reassignment.Aim. To compare psychological functioning and gender dysphoria before and after puberty suppression in gender dysphoric adolescents.Methods. Of the first 70 eligible candidates who received puberty suppression between 2000 and 2008, psychological functioning and gender dysphoria were assessed twice: at T0, when attending the gender identity clinic, before the start of GnRHa; and at T1, shortly before the start of cross-sex hormone treatment.Main Outcome Measures. Behavioral and emotional problems (Child Behavior Checklist and the Youth-Self Report), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety and anger (the Spielberger Trait Anxiety and Anger Scales), general functioning (the clinician's rated Children's Global Assessment Scale), gender dysphoria (the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale), and body satisfaction (the Body Image Scale) were assessed.Results. Behavioral and emotional problems and depressive symptoms decreased, while general functioning improved significantly during puberty suppression. Feelings of anxiety and anger did not change between T0 and T1. While changes over time were equal for both sexes, compared with natal males, natal females were older when they started puberty suppression and showed more problem behavior at both T0 and T1. Gender dysphoria and body satisfaction did not change between T0 and T1. No adolescent withdrew from puberty suppression, and all started cross-sex hormone treatment, the first step of actual gender reassignment.Conclusion. Puberty suppression may be considered a valuable contribution in the clinical management of gender dysphoria in adolescents. de Vries ALC, Steensma TD, Doreleijers TAH, and Cohen-Kettenis PT. Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: A prospective follow-up study. J Sex Med 2011;8:2276–2283.

Objective: To review the currently available literature regarding the current management alternatives available to women with uterine myomas. Design: Literature review of 198 articles pertaining to uterine myomas. Result(s): Many advances... more

Objective: To review the currently available literature regarding the current management alternatives available to women with uterine myomas. Design: Literature review of 198 articles pertaining to uterine myomas. Result(s): Many advances have been made in the management of uterine myomas. Watchful waiting; medical therapy; hysteroscopic myomectomy; endometrial ablation; laparoscopic myomectomy; abdominal myomectomy; abdominal, vaginal, and laparoscopic hysterectomy; uterine artery embolization; uterine artery occlusion; and focused ultrasound are now available. Conclusion(s): Many options are now available to women with uterine myomas. The presently available literature regarding the treatment of myomas is summarized.

Control of reproductive function in captivity is essential for the sustainability of commercial aquaculture production, and in many fishes it can be achieved by manipulating photoperiod, water temperature or spawning substrate. The fish... more

Control of reproductive function in captivity is essential for the sustainability of commercial aquaculture production, and in many fishes it can be achieved by manipulating photoperiod, water temperature or spawning substrate. The fish reproductive cycle is separated in the growth (gametogenesis) and maturation phase (oocyte maturation and spermiation), both controlled by the reproductive hormones of the brain, pituitary and gonad. Although the growth phase of reproductive development is concluded in captivity in most fishes-the major exemption being the freshwater eel (Anguilla spp.), oocyte maturation (OM) and ovulation in females, and spermiation in males may require exogenous hormonal therapies. In some fishes, these hormonal manipulations are used only as a management tool to enhance the efficiency of egg production and facilitate hatchery operations, but in others exogenous hormones are the only way to produce fertilized eggs reliably. Hormonal manipulations of reproductive function in cultured fishes have focused on the use of either exogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) preparations that act directly at the level of the gonad, or synthetic agonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) that act at the level of the pituitary to induce release of the endogenous LH stores, which, in turn act at the level of the gonad to induce steroidogenesis and the process of OM and spermiation. After hormonal induction of maturation, broodstock should spawn spontaneously in their rearing enclosures, however, the natural breeding behavior followed by spontaneous spawning may be lost in aquaculture conditions. Therefore, for many species it is also necessary to employ artificial gamete collection and fertilization. Finally, a common question in regards to hormonal therapies is their effect on gamete quality, compared to naturally maturing or spawning broodfish. The main factors that may have significant consequences on gamete quality-mainly on eggs-and should be considered when choosing a spawning induction procedure include (a) the developmental stage of the gonads at the time the hormonal therapy is applied, (b) the type of hormonal therapy, (c) the possible stress induced by the manipulation necessary for the hormone administration and (d) in the case of artificial insemination, the latency period between hormonal stimulation and stripping for in vitro fertilization.