Green Computing Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Thrust of computing was initially on faster analysis and speedier calculations and solving of mare complex problems but in the recent past another focus has got immense importance and that is achievement of energy efficiency, minimization consumption of e-equipment‘s. It has also given utmost attention to minimization of e-waste and use of non-toxic materials in preparation of e-equipment. World leaders have also taken move towards this by following some principles. Now it is the time for the end users community to follow some rules of thumb to achieve partly benefit of ―Green Computing ‖. In India, the implement -ability of principle of ― Green Computing is facing a dilemma due to many socio -economic matters and those are linked to be soughed out to pull India in the mainstream movement of ― Green Computing.

- by
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- Green Computing, Green Building, Green Technology

– Tanzania is undergoing an unprecedented boom of IT industries. But awareness of environmental issues connected with ICT is almost nonexistent in Tan-zania. ICT development without an eye on environmen-tal protection is not sustainable. As of 2009 Tumaini University’s B.Sc. program in IT has included a Green Computing course as an obligatory part of IT studies. That course aims at raising students ’ awareness of envi-ronmental issues caused by IT, at giving them knowledge about laws and regulations concerning the issue, and at equipping them with tools and knowledge for making informed choices concerning IT installations. In this paper we analyze Tanzania’s educational needs concern-ing Green Computing and present Tumaini’s Green Computing course.

- by Joy Faida
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- Engineering, Information Technology, Law, Green Computing
- by SADHAN K GHOSH
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- Computer Science, Green Computing, Wastewater Treatment, Waste to Energy

In this paper, we analytically derive, implement, and empirically evaluate a solution for maximizing the execution rate of Map-Reduce jobs subject to power constraints in data centers. Our solution is novel in that it takes into account the dependence of power consumption on temperature, attributed to temperature-induced changes in leakage current and fan speed. While this dependence is well-known, we are the first to consider it in the context of maximizing the throughput of Map-Reduce workdloads. Accordingly, we provide a new power model and optimization strategy for temperature-aware power allocation (TAPA), and modify Hadoop on a 13-machine cluster to implement our optimization algorithm. Our experimental results show that TAPA can not only limit the power consumption to the power budget but also achieves higher computational efficiency against static solutions and temperature oblivious DVFS solutions.

- by Shen Li
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- Computer Science, Distributed Computing, Green Computing, Distributed System

Cloud computing is emerging as a new paradigm of large-scale distributed computing. It is a framework for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of computing resources. Load balancing is one of the main challenges... more

- by Nidhijain Kansal
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- Computer Science, Computer Networks, Green Computing, Energy efficiency

The upcoming summit aims to examine how sensor systems support
sustainability and how emerging artificial intelligence (AI)-based processing
methods can help with that. This includes the sensors themselves
and the accompanying architectures, infrastructure, and systems necessary
for creating value, such as communications, computing, data storage,
and power. A further objective is to uncover opportunities and challenges
for such sensor systems across various applications in environments ranging from space to mobile platforms, such as automobiles and unmanned aerial vehicles, ground-based rural and urban settings, and widely deployed
personal mobile devices.

- by Adam Drobot
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- Artificial Intelligence, Sensors and Sensing, Machine Learning, Green Computing

Worldwide organizations use the benefits offered by Cloud Computing (CC) to store data, software and programs. While running hugely complicated and sophisticated software on cloud requires more energy that causes global warming and affects environment. Most of the time energy consumption is wasted and it is required to explore opportunities to reduce emission of carbon in CC environment to save energy. Many improvements can be done in regard to energy efficiency from the software perspective by considering and paying attention on the energy consumption aspects of software's that run on cloud infrastructure. The aim of the current research is to propose a framework with an additional phase called parameterized development phase to be incorporated along with the traditional Software Development Life cycle (SDLC) where the developers need to consider the suggested techniques during software implementation to utilize low energy for running software on the cloud and contribute in green computing. Experiments have been carried out and the results prove that the suggested techniques and methods has enabled in achieving energy consumption.

Lately, consideration in 'Green Computing' has moved investigation into energy-saving strategies ford home PCs to enterprise systems frameworks. It is expected to figure out how to deal with PCs and its components to save environment and society from such risks. This investigation gives a concise record of Green Computing. The accentuation of this research is on current patterns in Green Computing, challenges in the field of Green Computing and the future trends of Green Computing. In this research, we mainly focused on analyzing the initiatives that can be implemented in enterprises or organizations we also survey the most impactful areas when made more efficient greatly contribute to Green IT. Many IT organizations are investing a lot of time and efforts towards achieving Green Computing for a greener Earth. Equipment reusing, decrease of paper utilization, virtualization, distributed computing, power the executives, Green assembling are the key activities towards Green Computing.

- by Shreyas DG and +2
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- Green Computing

As we know very well that in present days, computer is the basic need of every common man and they have to use it for time saving and to minimize human labour, rather than they also need to aware about its harmful impacts on the environment. In this research paper we take various factors related to the awareness of green computing. Present desktop computers gives extremely powerful performance since they are equipped with blazing 2 GHz dual-core or core to duo processors and high-performance memory. However, mostly users rarely need the capacity of operation more than 5 percent of available computing capacitythe rest is wasted. It would be possible to achieve significant environment and cost savings by sharing this excess or waste power by many users simultaneously. NComputing seized on this idea by which minimize the power consumption. Power consumption by the computers is the major issue in current industries and data centres.

- by IJERA Journal
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- Computer Science, Green Computing

Cloud computing is a modern technology which contains a network of systems that form a cloud. Energy conservation is one of the major concern in cloud computing. Large amount of energy is wasted by the computers and other devices and the carbon dioxide gas is released into the atmosphere polluting the environment. Green computing is an emerging technology which focuses on preserving the environment by reducing various kinds of pollutions. Pollutions include excessive emission of greenhouse gas, disposal of e-waste and so on leading to greenhouse effect. So pollution needs to be reduced by lowering the energy usage. By doing this, utilization of resources should not be reduced. With less usage of energy, maximum resource utilization should be possible. For this purpose, many green task scheduling algorithms are used so that the energy consumption can be minimized in servers of cloud data centers. In this paper, ESF-ES algorithm is developed which focuses on minimizing energy consumption by minimizing the number of servers used. The comparison is made with hybrid algorithms and most-efficient-server first scheme.

- by Editor IJRET
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- Computer Science, Operations Research, Green Computing, Energy efficiency

We report the energy and exergy efficiencies of Aquasar, the first hot water cooled supercomputer prototype. The prototype also has an air cooled part to help compare the coolants's performances. For example, a chip/coolant temperature differential of only 15 C was sufficient for chip cooling using water. The air cooled side, however, required air pre-cooling down to 23 C and a chip/coolant temperature differential of 35 C. Whereas extra exergy was expended for air pre-cooling, the higher thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of water enabled coolant temperatures to be safely raised to 60 C. Using such hot water not only eliminated the need for chillers, it also opened up the possibility of heat reuse. The latter was realized by using the hot water from Aquasar for building heating. A heat recovery efficiency of 80% and an exergetic efficiency of 34% were achieved with a water temperature of 60 C. All these results establish hot water as a better coolant compared to air. A novel concept of economic value of heat was introduced to evaluate different reuse strategies such as space heating and refrigeration using adsorption chillers. It was shown that space heating offers the highest economic value for the heat recovered from data centers.

- by B. Michel
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- Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Energy, Green Computing

Energy is an increasingly scarce and expensive resource. This reality will continue to have a profound effect on how IT solutions are designed, deployed, and used, particularly at the data center level. While virtualization and other power-saving technologies may go part of the way to solving the problem, virtualizing inherently inefficient applications has obvious limits. This has now made companies implement more energy efficient solutions and techniques collectively called as Green IT.

- by Babin Kunjappa
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- Information Technology, Green Computing

Nature with its mystique powers have always cared for survival of human beings by providing all means of resources for acquiring energy. Now comes the turn of humans to show our gratitude by conserving the energy by adopting techniques for better energy utilization. Green computing is the universal term used for environment-friendly computing. It utilizes the computing resources in the most efficient way without causing harm to our habitat. Green computing goals include reducing the use of hazardous materials, maximizing energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promoting recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. The main purpose of this paper is to integrate the advanced wireless communication strategies and smart hardware into our real life for the implementation of green computing. This paper discusses the role of pervasive computing towards achieving green computing by introducing pervasiveness in utilizing computing systems much efficiently in support with environmental well being. And also the paper tries to explore the concept of power aware computing and its implementation using event driven pervasive computing with the support of a handheld device such as a smart phone.

- by Jannatul Nayeem
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- Green Computing, Pervasive Computing

The concerns about environmental impacts, electricity cost, and energy needs of data centers are mounting. These concerns have given significant impetus to consider energy efficiency as one of the major data center design parameters for researchers and IT executives. Tremendous growth in the size and computing demands of data centers mandate scalable, fault tolerant, and energy efficient network infrastructure within data centers. In the recent years, new Data Center Network (DCN) architectures have aptly proposed a viable solution to the issues posed by the legacy DCNs. New DCN architectures are required to be energy efficient and energy proportional, besides dealing with other identified design drawbacks, such as scalability, fault tolerance, end-to-end bandwidth, and non-agility. In this article, we will deliberate on the various DCN architectures, their inherent problems, and the potentials to achieve energy efficiency. We will also shed light on myriad techniques that may be suitable to make the DCN architectures more energy efficient and energy proportional. Finally, we will outline future directions.

- by samee khan
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- Green Computing, Fault Tolerance

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the e-commerce credibility factors affecting the perception of
users in Saudi Arabia and, moreover, to investigate whether the variation of credibility factors in Saudi
Arabian e-commerce websites influence users' performance. Website credibility, which refers to the
believability of the website and its content, plays an important role in consumers’ successful online
shopping experience and satisfaction. This investigation is conducted by employing two credibility
evaluation methods: heuristic evaluation and performance measurement. This study adopts Fogg's 10
Stanford credibility guidelines as a starting point for the heuristic evaluation. In the performance
measurement method, two measurements are used: the amount of time needed to finish the task and the
total number of clicks taken to finish the task. A frequency analysis of the comments and a one-way ANOVA
test are used to establish the results. Three e-commerce websites in Saudi Arabia are selected. The findings
show that Fogg’s 10 Stanford credibility guidelines can be implemented in the Saudi Arabian e-commerce
context with minor modifications and expansions by adding reputation, endorsement, security, and service
diversity guidelines. Another important finding is that professional website design plays a vital role in
users' first impression of websites, while usability is the most important credibility factor investigated used
to evaluate the credulity of an e-commerce website. Lastly, the results of this study indicate a relationship
between the e-commerce credibility level and users’ performance. This paper contributes to the literature
by providing a set of credibility guidelines associated with specific criteria, which can be assessed to
improve the future of e-commerce in Saudi Arabia.

Depleting wastage in computing tool life cycle from initial launch to delivery green computing is a domain which makes system more energy efficient. The aim of this crucial issue is to introduce eminent research that bespeaks the latest enhancements in the field of green computing. In designing the next generation computing technologies green computing has to be considered as a significant component. In this research different component of green computing are discussed, evolution, applications, thin client, different strategies and its framework. This includes truly sustainable green computing technologies development and related solution. Finally it is demonstrated a framework and a SWOT analysis of green computing.

- by IOSR Journals
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- Green Computing, Cloud Computing, SWOT analysis

In the past a couple of years computer standard was moved to remote data farms and the software and hardware services accessible on the premise of pay for utilize .This is called Cloud computing, In which client needs to pay for the Services .Cloud give the Services -Programming as a Service ,stage as a Service and foundation as a Service .These Services gave through the remote server farms (since the information is scattered/disseminated over the web.), as Programming requisition and different Services relocated to the remote server farm ,Service of these server farm in the imperative. Server farm Service confronts the issue of force utilization. At present Cloud computing based framework squander an extraordinary measure of force and produces co2. Since numerous servers don't have a decent quality cooling framework. Green Computing can empower more vitality proficient utilization of computing power .This paper indicates the prerequisite of Green Computing and methods to spare the vitality by distinctive methodologies

- by IJCERT Publications
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- Green Computing

High energy consumption of cloud data centers is a matter of great concern. Dynamic consolidation of Virtual Machines (VMs) presents a significant opportunity to save energy in data centers. A VM consolidation approach uses live migration of VMs so that some of the under-loaded Physical Machines (PMs) can be switched-off or put into a low-power mode. On the other hand, achieving the desired level of Quality of Service (QoS) between cloud providers and their users is critical. Therefore, the main challenge is to reduce energy consumption of data centers while satisfying QoS requirements. In this paper, we present a distributed system architecture to perform dynamic VM consolidation to reduce energy consumption of cloud data centers while maintaining the desired QoS. Since the VM consolidation problem is strictly NP-hard, we use an online optimization metaheuristic algorithm called Ant Colony System (ACS). The proposed ACS-based VM Consolidation (ACSVMC) approach finds a near-optimal ...

— With billions of lines of code being deployed and running on cloud servers, PCs, as well as battery-driven mobile phones, embedded systems, and IoT devices, software energy efficiency will play an increasingly important role in green IT. In the past decades, object oriented programming (OOP) has become the de facto standard for commercial software design. However, very little is known about the impact of OOP and design patterns on software energy efficiency. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive analysis on a series of OOP features and design patterns and find out that their influences on energy efficiency vary greatly. Some of them have negligible impact while others could significantly degrade performance and increase energy consumption. If used appropriately, design patterns can also help improve performance and reduce energy consumption.

- by Arun Banotra and +1
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- Object Oriented Programming, Green Computing, Design Patterns, Energy efficiency

- by Juha Plosila and +2
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- Ant Colony Optimization, Green Computing, Virtual Machines, Energy efficiency

ABSTRACT Integrated information, innovation and collaboration are the key factors for the sustainable development of construction organizations nowadays. The advancement of cloud computing technology offers construction organizations great potential for developing a collaborative and integrated environment for construction management. This paper presents an in-depth literature review of cloud computing in construction management. Findings from this review have shown that the benefit of using cloud computing technology for construction collaboration will reduce both energy consumption and CO2 emissions, indeed, it is more towards a green mission as it also provides both a financial return and a tangible environmental benefit. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the most valuable construction collaboration tools as the cloud computing technology along with the main concepts of sustainable project management. The findings in this research illustrate that with implementing the cloud computing in construction industry, it will facilitate the construction processes, collaborations, communications, relations and networks through the construction industry. Firstly, it is hoped that this study will contribute on improvements in construction industry collaboration which could ultimately improve and enhance the competitive advantages within the construction industry. Secondly, it introduces the new visions of construction industry integration and most significantly collaboration in an efficient way that will eventually maximise the productivity, enhance the efficiency and improve the effectiveness towards a green construction industry.

Cloud Computing (CC) has recently received substantial attention, as a promising approach for providing various information and communication technologies (ICT) services. Running enormously complicated and sophisticated software on the cloud requires more energy and most of the energy is wasted. It is required to explore opportunities to reduce emission of carbon in the CC environment that causes global warming. Global warming affects environment and it is required to lessen greenhouse gas emissions which can be achieved by adopting energy-efficient technologies that largely need to reduce the energy consumption caused during computations, for storing data and during communications to achieve Green computing. In literature, most of the energy-saving techniques focus on hardware aspects. Many improvements can be done in regard to energy efficiency from the software perspective by considering and paying attention to the energy consumption aspects of software for environmental sustainability. The aim of the research is to propose energy-aware profiling environmental sustainability techniques based on parameterized development technique to reduce the energy that has been spent and measure its efficiency inured to support software developers to enhance their code development process in terms of reducing energy. Experiments have been carried out and results prove that the suggested techniques have enabled in achieving energy consumption and achieve environmental sustainability.

- by Qiang Duan
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- Green Computing, Wireless Sensor Networks, Numerical Analysis, Internet of Things

Recent telecommunication paradigms, such as big data, Internet of Things (IoT), ubiquitous edge computing (UEC), and machine learning, are encountering with a tremendous number of complex applications that require different priorities and resource demands. These applications usually consist of a set of virtual machines (VMs) with some predefined traffic load between them. The efficiency of a cloud data center (CDC) as prominent component in UEC significantly depends on the efficiency of its VM placement algorithm applied. However, VM placement is an NP-hard problem and thus there exist practically no optimal solution for this problem. In this paper, motivated by this, we propose a priority, power and traffic-aware approach for efficiently solving the VM placement problem in a CDC. Our approach aims to jointly minimize power consumption, network consumption and resource wastage in a multi-dimensional and heterogeneous CDC. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we compared it to the state-of-the-art on a fat-tree topology under various experiments. Results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of reducing the total network consumption up to 29%, the consumption of power up to 18%, and the wastage of resources up to 68%, compared to the second-best results.

- by Sadoon Azizi
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- Green Computing, Cloud Computing, Energy Efficient Data Centers, Power Consumption

Green computing " represents environmentally responsible way to reduce power and environmental e-waste. Green computing is the practice of using computing resources efficiently. The goals are to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability outdated products and factory waste. It is known that the demand for computing devices rises as the people seek faster way of doing things. The most important issue is the sustainability or sustainable development and it is the key challenge for the environmentalists today. Quite a number of methods have been suggested to ensure sustainability. One important issue is minimum use of papers. Papers are wastage of natural resources. Papers are produced from wood pulp which leads to deforestation. The production of paper releases many by-products which harms the environment. In the present paper the authors have made a systematic study on various issues while producing printed papers which are not good for the environment as well as for the future generations. The authors also propose the negative impacts of paper on the environment can be negated by using E-documentation. Keyword s— green computing, factory waste, sustainability, e-document, energy efficiency I. INTRODUCTION Paper formed from wood pulp or plant fiber, paper is chiefly used for written communication. Paper, whether produced in the modern factory or by the most careful, delicate hand methods, is made up of connected fibers. The fibers can come from a number of sources including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and, most notably, trees. The use of cloth in the process has always produced high-quality paper. Today, a large proportion of cotton and linen fibers in the mix create many excellent papers for special uses, from wedding invitation paper stock to special paper for pen and ink drawings. The method of making paper is essentially a simple one—mix up vegetable fibers, and cook them in hot water until the fibers are soft but not dissolved. The hot water also contains a base chemical such as lye, which softens the fibers as they are cooking. Then, pass a screen-like material through the mixture, let the water drip off and/or evaporate, and then squeeze or blot out additional water. A layer of paper is left behind. Essential to the process are the fibers, which are never totally destroyed, and, when mixed and softened, form an interlaced pattern within the paper itself. Modern papermaking methods, although significantly more complicated than the older ways, are developmental improvements rather than entirely new methods of making paper. Raw Materials Probably half of the fiber used for paper today comes from wood that has been purposely harvested. The remaining material comes from wood fiber from sawmills, recycled newspaper, some vegetable matter, and recycled cloth. Coniferous trees, such as spruce and fir, used to be preferred for papermaking because the cellulose fibers in the pulp of these species are longer, therefore making for stronger paper. These trees are called "softwood" by the paper industry. Deciduous trees (leafy trees such as poplar and elm) are called "hardwood." Because of increasing demand for paper, and improvements in pulp processing technology, almost any species of tree can now be harvested for paper.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat penerapan green computing pada Universitas Katolik Musi Charitas Palembang dan merekomendasikan strategi-strategi dalam penerapan green computing. Dimana green computing itu sendiri adalah studi dan realisasi dalam penggunaan sumber daya komputasi secara efisien serta ramah lingkungan. Tujuan green computing adalah untuk meningkatkan kinerja komputasi dan mengurangi konsumsi energi dan jejak karbon. Universitas Katolik Musi Charitas Palembang sudah lama menggunakan Teknologi Informasi (IT), salah satunya adalah komputer untuk mendukung berlangsungnya proses sivitas akademika. Tetapi penggunaan komputer tanpa disadari memberikan peran besar dalam
pencemaran lingkungan dan emisi CO2. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa masih perlu sosialisasi tentang pemahaman mengenai pentingnya dilakukan pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan dalam penggunaan perangkat IT serta kebijakan untuk mendukung pengurangan konsumsi energi dan pencemaran lingkungan.

- by Klaudius Jevanda BS
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- Green Computing

The use of powerful mobile devices, like smartphones, tablets and laptops, are changing the way programmers develop software. While in the past the primary goal to optimize software was the run time optimization, nowadays there is a growing awareness of the need to reduce energy consumption. This paper presents a technique and a tool to detect anomalous energy consumption in Android applications, and to relate it directly with the source code of the application. We propose a dynamically calibrated model for energy consumption for the Android ecosystem, and that supports different devices. The model is then used as an API to monitor the application execution: first, we instrument the application source code so that we can relate energy consumption to the application source code; second, we use a statistical approach, based on fault-localization techniques, to localize abnormal energy consumption in the source code.

- by Jácome Cunha
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- Programming Languages, Green Computing

Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently and eco-friendly. The goals are that is reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. In recent years, companies in the computer industry have come to realize that going green is in their best interest, both in terms of public relations and reduced costs. This paper presents at several green initiatives currently under way in the computer industry, as well as issues that have been raised regarding these initiatives and presents a study about the green computing and e waste recycling process. Ultimately green computing focuses on ways in reducing overall environmental impact, its main purpose is to find and promote new ways of reducing pollution, discovering alternative technologies, and creating more recyclable products.

Efficiency of energy usage in computing systems improves, however, still not at the rate matching the climbing demand for computing capacity. To address this urging problem, computing elements of the latest generation, that is, CPUs/graphics processing units, memory units, and network interface cards, have been designed to operate in multiple modes with differentiated energy consumption levels. Mode switching and high-frequency performance monitoring functions have also been exposed by co-designed abstract programming interfaces. The challenge of energy-efficient computing is to develop hardware control mechanisms taking advantage of the new capabilities. This paper aims at giving an insight into the structure of optimal energy-aware CPU frequency scaling rules. It gives a characterization of solutions to the optimal control problem of energy-efficient real-time packet inspection performed by a Linux server. A class of CPU frequency switching rules, exploiting dynamic voltage and frequency scaling mechanisms, is constructed based on experimentally identified model of server operations. The control rules are demonstrated to outperform the default CPU frequency scaling governor for the Linux kernel, both in terms of achievable power savings and service quality.

- by Michał P. Karpowicz
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- Operating Systems, System Identification, Optimal Control, Computer Networks

Pada zaman modern saat ini, Teknologi semakin maju dan berkembang, dimana teknologi tersebut membantu memudahkan pekerjaaan yang dikerjakan pada kehidupan sehari-hari, sehingga para user terus melakukan inovasi pada bidang teknologi.

- by Rahman Dwi
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- Green Computing, Data Center

Sustainability is the concern of all the organizations now-a-days. At the same time, no organization can survive without the use of technology. So there is a great need to integrate information technology and sustainability. This gives birth to the term Green Information Technology (GIT). This paper is an attempt to attempt to identify the metrics of green information technology for the sustainability of the organizations. Sustainability includes economic and environmental sustainability of the organizations. The researcher has used Molla’s GITAM model as base model and extended it to identify the various metrics for sustainability of organizations. The researcher has identified Top Management support, Government support, Green IT Attitude, Green IT Policies, Green IT Practices, Green IT Technology as metrics that should be aligned with business processes to achieve the environmental and economic sustainability. The researcher contends in this paper that there is an earnest requirement for organizations to align those metrics with business processes to achieve sustainability. The results of this study help the organizations to make strategies related to green information technology for their economic and environmental sustainability. In this regard, this study fills the gap between the metrics of green information technology, its alignment with business processes and sustainability of organizations

Green Computing concept cover a list of technologies, laws, protocols, standards, regulations, initiatives, certifications, company groups, computing style and lifestyles applied to IT (Information Technology ). In this paper we do a little introduction of this concept plenty of meanings to make a better understanding of it. We focus on the technologies applied from top to bottom, from datacenter to the inside of the servers and the humans.

- by Luiz C
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- Green Computing, Energy Saving, Computer

Software development is a core component in the academic training curriculum in various computing disciplines in universities, colleges, polytechnics, and vocational institutes respectively. In many of the said academic curricula there is often a superficial treatment of vital project management elements such as scheduling, costing, risk and quality management, and basic legal concepts of contracts. Every software developer/engineer is expected to have basic knowledge of the said elements which go a long way to boosting his/her professionalism during contract negotiations and execution of software-based contracts. The absence of the use of real-life cases during academic training undermines the extent of project management knowledge transferred to the trainee software engineer/developer. This paper is presented using a real-life software development contract involving a private secondary healthcare provider in Lagos Nigeria. This paper provides a concise but informative case study report emphasizing on basic project management methodology. This paper reflects on how project costing and analysis of return on investment is key to determining the reality of small/medium-sized software contracts.

- by Wilson Nwankwo
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- Software Engineering, Embedded Systems, Green Computing, Wireless networks

Green IT is becoming an important concept for the organization since over the last decade, however, not every organization is completely ready to implement Green IT initiatives. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an easy-to-use but comprehensive self-assessment to evaluate organizational readiness to implement Green IT. We have reviewed the literature through systematic literature review (SLR) process to identify motivators in Green IT-outsourcing from vendor " s perspective. Our final sample of publication selection comprises 82 papers in total. We have identified, through the SLR, a list of 9 motivators. Six of these motivators were identified as significant motivators. These significant motivators are " energy efficiency " , " development and use of environment-friendly softwares " , " overall business cost reduction " , " promoting reusability and sustainability both in terms of hardwares and softwares " , " improving quality of services " and " deployment of virtualization strategies with respect to hardwares, softwares and processes ". We have further analyzed the identified motivators on the basis of different variables including, study strategy/methodology and period of years. We have found more similarities than differences in the identified motivators across study strategy/methodology and period of years.

- by Dr. RAFIQ A H M A D KHAN and +3
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- Green Computing, Green IT, Green IT-Outsourcing

Green Computing is one of the emerging computing technology in the field of computer science engineering and technology to provide Green Information Technology (Green IT / GC). It is mainly used to protect environment, optimize energy consumption and keeps green environment. Green computing also refers to environmentally sustainable computing. In recent years, companies in the computer industry have come to realize that going green is in their best interest, both in terms of public relations and reduced costs. Information and communication technology (ICT) has now become an important department for the success of any organization. Making IT " Green " can not only save money but help save our world by making it a better place through reducing and/or eliminating wasteful practices. In this paper we focus on green computing by optimizing operating systems and scheduling of hardware resources. The objectives of the green computing are human power, electrical energy, time and cost reduction with out polluting the environment while developing the software. Operating System (OS) Optimization is very important for Green computing, because it is bridge for both hardware components and Application Soft wares. The important Steps for green computing user and energy efficient usage are also discussed in this paper.

- by Kajian Informasi
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- Green Computing, Energy efficiency, Green Information Technology
- by Absalom Ezugwu
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- Green Computing, Neural Network, Green, Information System

Telah kita ketahui dengan perkembangan jaman dan teknologi banyak orang yang sudah menggunakan alat teknologi seperti komputer. Tetapi masih banyak orang yang tidak mengetahui cara untuk menggunakannya secara benar atau efisien. Banyak... more

- by Iwan Krisnadi
- •
- Green Computing

In today’s world, computer system and its related resources are becoming increasingly ubiquitous and essentially inevitable in every facets of life . However, their usage and service applications have raised serious environmental concerns due to the release of hazardous waste (carbon dioxide, radiation, heat) to users and the ecosystem as well as the considerable amount of power (electricity) required to operate them.
The power consumption and green house gas emissions generated by computers and internet is alarming due to possible contribution to global climatic change . Additionally, the warming heat coupled with the electromagnetic radiation generated from laptop computers may decrease sperm quality and could also trigger tumour development in pregnant women and foetus. Green computing is the use of computer in an environmentally sound manner by reducing its energy consumption and harmful waste generated . It has been implemented in most developed part of the world by introducing green compliant computing products such as ‘organic light emitting diode’ (OLED) monitors, 3rd generation Intel Core processors and solid state drives to consumer electronics.The benefits of green computing to the global society cannot be over-emphasized in that it reduces the amount of pollutants in the environment, saves power consumption, reduces amount of heat produced by electronics and encourages the use of renewable resources. Moreover, organizations that adopt green computing strategy such as energy saver initiatives, e-mail practices and policies, and the use of green compliant computing resources will generate more financial gains and lesser carbon footprint. Conclusively, the utmost goal of green computing is to protect environment and save energy along with operational expenses in today’s increasingly competitive world. Adopting green computing approach is paramount towards creating a sustainable healthy environment.

- by Koleayo O Omoyajowo
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- Green Computing, Environmental Sustainability

In modern days, we use computers and resources very frequently without considering their harmful effects to our environment. Green computing is a technique by which, we use computers and its resources without harming our ecosystem. Green computing is the way to use computer related work doing with eco-friendly. This is new Data Center Design Paradigm that includes the architecture of processor and other computer appliances. The most important objective in green computing is to design a processor with low consuming power energy, followed by designing of Data Centre of many servers that consumes less energy to prevent harmful effect of our environment. In this paper, we will discuss what green computing is and the concept and design of a proposed Data Center.

- by Editor IJRET
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- Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Renewable Energy, Green Computing
- by Dr. Redmond R . Shamshiri
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- Green Computing

With growing use of internet and exponential growth in amount of data to be stored and processed (known as ``big data''), the size of data centers has greatly increased. This, however, has resulted in significant increase in the power consumption of the data centers. For this reason, managing power consumption of data centers has become essential. In this paper, we highlight the need of achieving energy efficiency in data centers and survey several recent architectural techniques designed for power management of data centers. We also present a classification of these techniques based on their characteristics. This paper aims to provide insights into the techniques for improving energy efficiency of data centers and encourage the designers to invent novel solutions for managing the large power dissipation of data centers.

- by Sparsh Mittal
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- Computer Architecture, Computer Engineering, Green Computing, Data Warehousing

Green Computing is a recent trend towards designing, building, and operating computer systems to be energy efficient. While programs such as Energy Star have been around since the early 1990s, recent concerns regarding global climate change and the energy crisis have led to renewed interest in Green Computing. Data centers are a significant consumers of energy -both to power the computers as well as to provide the necessary cooling. This paper proposes a new approach to reduce energy utilization in data centers. In particular, our approach relies on consolidating services dynamically onto a subset of the available servers and temporarily shutting down servers in order to conserve energy. We present initial work on a probabilistic service dispatch algorithm that aims at minimizing the number of running servers such that they suffice for meeting the quality of service required by service-level agreements. Given the estimated energy consumption and projected growth in data centers, the proposed effort has the potential to positively impact energy consumption.

- by Nadeen Spirit
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- Green Computing, Energy efficiency, global Climate change, Quality of Service

Green computing, also called green technology, is the environmentally sustainable to use of computers and related resources like -monitors, printer, storage devices, networking and communication systems - efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact
on the environment. The principle behind energy efficient coding is to save power by getting software to make less use of the
hardware, rather than continuing to run the same code on hardware that uses less power. This paper, first discuss the connota tion
of green computing and sketch researcher’s view on the next generation of IT systems for green computing. This paper will he lp
the researchers and administrators to have a clear understanding of Green Computing and Green Cloud Computing. It also defin es
the security issues and the solution methods to these issues. Green computing is the environmentally responsible use of compu ters
and related resources Servers and Peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic was te (ewaste). Finally, paper point out future directions of research and conclude the paper

- by Rakesh Patel
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- Green Computing

Recent technological advances have greatly improved the performance and features of embedded systems. With the number of just mobile devices now reaching nearly equal to the population of Earth, embedded systems have truly become ubiquitous. These trends, however, have also made the task of managing their power consumption extremely challenging. In recent years, several techniques have been proposed to address this issue. In this paper, we survey the techniques for managing power consumption of embedded systems. We discuss the need of power management and provide a classification of the techniques on several important parameters to highlight their similarities and differences. This paper is intended to help the researchers and application-developers in gaining insights into the working of power management techniques and designing even more efficient high-performance embedded systems of tomorrow.

- by Sparsh Mittal
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- Computer Architecture, Computer Engineering, Embedded Systems, FPGA

With the pragmatic realization of computing as a utility, Cloud Computing is has recently emerged as a highly successful alternative IT paradigm through on-demand resource provisioning and almost perfect reliability. The rapidly growing customer demands for computing and storage resources are responded by the Cloud providers with the deployment of large scale data centers across the globe. Efficiency and scalability of these data centers, as well as the performance of the hosted applications highly depend on the allocations of the physical resource (e.g., CPU, memory, storage, and network bandwidth). Very recently, network-aware Virtual Machine (VM) placement and migration is developing as a very promising technique for the optimization of compute-network resource utilization, energy consumption, and network traffic minimization. This chapter presents the related background information and a taxonomy that characterizes and classifies the various components of network-aware VM placement and migration techniques. An elaborate survey and comparative analysis of the state of the art techniques is also put forward. Besides highlighting the various aspects and insights of the network-aware VM placement and migration strategies and algorithms recently proposed by the research community, the survey further identifies the limitations of the existing techniques and discusses on the future research directions.

- by Md Hasanul Ferdaus, PhD
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- Computer Science, Distributed Computing, Virtualization, Taxonomy

The information and communication technology (ICT) has changed the way we live, work, learn and play but at the same time, it is affecting our environment in several ways. It has created many opportunities for employment round the globe as the computer literacy becomes a prerequisite condition for sustenance in almost every public/private sectors. The computer's ability to store, retrieve and manipulate large amounts of data rapidly and cheaply has led to its wide spread use in managing many clerical, accounting and service documentation functions in organizations. But, at each stage of computer's life, from its production, throughout its use, and into its disposal, it exhibits some kind of environmental problems. Several scientists and authors have quoted their reports on ICT and its impact on the environment. Still, the debate on the effectiveness of green computing for eco-friendly and sustainable IT remains an open issue. In this paper, we report the awareness towards green computing and present the summary of key areas where IT organizations can achieve savings in terms of energy and cost. In addition, we discuss a formal approach of green computing along with its standardization and compliances and some of its challenges.

- by Khalid Raza
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- Green Computing

 El término "computación verde" fue acuñado poco después de que el programa Energy Star comenzó.

- by Arturo Cardenas
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- Computer Science, Green Computing, Cloud Computing, Green Computing

Green computing, also called green technology, is the environmentally sustainable to use of computers and related resources like-monitors, printer, storage devices, networking and communication systems-efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. Green computing whose goals are to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote the recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Computers today not only used in offices but also at homes. As the number of computers is increasing day by day, so is the amount of electricity consumed by them which in turn is increasing the carbon content in atmosphere. This problem has been realized by people and measures are being taken which help in minimizing the power usage of computers. Therefore , this can be called as Green Computing. We use Green Computing because it-reduced energy usage from green computing techniques translates into lower carbon dioxide emissions, stemming from a reduction in the fossil fuel used in power plants and transportation, Conserving resources means less energy is required to produce, use, and dispose of products ,Saving energy and resources saves money .Green computing even includes changing government policy to encourage recycling and lowering energy use by individuals and businesses.

- by Sharmila More
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- Green Computing