Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding Research Papers (original) (raw)

Greek gynecological and pediatric standards created ideal types. One was
the woman fit to breastfeed, another the newborn fit to be breastfed. This
study examines the consequences of these standards on human lives. Mothers
and newborns who failed to measure up to the ideal were rejected, giving
added impetus to wet nursing, infant exposure and infanticide. These were
aspects of Mediterranean medicine, culture and religion long before Soranos
of Ephesos wrote his gynecological treatise. However, his instructions for
midwives made these ideals and standards explicit and authoritative.
Carried through by midwives, they altered the lives of women and sometimes
ended the lives of newborns. Together these standards contributed to a
recursive dynamic of the displacement of infants from birth mothers, infant
abandonment, and wet nursing that was favorable to class affirmation and to
the maintenance of the slave system of early imperial Rome.

- by
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- Roman Law, Galen, Late Antiquity, Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Decision-making during pregnancy regarding different options of care can be difficult, particularly when risks of intervention versus no intervention for mother and baby are unclear. Unbiased information and support for decision making may be beneficial in these situations. The management of normal pregnancies at and beyond term is an example of such a situation. In order to determine the need to develop an evidence-based decision aid this paper searches, analyses and appraises patient decision aids and patient information leaflets regarding care options in cases of late term and post-term pregnancies, including complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
METHODS:
A literature search was carried out in a variety of lay and medical databases.
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
written information related to uncomplicated singleton pregnancies and targeted at lay people. Analysis and appraisal of included material by means of quality criteria was set up based on the International Patient Decision Aid Standards accounting for evidence-basing of CAM options.
RESULTS:
Inclusion of two decision aids and eleven leaflets from four decision aids and sixteen leaflets. One decision aid met the quality criteria almost completely, the other one only insufficiently despite providing some helpful information. Only one leaflet is of good quality, but cannot substitute a decision aid.
CONCLUSIONS:
There is an urgent need for the design of an evidence-based decision aid of good quality for late-term or post-term pregnancy, particularly in German language.

- by Bettina Berger and +1
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- Decision Making, Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding, Critical Appraisal, Shared decision making

Vegetarian diets are associated with lower risk of several chronic health conditions including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and some cancers, compared to western diets. However, vegetarians, especially vegans, are at a high risk for developing some nutrient deficiencies, especially vitamin B12 and iron. These nutrients play critical role in pregnancy and thus may impact fetal development and neonatal birth weight. To date, very few studies assessed birth weight among children born to mothers adhering to vegetarian diets [1,2].
Breastfeeding is the most desirable feeding pattern for infants. Breastfeeding is especially important in the first 6 months of life. Breastfed children have lower risk of some health conditions such as otitis media, asthma or atopic dermatitis [3]. Data on breastfeeding patterns among vegetarian mothers are almost non-existent.

- by Enliven: Journal of Dietetics Research and Nutrition and +1
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Public Health Nutrition, Food and Nutrition

An intact perineum is the goal of every birthing woman. We love to have whole, healthy female genitalia. Many people consider the health of the vagina/perineum to be a matter of chance, luck or being at the mercy of the circumstances of... more

- by Gloria Lemay
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- Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding, Midwifery

L’assistenza durante il travaglio può influenzare la donna a livello fisico e psicologico, oltre che la salute del suo bambino a breve e lungo termine. Una comunicazione efficace, il supporto e l’empatia da parte dell’equipe, così come il rispetto delle preferenze della donna, può aiutarla ad avere il controllo di quanto accade, rendendo la nascita una esperienza positiva per lei e per chi l’accompagna in questo percorso.

- by Stacey Camp
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- Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding, Diapers

Hoy en Chile, si bien nos encontramos con la persistencia del modelo tecnocrático de atención del nacimiento, se ven cambios –lentos pero significativos- hacia la implementación de un modelo personalizado. Es en este contexto que el presente capítulo busca articular una reflexión en torno a los cuerpos vividos en la experiencia del nacimiento, preguntándonos por cómo las mujeres significan y encarnan los modelos de nacimiento presentes en nuestra sociedad, en procesos dinámicos de transformación. Tras una entrada metodológica en la cual explicamos el origen del material que da forma al texto y una discusión teórica en torno al cuerpo vivido, presentamos las historias de parto de cuatro mujeres, en un orden que no es casual. Proponemos un recorrido desde los cuerpos más ausentes hacia aquellos más presentes: comenzamos por un cuerpo muerto de miedo, seguido de uno silenciado, de otro que retiene, para cerrar con la vivencia de un cuerpo gozoso.

- by Meredith Nash
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- Sociology, Technology, Reproduction, Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding

Relatively little is known about what impacts perinatal outcomes in expectant mothers and fathers. In the current study, we examined the association between expected parenting efficacy and feelings of pregnancy responsibility on mental health and relationship satisfaction in 104 primiparous couples during their third trimester. Parenting efficacy was related to better perinatal mental health and relationship satisfaction for both mothers and fathers, while communal pregnancy responsibility was more important for mothers. At the couple level, being concordant on feelings of pregnancy responsibility was related to better mental health and relationship satisfaction for expectant mothers only. These results suggest the importance of examining predictors of perinatal outcomes, as well as the dynamic interplay between mothers' and fathers' feelings of pregnancy responsibility.

- by Susanne Biehle
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- Family studies, Mental Health, Parenting, Self-Efficacy
- by Chantal Bayard
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- Sociology, Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding, Social Norms, Public Health
- by Anna Madill
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology

"Why feminist? Why postmodernist? A preface
Halah Afshar, giving a talk entitled 'Ferninisms, Islamophobia and Identities' at the Feminist and Women's Studies Association Conference, UK (2006), emphasised her sense of having a mobile and shifting self-identity (though she also felt that this was being undermined by an ignorant post-9/ 11 reductionism which equates 'Muslim' with 'terrorist' - a terrible new wave of Islamophobia). Her own sense of self, she suggested, was fluid: in York she was the 'exotic Persian'; in Turkey she became the infidel- the 'sinner' (because her feminist approach to the Koran, which emphasises that intermediaries who dictate how it should be understood are themselves sinning, was seen as 'heretical'). On a school day she is 'mum', and on arriving at the conference in Bradford she was, to the ticket collector, she thought, merely 'another bloody Paki'. Of course, some of this is supposition and rather passive in tone; she is seen and she is interpreted. None of us knows for sure how we are being viewed unless told, but this is how she sees herself: as having multiple identities constantly changing in different contexts. Arguably, postmodernism has enabled us to conceptualise ourselves differently and in a more fragmented, multifaceted manner. This need not be conceptualised as a passive process, and we may emphasise our different identities in different contexts, and different locations may invoke different aspects of ourselves (Hogan and Pink 2010). "

- by Professor Susan J Hogan
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- Cultural Studies, Feminist Sociology, Gender Studies, Women's Studies

I wanted to write this review because I want to share my joy with the world. Since following the Pregnancy Miracle program, I’ve truly gained a new life.
Two years ago, my husband John and I decided it was time to make a baby. I was 29 years old, so I thought I would get pregnant right away. Boy, was I wrong…
We diligently tried to conceive for about 6 months, but nothing happened. For the first time, I began to wonder if something was wrong: Why couldn’t I get pregnant?

- by Wisnu Wardono
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- Health Psychology, Health Sciences, Health Promotion, Women's Studies
- by Michelle Walks
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- Archaeology, Gender Studies, Anthropology, Biological Anthropology

A very small ivory plate excavated in the cave of Geißenklösterle, Germany, shows on the front side the half relief of a manlike being and rows of notches at the rear side and at the border. Based on archaeological data, the phenomenological description of the plate, the astronomical reconstruction of the sky at the Aurignacian epoch, and ethnoastronomical arguments the research work establishes the hypothesis, that the anthropoid represents Orion at the vernal equinox ca 30,000 BC, combined with a special type of a pregnancy calendar, related to the heliacal rising and setting of Betelgeuse.

E n el ser humano, el trabajo de parto normal a término se define como aquel que ocurre entre la semana 37 y la 40 de la gestación, si se toma como referencia la fecha de la última menstruación.' Este hecho se caracteriza de manera terminal por tres procesos: 1) la activación del miometrio que lleva a contracciones uterinas; 2) la maduración cervical que culmina con el borramiento y dilatación del cuello uterino y 3) la rotura de las membranas corioamnióticas con salida de líquido amniótico transvaginal. En condiciones fisiológicas estos eventos aparecen en forma sincronizada en cualquier momento después de la semana 37 de la gestación, y dan paso al trabajo de parto normal.

- by Rodrigo Vega
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- Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding, Birth, Prematurity, Preterm
- by Jessalyn Ballerano
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- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology, Ethnography, Reproduction

Drawing on the examination of five feature films, including Twilight: Breaking Dawn – Part 1, and more than half-a-dozen popular television programmes, including Parenthood, The L Word and The Secret Life of the American Teenager, this work argues that dominant cultural representations foster a narrow and potentially damaging, disempowering and dehumanising depiction of childbirth. Together these works foster a dominant
conceptualisation and representation of childbirth that narrowly represents childbirth, emphasising themes
including ‘bitter birth’ or birth as affliction, a reproductive double bind affirming women’s fundamental procreative role while also pathologising their reproductive processes, and the trivialisation of women’s birthing agency through the broad failure to recognize maternal magnificence. This work further argues that dominant representations of maternity pervading mass media, as indicated in the examined examples, normalise
patriarchal gender roles, particularly emphasised femininity, and mark gender noncomformists as deviant. The promotion of such norms is clear in contemporary cultural depictions of childbirth, including birth-related hit films such as Knocked Up and The Back-up Plan. In the last of these an important component of patriarchal gender codes is further shown to include heternormativity.
Keywords: birth, dualism, feminist, gender, maternal magnificence, medicalisation of birth, patriarchy, trivialisation of birth

- by Jeffrey Nall
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- Gender Studies, Media Studies, Feminist Theory, Television Studies

When a new baby arrives among the Beng people of West Africa, they see it not as being born, but as being reincarnated after a rich life in a previous world. Far from being a tabula rasa, a Beng infant is thought to begin its life filled with spiritual knowledge. But how do these beliefs affect the ways the Beng raise their children?
In this unique and engaging ethnography of babies, Alma Gottlieb explores how Beng religious ideology affects every aspect of their childrearing practices, from bathing infants to protecting them from disease to teaching them how to crawl and walk. She shows too how widespread poverty among the Beng sets practical limits on these practices. A mother of two, Gottlieb includes moving discussions of how her experiences among the Beng changed the way she saw her own parenting. Throughout the book she also draws telling comparisons between Beng and Euro-American parenting, bringing home just how deeply culture matters to the ways we all raise our children.
Anyone interested in the culture of infancy, and vice versa, will enjoy The Afterlife Is Where We Come From.

- by Alma Gottlieb
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- Emotion, Special Education, Sociology of Children and Childhood, Ethnography
- by Marco Bressan
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- Fear, Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding, Anxiety, Childbirth Practices

Pregnancy is considered a feminine experience in mainstream Canadian culture. Babies identified as female at birth are expected to grow up to become feminine heterosexual mothers. This research considers the desires, choices, and experiences of individuals who were identified as female at birth, but who do not identify as feminine heterosexual women; this dissertation focuses on the reproductive desires, choices, and experiences of butch lesbians, transmen, and genderqueer individuals in British Columbia. Three methods and two distinct populations formed this research. Participant observation was conducted in 21 cities across southern BC. Questionnaires were completed by 28 health care professionals (HCPs), and by 46 butch lesbian, transmen, and genderqueer (BTQ) individuals. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 HCPs, 8 BTQ individuals who had experienced at least one successful pregnancy, and 4 BTQ individuals who had either experienced or been diagnosed with a condition linked to infertility. What I found, is that for many BTQ individuals, reproduction associated with the female body (ie: pregnancy and breastfeeding) is not exclusively considered a feminine desire or experience. In fact, what I discovered is that BTQ individuals who experience pregnancy and breastfeeding explicitly challenge the cultural fetish associating femininity with reproduction (including pregnancy, breastfeeding, mothering, and fertility). Thus, I highlight not only the typically ignored desire and achievement of pregnancy of BTQ individuals, but also how BTQ individuals have experienced breastfeeding, how some BTQ parents raise queerlings, and how some BTQ individuals have negotiated diagnoses and experiences of infertility. Overall, I highlight the unique and various expectations and experiences that butch lesbians, transmen, and genderqueer individuals have regarding their ‘female’ (and potential) biological reproduction. In the end, I hope that by presenting the diverse reproductive experiences, desires, and choices of BTQ individuals, that I can foster more of an understanding of these experiences, desires, choices, and individuals, and thus challenge the cultural fetish that links femininity with ‘female’-associated reproduction. Moreover, I offer recommendations for health care professionals in an effort to foster more understanding in BTQ health care, as well as help to facilitate more queer competent health care professionals.

- by Michelle Walks
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- Sociology, Medical Sociology, Gender Studies, Gender Studies

- by Michelle Walks
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- Sociology, Medical Sociology, Gender Studies, Gender Studies

L’alimentation en Égypte ancienne a fait l’objet de multiples publications à travers des livres et des articles, mais qu’elle ait trait aux classes aisées ou, au contraire, aux plus modestes, elle est toujours le reflet de la nourriture des seuls adultes. Or la société égyptienne, à l’instar d’autres cultures et sociétés antiques ou modernes, établissait une distinction dans les aliments donnés aux plus jeunes, bébés ou enfants plus âgés. Cet article permettra, à partir du croisement des données d’un champ interdisciplinaire relativement riche, de considérer plus en détails ce qu’il en était en Égypte ancienne, de l’époque prédynastique à la fin du Nouvel Empire.

- by Amandine Marshall
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- Egyptology, Anthropology of Food, Child Development, Culture

Bodies that Birth puts birthing bodies at the center of questions about contemporary birth politics, power and agency. Arguing that the fleshy and embodied aspects of birth have been largely silenced in social science scholarship, Rachelle Chadwick uses an array of birth stories, from diverse race-class demographics, to explore the narrative entanglements between flesh, power and sociomateriality in relation to birth.

- by Rachelle Chadwick
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- Sociology, Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology

ABSTRAK Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk menghuraikan isu berkaitan penyusuan anak angkat melalui proses cetusan laktasi (induced lactation) dalam kalangan wanita yang tidak pernah melahirkan atau menyusukan bayi. Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini hanya melibatkan perbincangan literatur berdasarkan kajian kepustakaan. Oleh yang demikian, kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan konsep penyusuan susu ibu bagi anak angkat dan bagaimana ianya boleh dijayakan melalui prosedur cetusan laktasi yang bertepatan dengan sains perubatan dan berlandaskan Islam agar ianya dapat dikongsi dengan wanita-wanita muslim yang ingin menyusukan anak angkat mereka biarpun tanpa melalui proses kehamilan dan melahirkan bayi. Di samping itu, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan secara ringkas apakah langkah-langkah dalam prosedur penyusuan cetusan untuk mengeluarkan susu ibu daripada payudara ibu angkat bagi memahramkan hubungan anak angkat dengan keluarga angkatnya. Kata kunci: penyusuan anak angkat, cetusan laktasi, penghasilan susu, wanita /ibu angkat. PERSATUAN

In all societies, the breast-feeding is perceived as the most natural and economic way to feed a baby in the first time of its life. However, from a civilization to another one, from a woman to another one, from a social, family, economic contexts to another one, needs for a child to another one, times of breast-feeding differ and a semi-liquid or solid food can come to complete the nurture of the young child. Besides, his needs evolve at the same time as he becomes more and more autonomous. Are the infants really weaned at three? Is the milk given to the child always of human origin? Do feeding-bottles exist? From the nurture of infants, we will pass to the food consumed by older children. Is a special care brought to their food? Are there differences with the meals eaten by adults?

- by Amandine Marshall
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- Egyptology, Anthropology of Food, Child Development, Food and Nutrition

Masa bayi merupakan masa keemasan seorang anak manuasia, calon generasi dari sebuah negara. Bayi merupakan investasi masa depan bangsa. Kelak ia akan menjadi penerus perjuangan bangsa dalam mewujudkan kemajuan dan cita-cita bangsa. Maka dari itu, masa bayi yang merupakan masa awal kehidupan seorang calon penerus bangsa, haruslah mendapatkan perhatian yang serius.

Drawing on qualitative data from a sample of pregnant women in Hobart, Australia this article uses 'feminist' 'memory work' and the 'photovoice' method as frames for discussing the ways in which interviews and participantproduced photographs may be used to trace and understand pregnant embodiment. I argue that digital photographs taken by women during pregnancy can reveal important information about how they negotiate their own experiences of breastedness and wearing maternity underwear over time. Here, the concept of 'breastedness' itself is expanded as women's individual embodied experiences of pregnancy are reflected in the production and viewing of their own photographic images.

- by Meredith Nash
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- Sociology, Gender Studies, Photography, Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding
- by Tina Wienecke
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- Education, Adult Education, Yoga, Embodied Cognition

biologi reproduksi untuk mahasiswa bidan..

- by miranie safaringga
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- Human Pregnancy, Birth And Breastfeeding, Midwifery

Entrevista realizada por Medicos del Mundo

Women's postpartum sexuality can be influenced by factors related to physical, personal, and relationship transitions after the newborn arrives. Despite this, many experiential and social factors remain unexplored. Aims. This study aims to (i) investigate a range of variables thought to influence postpartum sexuality; (ii) expand the focus beyond latency to penis-vagina intercourse; and (iii) assess positive aspects of postpartum sexuality. Methods. Via retrospective reporting on the first 3 months postpartum, 304 women completed an online questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures. The main outcome measures were retrospective reports of sexual desire (Sexual Desire Inventory), latency to resumption of sexual activity, and perceptions of partner's sexual desire. Other measures were birth experience (Questionnaire Measuring Attitudes About Labor and Delivery), breastfeeding status, perceptions of social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), stress (Perceived Stress Scale), and body image (Body Image Self-Consciousness Scale). Results. Significant differences in time to resumption were found. Women performed oral sex on their partners earlier than engaging in masturbation, which was followed by intercourse and then receiving oral sex. Post hoc analyses identified birth experience, social support, importance of partner's sexual fulfillment, and perception of partner's desire as contributors to this pattern. Women's postpartum sexual desire was influenced by their perceptions of their partner's postpartum sexuality and individual's level of fatigue. Results suggested that postpartum desire was not significantly influenced by breastfeeding status, vaginal issues, or psychosocial variables including stress, body image, or social support. Conclusion. Results suggest that women's perceptions of their partner's sexuality impact postpartum sexuality more than the physical factors most commonly studied (e.g., vaginal trauma and breastfeeding). These results portray postpartum sexuality as a multidimensional phenomenon and highlight the need for further research that addresses its social context. Hipp LE, Kane Low L, and van Anders SM. Exploring women's postpartum sexuality: Social, psychological, relational, and birth-related contextual factors. J Sex Med 2012;9:2330-2341.

Research overwhelmingly suggests that breast milk is the most beneficial nutritional source for infants. How can midwives balance the need to uphold women's choices whilst promoting breastfeeding as the gold standard of infant feeding?... more

Introductory courses dealing with sex, gender and sexuality are usually quite biased, going as far as to deny the reality of biology. Drawing on the Catholic tradition (Aquinas), this article presents an accessible argument aimed at... more

- by Marc Champagne
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- Discourse Analysis, Religion, Comparative Religion, History
- by Meredith Nash
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- Sociology, Gender Studies, Photography, Sexual and Reproductive Health

This paper provides an alternative mapping of (home) birthing bodysubjects. It argues that an individualist (and phallocentric) model of the subject permeates cross-disciplinary childbirth research, resulting in a limited and 'disciplined' representation of birthing subjectivity. Using the theory of the 'subject-in-process' outlined by Julia Kristeva, together with poetic methodological devices drawn from the voice-centred relational method of Carol Gilligan and colleagues, this paper attempts to represent birthing subjectivity in alternative ways. It shows how (home) birthing subjectivities emerged as contradictory movements as they performatively 'told' childbirth, positioned paradoxically in relation to three key narratives, namely: clockwork birth, lived birth and undecidable birth. The paper argues that a Kristevan theory of the subject allows a rethinking of the birthing body-subject, showing how these subjectivities are produced (in talk) as unstable, ambiguous movements, constantly interrupted and disrupted by the play of ideological voices, cultural scripts, bodily energies and socio-linguistic constraints.

- by Rachelle Chadwick
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- Critical Theory, Sociology, Medical Sociology, Psychology

2017, en Cuicuilco, vol. 24, núm. 70, pp. 89-112.

Background-Breastfeeding outcomes are often worse after cesarean section compared to vaginal childbirth.