Internet voting Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This paper reviews the piecemeal introduction of internet voting in a highly federalised political setting, Switzerland. We trace the processes leading to the implementation of internet voting and the network of actors involved in its governance. In the empirical analysis we report usage patterns and take stock of what we know about the individual and socio-demographic profiles of internet voters.

- by and +1
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- E-Governance, Internet voting, Remote Voting
- by Maja Harris and +1
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- Electronic Voting, E-Government, E-voting, Internet voting
- by David Dueñas i Cid
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- Electronic Voting, Electronic Democracy, e-Democracy, Internet voting

This volume contains papers presented at the 5th InternationalJoint Conference on Electronic Voting (E-Vote-ID 2020), held during October 6-9, 2020. Due to the extraordinary situation provoked by the Covid-19 pandemic, the conference was held online during this edition, instead of at the traditional venue in Bregenz, Austria. The E-Vote-ID conference resulted from the merging of EVOTE and Vote-ID, and now totaling 16 years since the 1st E-Vote conference in Austria.
Since that conference in 2004, over 1,000 experts have attended the venue, including scholars, practitioners, authorities, electoral managers, vendors, and PhD students. The conference collected the most relevant debates on the development of electronic voting, from aspects relating to security and usability through to practical experiences and applications of voting systems, also including legal, social or political aspects, amongst others; turning out to be an important global referent in relation to this issue.
This year, the conference also consisted of the following tracks:
- Security, Usability and Technical Issues Track
- Administrative, Legal, Political and Social Issues Track
- Election and Practical Experiences Track
- PhD Colloquium, Poster and Demo Session (held on the day before the
conference).
E-Vote-ID 2020 received 55 submissions, each of them being reviewed by three to ve Program Committee members, using a double-blind review process. The selected papers cover a wide range of topics connected with electronic voting, including experiences and revisions of the real uses of e-voting systems and corresponding processes in elections. We would like to thank the German Informatics Society (Gesellschaft fur Informatik) with its ECOM working group, and KASTEL for their partnership over many years. Further we would like to thank the Swiss Federal Chancellery for their kind support. Special thanks go to the members of the International Program Committee for their hard work in
reviewing, discussing, and shepherding papers. They ensured the high quality of these proceedings with their knowledge and experience. We are also thankful for the nancial support received through the European Union (H2020 Research and Innovation Programme, Grant Agreement No 857622).

- by David Dueñas i Cid and +2
- •
- Computer Science, Cryptography, Elections, e-Democracy

This volume contains papers presented at E-Vote-ID 2017: International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting held from 24 to 27 October 2017 in Bregenz, Austria. The current edition represents the Second International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting (E-Vote-ID), after
merging EVOTE and Vote-ID.
Together with last years' conference more than 800 experts from over 35 countries over the last thirteen years have attended the conference series. With this, the conference continues as one of the major events in the eld of electronic voting providing ample room for interdisciplinary and open discussion of all issues relating to electronic voting.
Also this year, the conference consists of:
Security, Usability and Technical Issues Track;
Administrative, Legal, Political and Social Issues Track; and
Election and Practical Experiences Track; as well as
PhD Colloquium on the day before the conference.
This publication compiles the 25 papers accepted in the conference to be presented in their speci c tracks, three invited papers for keynote speakers and the 9 PhD presentations to be discussed in the PhD colloquium. The selected papers cover a wide range of topics connected
with Electronic Voting including experiences and revisions of the real uses of E-voting systems and corresponding processes in elections.

- by David Dueñas i Cid and +1
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- Usability, Electronic Voting, Security, e-Democracy

This study was commissioned and supervised by the European Parliament’s Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the AFCO Committee. It addresses the potentials and challenges of the implementation of Internet voting in European Parliament elections. It considers the social, political, legal, and technological implications of its introduction as an alternative to on-paper ballot and builds on the recent experience of previous trials and successful e-enabled elections to issue technical recommendations regarding Internet voting in the European Union.

- by Vasyl Kucherenko
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- Electronic Voting, European Union, Voting, E-voting

The aim of the article is to present the opportunities and threats resulting from the implementation of voting via the Internet (i-voting) and to discuss the conditions for effective implementation of this alternative voting procedure on the example of Estonia and Switzerland. Estonia is the only country in the world where i-voting is widely used. In Switzerland, on the other hand, this voting method has been used most often, although its use has been suspended for several years due to legal, infrastructural and political problems. What are the conditions for successfully implementing Internet voting? The attempt to answer this research question was possible thanks to the use of the following research methods: comparative, formal-dogmatic, behavioral and modified historical method. The key conclusion is that the implementation of i-voting must be preceded by many years of political, legal, infrastructural and social activities, and that the created system must be as transparent as possible.

- by Maciej Górny
- •
- Electronic Voting, ICT for Development, Election Law, E-voting

Voting is an important part for any democratic country. Citizen elects their leader through the voting process to lead the country. This vote capturing process can be manually or electronically. Manually means traditional ballot paper voting to go in the voting center to cast the vote. Electronically means voting using electronic devices such as computers. We have introduced here such a voting system that is called I-voting. I-voting that stands for Internet Voting therefore it means participate in voting through Internet from home and abroad by the citizen of any country. This paper identifies the challenges for the growth of an I-voting concept and prefaces starting place and describes the requirements behind the challenges presented and finally a proposed solution and implementation techniques of I-voting system.

- by KAZY NOOR E ALAM SIDDIQUEE
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- Internet voting, ICT, egovernance

Internet Voting (i-Voting) is an online electronic voting process where a voter can vote staying online from anywhere or connected to a wireless network of a target place. In this paper, a wireless network built with a MANET has been considered for the voting process. National parliamentary voting process of Bangladesh has been taken as the case study. The MANET of the voting process is built using some stationary wireless nodes and mobile wireless nodes. Voters carry mobile wireless nodes using which they can vote. Stationary wireless nodes are installed and deployed in the MANET built in a polling area selected by the National Agency of Election process. These nodes are directly in connection with the national database of voters. Stationary nodes perform the authentication and validation processes of the voter (a mobile node) before the vote is given and casted. The secured transaction of data is the goal to be occurred and routed after a strong authentication and validation of the user has been confirmed. The whole process is completed in a scalable wireless network with a distributed goal based approach. Total processes are followed by secured routing of data in this MANET. The optimal routing protocol among OLSR, AODV, DSR, TORA and GRP has been chosen. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks have been considered as the major threat on nodes in this MANET. The simulation work is done in the OPNET simulator.

- by KAZY NOOR E ALAM SIDDIQUEE and +1
- •
- Wireless Communications, Internet Voting Initiatives, Internet voting, asymptotic Analysis

Governance for the people of any country is executed by the democratically elected party through the voting process. Earlier the paper ballot voting system was used manually, which was later substituted by Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) in India. This mechanism has been suspected by some people and the possibilities of tampering in process cannot be ruled out. Every citizen of the country gradually expects to introduce the user-friendly, flexible, cost-effective, transparent, accurate, reliable, robust, and secure voting system in the twenty-first century using the latest concepts of emerging Blockchain technology by building Next-Generation Electoral system. It can save time, reduce cost and electoral fraud, increase voter privacy, and remove a lot of hurdles in the voting process on a secured platform, thereby increasing voter involvement and participation. The paper comprises of general evaluation of the current voting mechanism and proposes an effective and viable alternative model using Blockchain technology. This paper also provides a comparison of various prequalified criteria comprising of costing, timing, security, transparency, audit of voting process, and risk factors involved.

- by Jayesh Solanki
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- Electronic Voting, Electoral Systems, E-voting, Voting Systems

E-voting implantation has been facing important challenges in recent years. Several incidents, together with a lack of evaluation methodologies social and cultural customs hinder a broader application. In this work, the authors aim to contribute to a safer introduction of e-voting tools by applying a practical evaluation framework strongly based on the security requirements issued by the Council of Europe (CoE) in 2017 to nvotes, a system that has been utilized to cast over 2 million votes over the last 6 years. The ultimate goal of the analysis is not to judge from a rigid, "infallible" but to contribute to a gradual and secure implementation of e-voting solutions in the democratic processes. The authors believe it can constitute a useful source of information for election officials, researchers and voters.

- by David Dueñas i Cid
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- Information Technology, Information Security, Computer Security, Elections

By taking into account the recent debates on electronic and mail voting in Romania, an analysis is made in order to determine if online suffrage is a feasible and desired alternative among political parties and specialists alike. The paper also focuses on previous experiments and attempts, such as the one time when Romanian soldiers could vote online in 2004 and the democrat-liberal legislative project from 2007 which tried to establish online voting as an alternative that would provide citizens a practical choice on casting their vote.

- by Vlad Costea
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- Electronic Voting, Political Science, Romanian Studies, Electoral Systems

Remote Voting Systems has not been universally adopted by most countries for their elections such as in the case of Fiji. Although mobile phones are quite prevalent around the world and the amount of smart phones sold is increasing at a rapid rate, there have not been many elections which have capitalized on the use of Mobile Phones as a remote voting tool. This paper is a limited review of previous papers on remote voting systems. The aim was to study challenges of adoption of remote e-voting systems such as through a mobile phone and suggest innovative solutions to those challenges. As such we propose a combination of new policy solutions and technical solutions such as the use of QR code and checksum for vote verification, the use of real time facial recognition systems, and the leveraging of existing mobile hardware to ensure a secure, anonymous and trustworthy remote voting system like it has never been before.

- by Mohammed Farik
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- Digital Divide, Security, Internet voting, Mobile phone voting

Proponents of blockchain technology state that it facilitates transparency, verifiability, and auditability. Thereby, sometimes it is promoted and tested as an experimental e-voting design. In this relation, the contribution overviews the three cases of e-voting in Ukraine based on blockchain. Considering the available data, the cases are compared in the aspects of integrity mechanisms, social consensus arrangements, and political functions. It was found that despite differences in technology, all viewed e-voting systems allow remote internet voting, rely on an e-voting organizer, and enable advanced voting transparency. Finally, each consecutive blockchain-based e-voting initiative is more large-scale in the number of voters and the role in policy making and politics.

- by Dmytro Khutkyy
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- Electronic Voting, Elections and Voting Behavior, E-voting, Internet voting

The aim of this paper is to identify, structure, and remit the risks of electronic voting by offering practical solutions for countering them. In the context of a wider electoral reform, after a cost-benefit analysis has been performed and the introduction of internet voting has been decided upon, this policy paper can help foresee presumable challenges and refute ungrounded objections. In contrast to most publications that either focus on particular risks or describe proper i-voting, this paper inspects multiple challenges and addresses them. It is intended as a reference for politicians, public officials, civic activists, and citizens overall for preventing, detecting, and mitigating i-voting misuse, safeguarding e-democracy against distortions, and strengthening good governance. This study is based on a desk review of existing academic and policy research and the analysis of the available secondary data on i-voting statistics. The conclusions are drawn from national and local cases, and therefore are potentially applicable to a range of remote i-voting designs in diverse political contexts.

- by Dmytro Khutkyy
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- Voting Behavior, Electronic Voting, Elections, Elections and Voting Behavior

In September 2012, the City of Edmonton launched a four-month strategy to engage a range of citizens in the development of a policy proposal for the use of Internet voting in civic elections. A variety of initiatives were implemented, including public opinions surveys, roundtable advisory meetings with seniors and other stakeholders, and a mock “Jellybean” online election to test the technology. At the core of the public involvement campaign was a Citizens’ Jury – a deliberative forum which engaged a group of citizens, demographically and attitudinally representative of the city’s population, in assessment of Internet voting and the development of recommendations to city council. While the Jury reached a verdict supportive of Internet voting, policymakers in Edmonton rejected the policy proposal. In light of the Edmonton experience, we highlight factors that contribute to the ineffectiveness of deliberative experiments and discuss some challenges for public participation at the local level.

- by leontine loeber
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- Electronic Voting, E-voting, Netherlands, Internet voting

Мета цієї праці – виявити, структурувати та зменшити ризики електронного голосування завдяки пропонованим практичним рішенням. У контексті ширшої виборчої реформи, вже після проведення аналізу витрат і вигод та прийняття рішення щодо запровадження інтернет-голосування, ця аналітична записка може допомогти передбачити імовірні ризики та спростувати необґрунтовані заперечення. На відміну від більшості публікацій, які або зосереджуються на окремих ризиках або описують належне інтернет-голосування, ця аналітична розвідка розглядає численні виклики та знаходить відповіді на них. Вона буде корисною для держ-службовців, політиків, громадських активістів та пересічних громадян для запобігання, виявлення та зменшення зловживань і-голосуванням, захисту е-демократії від спотворень та зміцнення ефективного врядування. Це дослідження ґрунтується на розгляді наявних наукових та прикладних студій та аналізі вторинних даних щодо статистики і-голосування. Висновки базуються на прикладах рівня країн та громад, і тому їх можливо застосовувати до широкого спектру проєктів дистанційного і-голосування за різних політичних обставин.

- by Dmytro Khutkyy
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- Voting Behavior, Electronic Voting, Elections, Elections and Voting Behavior

ในช่วงสิบกว่าปีที่ผ่านมา ประเทศประชาธิปไตยหลายประเทศทั่วโลกได้ให้ความสนใจกับการพัฒนารูปแบบการลงคะแนนเสียงทางอินเตอร์เน็ต เพื่อนำไปใช้ในการเลือกตั้งและการลงประชามติ บทความนี้มุ่งอธิบายปรากฏการณ์ดังกล่าวผ่านการสำรวจข้อมูลเอกสารโดยเฉพาะที่อยู่ในรูปรายงานการศึกษาและงานวิจัยที่เกี่ยวข้อง และนำข้อมูลที่ได้มาสังเคราะห์ถอดบทเรียนประสบการณ์การริเริ่มพัฒนา และประยุกต์ใช้การลงคะแนนเสียงทางอินเตอร์เน็ตของประเทศประชาธิปไตยทั่วโลกโดยภาพรวมและประเทศที่บทความนี้คัดเลือกเป็นกรณีศึกษา 3 ประเทศ ได้แก่ เอสโทเนีย ฝรั่งเศส และสวิตเซอร์แลนด์ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า เหตุผลหลักที่ประเทศต่าง ๆ มีการพัฒนาและนำระบบการลงคะแนนทางอินเตอร์เน็ตมาใช้ในการลงคะแนนเสียงคือ การมุ่งทำให้สิทธิในการลงคะแนนเสียงเลือกตั้งเข้าถึงประชาชนได้อย่างกว้างขวางและทั่วถึงมากที่สุด อย่างไรก็ตาม ความท้าทายสำหรับประเทศที่ต้องการนำระบบการลงคะแนนเสียงทางอินเตอร์เน็ตไปใช้ก็คือ การพิสูจน์ให้ผู้ออกเสียงลงคะแนนเห็นอย่างเด่นชัดว่า การนำระบบอินเตอร์เน็ตมาใช้ในการลงคะแนนซึ่งอาจต้องลงทุนสูงในช่วงแรกนั้น สามารถทำให้ประชาชนออกมาใช้สิทธิลงคะแนนเพิ่มขึ้น ทั้งในเชิงปริมาณและคุณภาพ ดังนั้นการทำให้ประชาชนมีความเชื่อมั่นในความถูกต้องเที่ยงตรงของระบบและเครื่องมือที่นำมาใช้จึงเป็นเรื่องที่ต้องให้ความสำคัญเป็นอย่างมาก
During the past decade, Internet voting has been one of the most interesting electoral mechanisms several democratic countries have initiated, developed, and applied (or attempted to apply) to their elections and referendums. This paper seeks to explain such a phenomenon through its documentary research and case study by examining and using data and information taken particularly from official reports and relating studies. The paper finds that the main reason stimulating many democratic countries around the globe to employ Internet voting to their elections and referendums is their ultimate attempt in making the right to casting votes accessible
as wide as possible. However, the challenges facing election organizers when opting for Internet voting lie in proving that it actually improves voter turnout quantitatively and qualitatively, and that it worth the relatively large financial investment in the system at the initial phase. Thus, it is of great importance to create confidence among
the general public regarding the system’s accuracy.

- by Stithorn Thananithichot
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- Voting, Internet voting

Assessing the influence that socio-economic characteristics have on the division between traditional voters and those who choose to vote via the internet is crucial to political debate as well as for the future development of democracies.
Does the introduction of internet voting technology simply widen the divide between voters and non-voters, further isolating the part of the electorate already underrepresented in the political process? We address these issues by reviewing
the current state of research in 22 empirical studies relating internet voting to socio-economic variables. The results are not homogeneous but suggest that although socio-economic factors do play an important role in explaining the choice
of voting channel, they are strongly moderated by the general use of and trust in the internet.

- by Uwe Serdült and +3
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- Internet Studies, Electronic Voting, Internet & Society, E-voting

Pandemia COVID-19 sprawiła, że głosowanie za pośrednictwem Internetu stało się przedmiotem wielu dyskusji w przestrzeni publicznej. Tradycyjna forma realizacji czynnego prawa wyborczego w lokalu wyborczym, ze względu na zagrożenie epidemiczne, stała się kwestią problematyczną. Z jednej strony, potrzebna jest legitymizacja władz, które w obliczu kryzysu są szczególnie narażone na przymus podejmowania niepopularnych społecznie decyzji. Z drugiej - wszelkie kontakty międzyludzkie powinny być maksymalnie ograniczane, by minimalizować transmisję wirusa. Wśród licznych pomysłów na sposób przeprowadzenia wyborów prezydenckich w Polsce w 2020 r. pojawiły się głosy mówiące o wykorzystaniu i-votingu. Głównym celem badawczym pracy jest próba oceny możliwości wprowadzenia i-votingu w Polsce, a celem pobocznym jest określenie zgodności tej alternatywnej procedury głosowania z konstytucyjnymi zasadami wyborczymi.

- by Maciej Górny
- •
- Electronic Voting, Electoral Law, Internet voting

Tecnología y democracia: el quién y el cómo en la toma de decisiones. Los casos de Estonia y Cataluña Technology and democracy: the who and how in decision-making. The cases of Estonia and Catalonia Rosa Borge; Joaquim Brugué; David Duenas-Cid Cómo citar este artículo. Este artículo es una traducción. Por favor cite el original inglés: Borge, Rosa; Brugué, Joaquim; Duenas-Cid, David (2022). "Technology and democracy: the who and how in decision-making. The cases of Estonia and Catalonia".

- by Rosa Borge and +1
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- Direct Democracy, Catalonia, Estonia, Representative Democracy

- by Vasyl Kucherenko
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- Electronic Voting, Political Science, European Union, Voting
- by David Dueñas i Cid
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- Electronic Voting, Electronic Democracy, e-Democracy, Internet voting

General population survey results report on internet voting in Switzerland, 2016

- by Uwe Serdült and +2
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- Internet Studies, Electronic Voting, E-voting, Voting Systems
- by Hamazasp Danielyan
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- Internet voting, Voting from abroad

- by Mohammed Farik
- •
- Computer Science, Digital Divide, Security, Internet voting

This opening article introduces the Fourth International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting and, on the occasion of the 15 years since the first E-Vote conference in Austria, presents an analysis of the network of co-authorships based on the books published by the Electronic Voting Conference Series. The goal of the analysis is to provide an overview of the development of the network of authors involved in the conference and to give some insights on the internal dynamics of collaboration within the field. Its comprehension sheds light on the creation of influence, internal norms and performance of the publications , enlarging the knowledge on the field and highlighting the contribution of the conferences on its development. On the occasion of celebrating the first 15 years since starting the Electronic Voting Conference Series, we introduce an opening chapter to conduct a retrospective analysis of evolution of the Conference with regards to its impact on creating a community of scholars interested in this field. After these years elapsing, the network of scholars working on it has increased, but are no more certain of its extent than the personal perceptions derived from interactions between colleagues. In our humble opinion, one of the main successes of these 15 years of conferences on electronic voting has been the contribution to the consolidation of a field of research and to the creation of a regular meeting point for the researchers interested in the topic. We assume that these meetings helped to create new connections that consolidated in common projects and publications. In order to shed some light on the impact of the conference, we conducted an analysis of the network of scholars created amongst the participants in the conference, based on their collaborative work. As Cugmas et al. [6] cite, there are different ways to collaborate scientifically [25], but most are invisible [26]: collaboration involving a division of labor, service collaboration, providing access to research equipment, the transmission of know-how, mutual stimulation, and trusted assessment. Amongst the

Right after the national referendum votes of 27th September and 26th
November 2009 by Geneva registered Swiss Abroad using the Internet as their voting channel, our center conducted an online survey asking questions about usability and voting behavior. The surveys generated representative samples regarding gender, age and country of residence. The response rates were 55.4% for the first, and 47.9% for the second survey. More than 70% of the respondents reported the Geneva e-voting procedures to be very user friendly.
The gender gap among e-voters was smaller than we expected. The age group with a clear preference for the electronic channel were the 30-39 year olds. On a left-right scale the political orientation of e-voters took the form of a normal distribution. Further online surveys with e-voters from other Swiss cantons should allow to corroborate or revise these first results.

- by Uwe Serdült
- •
- E Participation, Direct Democracy, e-Participation, e-Democracy

For the first time, French citizens living abroad elected in 2014 their consular councillors, i.e., the local representatives of emigrants. Based on an analysis of the results of consular elections at the district and list levels, this article aims at investigating the forms and modalities of these elections. We first focus on the electoral supply and demand for an election that turns out to be more political than advertised, and we determine the structural variables of turnout. Then we compare more specifically the differences between paper voting and Internet voting. This article therefore enriches our knowledge of the political participation of French people living abroad, but also of the influence of the Internet in a de-territorialized local ballot and more broadly the characteristics of extraterritorial votes.

- by Régis Dandoy and +1
- •
- French elections, Internet voting, Online Voting
- by Régis Dandoy
- •
- Electronic Voting, E-voting, Internet voting
- by Régis Dandoy
- •
- Electronic Voting, E-voting, Internet voting

Investigación sobre los peligros de votar por Internet en México. Un análisis detallado de los mitos de esta modalidad de votación, las principales experiencias comparadas y el análisis crítico del caso mexicano, en particular del sistema... more

- by Vladimir Chorny
- •
- The Internet, México, Derechos Humanos, Democracia

The Åland Islands spent years preparing an internet voting system, to be implemented for the first time in October 2019 for Parliamentary Elections. Despite this, the project was canceled the evening before the expected release date. In this paper, we explore the causes of this failure using a two-pronged approach including Information System failure perspectives and the approach to e-voting Mirabilis, focusing on organizational elements which provoked the decision not to use the system.

- by David Dueñas i Cid
- •
- Information Systems, Governance, Sociology of Organizations, Elections

In 2008 the first Swiss canton introduced internet voting for expatriates, complementing the trials involving residents initiated back in 2003. More cantons soon followed, and as of this writing, expatriates from 12 out of the 26 cantons can vote online. This paper focuses on the second phase in the Swiss i-voting roll-out involving expatriates. We address three questions at the core of the internet voting research agenda. First, the popularity question: to what extent do expatriates make use of the new online voting channel? Second, the 'who' question: what is the profile of the typical expatriate i-voter? Finally, the turnout question: did the extension of internet voting to expatriates have an effect on electoral mobilisation? Our findings indicate that the online channel is very popular among expatriates, both when compared to other trials in Switzerland and internationally. Leaving aside i-voting's comparatively high popularity, familiar patterns seem to replicate in the expatriate trials. Expatriate i-voters tend to be young, male, and there is some evidence of an upper-class bias. Thus, use of the online channel by expatriates seems also driven by the digital divide. Finally, similarly to the residents' trials, we find some evidence that i-voting does not affect electoral mobilisation. Acknowledgement: We thank Fernando Mendez, Jonathan Wheatley, Maja Harris, panel participants at the 14 th Conference for eDemocracy and Open Government (CeDEM), four anonymous reviewers and the editors for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. All remaining errors are our own. The authors gratefully acknowledge funding through the E-Democracy (edc) project. Replication files are made available on http://www.ivotingproject.com/ upon publication.

- by Uwe Serdült and +1
- •
- Voter Turnout (Electoral Behavior), Expatriates, Internet voting
- by Faisal A Garba
- •
- Cybersecurity, Digital Forensics, Programming, Mobile Banking Application

Few governments have introduced electronic voting so far. They are all facing criticism regarding the trustworthiness of their systems. The project ―Selectio Helvetica‖ aims at developing an Internet voting system that can withstand such doubts more easily. It offers full transparency by publishing all the relevant voting data on a public bulletin board. This enables voters to verify the inclusion of their votes and the correctness of the tallying. The underlying cryptographic protocol differs from other protocols since it involves mixing the voters‘ public signature keys, rather than mixing the votes themselves. This paper introduces the Selectio Helvetica project and the cryptographic protocol in a way that is meant to attract an audience that does not necessarily have much technical background; namely representatives from legislation, jurisdiction, governmental chancelleries and, not least, the electorate itself.

- by Uwe Serdült and +2
- •
- E-voting, E-Voting System, Internet voting
- by iir publications
- •
- Computer Science, Information Technology, Image Processing, Information Security

The world’s largest democracy has adopted electoral
reforms in Assembly as well as Parliamentary elections.
Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) has replaced the paper ballot
system. However, there are serious concerns being raised with
regards to the credibility and reliability of the EVM’s. This
resulted in Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) being
attached to the EVM, which was found to be unverifiable and
non-auditable. The primary focus of this paper is to provide a
comparison between Ballot Paper Voting System and EVM
highlighting the various challenges of the existing electoral
system. This paper provides an insight into Block chain
technology, its impact and revolution it can bring in the field of
Electoral reforms in India. The comparison parameters like
Time, Cost, Transparency, Risk factor, Verification/Auditing
process, Authentication etc. are considered for evaluation of the
different methodology discussed.

- by Jayesh Solanki
- •
- Database Systems, Electoral Systems, Authentication, Database Management Systems

Цель. Выявление способов модернизации подходов к продвижению дистанционного электронного голосования как формы электоральной активности в социальных медиа.
Процедура и методы. Методическим инструментарием исследования является
система мониторинга YouScan, с помощью которой анализируются сообщения о
дистанционном электронном голосовании, опубликованные в период с августа по
сентябрь 2020 г.
Результаты. Полученные результаты исследования позволили сделать вывод о
преобладании негативных оценок электронного голосования в России и о необходимости пересмотра подходов к информационной политике его продвижения.
Теоретическая значимость. В статье предложены меры, направленные на формирование позитивного восприятия электронного голосования среди пользователей интернета.

- by Vladislav Fedorov
- •
- Political Participation, Electronic Voting, Social Media, Twitter

Assessing the influence that socio-economic characteristics have on the division between traditional voters and those who choose to vote via the internet is crucial to political debate as well as for the future development of democracies. Does the introduction of internet voting technology simply widen the divide between voters and non-voters, further isolating the part of the electorate already underrepresented in the political process? We address these issues by reviewing the current state of research in 22 empirical studies relating internet voting to socio-economic variables. The results are not homogeneous but suggest that although socio-economic factors do play an important role in explaining the choice of voting channel, they are strongly moderated by the general use of and trust in the internet.

- by Uwe Serdült
- •
- Internet Studies, Electronic Voting, Political Science, The Internet

In 2014, French voters living abroad participated for the first time in consular elections and could choose to vote in the consular venues or via the Internet. 43.21% of them decided to use the dedicated online platform to fill in their ballots. With the help of an analysis of the election outcomes for all the lists competing in these elections, this short paper aims at exploring whether ballot box and Internet voters display different voting behavior. It concludes that both types of voters tend to vote for the same lists and candidates, even if right-wing lists receive slightly more votes among Internet voters.

- by Régis Dandoy and +1
- •
- Electronic Voting, Elections and Voting Behavior, French elections, Internet voting

Internet voting has been available for French citizens living abroad since 2006, and 43.21% of them filled out their ballots online for the first election of their consular delegates in 2014. Using a multivariate analysis of turnout figures at the district and country levels, this research note explores if ballot box and Internet voters differ in their electoral participation patterns. It concludes that turnout must be understood based on the voting modality that French voters choose. While the characteristics of the electoral district (community size, geographical, and historical proximity with France, and party competition) impact ballot box voter turnout, Internet voter turnout is most influenced by the host country’s economic and infrastructure development.

- by Régis Dandoy and +1
- •
- French Politics, Voter Turnout (Electoral Behavior), Internet voting, Consular Affairs
- by Vladimir Chorny
- •
- Internet Studies, Elections, Democracia, Digital Rights

This article is devoted to the characteristics of electoral culture of the states which widely use electronic voting in elections of different levels. Voting, as a form of political participation, is driven by internal personal motives related to efficiency and the ability to influence decision makers. E-voters tend to assume that digital technology makes political participation more effective than traditional paper voting. The article hypothesizes that the choice of the form of electronic voting depends on the indicators of urbanization and GDP per capita. In order to test the formulated hypothesis, the author referred to empirical evidence and built a diagram which demonstrates the distribution of the states using electronic voting. Rich states with high urbanization can afford to develop both Internet voting and electronic voting at polling stations. Poor states with low urbanization are concentrating their efforts on developing only electronic voting at polling stations. The transition from traditional paper voting to electronic voting has involved all continents-as of 2020, over 40 states participate in it and test different forms of both remote electronic voting and e-voting at polling stations. In addition, the states which use electronic voting are substantially different in terms of electoral culture, democratic traditions and social, economic, cultural and scientific development. Technological modernization of a voting process is being implemented in different directions. To see this, it is possible to compare the peculiarities of electronic voting in India and Switzerland or Estonia and Brazil. The common notion of electronic voting involves various forms of voting, which can be implemented in some countries, but not in the others. How does electoral culture influence the development of electronic voting technologies? Which social and economic aspects have the greatest impact on choosing a form of e-voting in a particular country? The aim of the research is to answer these questions.