Lantana Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Ticks feed on blood, are vectors of tickborne diseases and cause considerable skin damage to livestock. They are commonly controlled using commercial acaricides, which are expensive to the rural farmers, causing them to resort to alternative tick control methods. The objective of this study was to assess the acaricidal properties and safety of some materials (Ptaeroxylon obliquum, Aloe ferox, Lantana camara, Tagetes minuta, Used engine oil and Jeyes fluid, used by rural farmers to control cattle ticks in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 52 cattle were divided into 13 experimental groups with 4 cattle in each. Jeyes fluid at 76.8% concentration and Used engine oil had an efficacy that was almost similar to that of the positive control Ektoban® (Cymiazol 17.5 and cypermethrin 2.5%). Extracts of L. camara at 40% concentration had an efficacy of 57% while A. ferox, P. obliquum and T. minuta were not effective. The test materials had no irritation effect on rats. The study revealed that the materials rural farmers use as acaricides vary in their efficacy in controlling ticks.

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- Ethnopharmacology, Linear models, South Africa, Aloe

Ivermectin is the only drug currently recommended for the treatment of onchocerciasis, the second leading infectious cause of blindness in the world. This drug kills only the first stage larvae-microfilariae (mf) of Onchocerca volvulus and is to be used cautiously in areas where Loa loa is prevalent because of severe adverse events observed with coinfected patients. This study investigated the anti-filarial activities of two Cameroonian medicinal plants, Lantana camara and Tamarindus indica locally used to treat onchocerciasis. Twelve (12) extracts were prepared and tested in vitro on the bovine model parasite, O. ochengi as well as L. loa mf. Both mf and adult male worm viabilities were assessed by motility scoring, while adult female worm viability was determined biochemically by standard MTT/formazan colorimetry. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity were determined respectively, in monkey kidney epithelial cells and in BALB/c mice. Pure compounds were isolated by LC/MS using a bio-ass...

- by Moses Samje
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- Biology, Medicinal Plants, Medicine, Biological Sciences

Building on the first Lantana Control Manual, produced in 2004, this resource provides a comprehensive source of information on lantana behaviour and biology, as well as important and practical management information. The manual provides vital guidance on the integration of control options and strips away potential confusion by providing a user-friendly Decision Support Tool to help shape management practices. A concerted effort is required to achieve effective and strategic control of this major weed. This manual demonstrates that through planning, appropriate investment and ongoing diligence, the war on controlling lantana can be won.

- by Daniel Stock
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- Weed Science, Rainforest Restoration, Decision Support Systems, Agriculture

Honey produced by honeybee (Apis mellifera) which is used in herbal medicine was examined for its chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical analysis of honey showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, reducing sugar and glycosides. Antimicrobial activity of honey on fresh hospital isolates: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans obtained from Glanson Medical Laboratory Awka were determined using well diffusion method. The result shows that the honey produced by mellifera has strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus but not against C. albicans. The result obtained shows that the honey produced a zone of clearance of 45 and 34 mm on S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The result of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined on liquid culture was 20%v/v for both S. aureus and E. coli while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination of the sample showed 20% and 30%v/v for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Our result shows that honey, apart from their role as food additives and supplements, may also be utilized as effective and cheap sources of antibacterial agents for the treatments of bacterial infections.

Extracts of Lantana camara var. aculeata leaves were studied for their phytochemical constituents and termiticidal effects against adult termite workers. The 5% chloroform extract was found to be significantly effective against termite... more

- by Rajesh Verma
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- Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Plant Biology, China, Pharmacognosy

To investigate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Lantana camara (L. camara) various parts and the determination of their total phenolics content. The extract was screened for possible antioxidant activities by free radical scavenging activity(DPPH), xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and Griess-Ilosvay method. The results showed that all the plant parts possessed antioxidant properties including radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition and nitrites scavenging activities. The antioxidative activities were correlated with the total phenol. The leaves extract of L. camara was more effective than that of other parts. This study suggests that L. camara extracts exhibit great potential for antioxidant activity and may be useful for their nutritional and medicinal functions.

- by Saravanan Dharmaraj
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- Oxidative Stress, Medicinal Plants, Antioxidants, Phytotherapy

Two new natural triterpenes, lantaninilic acid and lantoic acid, along with the known triterpenes lantadene A, and oleanolic, ursolic, betulinic, lantanolic, and camaric acid, were obtained from the aerial parts of Lantana camara through bioassay-guided isolation, monitoring the in vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania major. Oleanolic acid (3), ursolic acid (4), lantadene A (5), and lantanilic acid (7) showed significant leishmanicidal activities with IC 50 values of 53. 0, 12.4, 20.4, and 21.3 mm, respectively. The IC 50 value of ursolic acid (4; 12.4 mm) was found to be comparable with that of the standard drugs, pentamidine (IC 50 15.0 mm) and amphotericin B (IC 50 0.31 mm). The in vitro activities of L. camara and its constituents against promastigotes of Leishmania major are reported here for the first time.

- by Bina Siddiqui
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- Organic Chemistry, Lantana, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Trypanocidal Agents
- by Zakia Khatoon
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- Mass Spectrometry, Flavonoids, Multidisciplinary, Natural Product

Development of insect resistance to synthetic pesticides, high operational cost and environmental pollution have created the need for developing alternative approaches to control vector-borne diseases. In the present study we have investigated the insecticidal activity of essential oil isolated from the leaves of Lantana camara against mosquito vectors. Essential oil was isolated from the leaves of L. camara using hydro-distillation method. Bioassay test was carried out by WHO method for determination of adulticidal activity against mosquitoes. Different compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. LD(50) values of the oil were 0.06, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05 and 0.06 mg/cm(2) while LD(90) values were 0.10, 0.10, 0.09, 0.09 and 0.10 mg/cm(2) against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, An. fluvialitis and An. stephensi respectively. KDT(50) of the oil were 20, 18, 15, 12, and 14 min and KDT(90) values were 35, 28 25, 18, 23 min against Ae. aegyp...

- by Virendra Dua
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- Pesticides, Temperature, Mosquito Control, Plant extracts

Over the last century, more than 40 natural enemies have been released against the noxious weed lantana (Lantana camara L.) in over 40 countries or regions. Biocontrol of lantana remains inadequate, however, except on a few islands. Three of the main factors preventing adequate biocontrol of lantana are its unresolved parentage, resilience to established agents and climatic adaptability. These factors form the ecological basis for the current Australian–South African lantana biocontrol research project, which is tackling three main topics: (1) Host plants: the aim is to counteract the effects of the genetic heterogeneity of the weed by selecting agents from (a) the most probable parent species, (b) several species closely related to the probable parents or (c) ornamental cultivars growing in the native range of the probable parents. (2) Agent guilds: we aim to reduce the growth and reproductive vigour and resilience of lantana, by selecting agents that multiply quickly, or feed on t...

- by Alan Urban
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- Biology, Lantana, Lantana Camara, Biological Pest Control

A new stearoyl glucoside of ursolic acid, urs-12-en-3β-ol-28-oic acid 3β-D-glucopyranosyl-4′octadecanoate and other compounds were isolated from the leaves of Lantana camara L. The structure of this new glycoside was elucidated and established by standard spectroscopic methods. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats it showed significant reduction in blood glucose level.

- by Sayed S Ahmed
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- Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Plant Biology, Blood Glucose, Ursolic Acid

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anxiolytic activity of newly isolated compound by our lab called ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside (UASG) from the leaves ofLantana camara (L. camara). METHODS: Column chromatography was used to isolate UASG. Anxiolytic potential was experimentally proved and demonstrated through Elevated plus-maze, Open field and light and dark test. RESULTS: The UASG showed marked increased in time spent (%) and number of frequent movements made by animals in open arm of elevated plus-maze apparatus. In light and dark model, UASG produced marked increase in time spent by animal, number of crossing and reduced duration of immobility in light box. CONCLUSIONS: UASG showed significant increase in number of rearing, assisted rearing and number of square crossed in open field established test model. UASG showed its anxiolytic effect in dose dependent manner.

- by Zoheir Damanhouri
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- Animal Behavior, Saponins, Mice, Plant extracts

The phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract of Garcinia kola fruit mesocarp were investigated against four bacteria and two fungi in the study. The extract was investigated for the presence of phytochemicals using standard phytochemical screening methods. The results revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and reducing sugar. The percentage of alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins are 24, 27.5 and 4%, respectively. The extract exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against the test organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 275.4 to 691 µ/ml for bacteria and 346.7 to 318.2 µ/ml for fungi respectively compared to chloramphenicol and ketoconazole [standards drugs] which exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 14.31-31.62 and 2.66-2.99 µg/ml. These findings suggest that the fruit mesocarp of G. kola could be a potential source of compounds used against microorganism infection.

- by ibeabuchi ali
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- Medicinal Plants, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Applied

The genus Lantana has many species complexes, and L. camara is one of the aggressive alien weedy species complexes; species delimitation in these complexes is a nightmare for taxonomists. We examined the diversity in the chemical composition of foliar essential oils among morphotypes of Lantana species complexes inhabiting the same ecological gradient, and its taxonomic and ecological significance. The yields of essential oils varied from 0.1 to 0.79% in foliar hydrodistillates of eleven morphotypes, and a total of 39 chemical constituents were detected by GC/MS. The quantitative and qualitative variability in the composition of essential oils among morphotypes was very high, and hence they represent chemotypes. The diversity observed in the composition of essential oils appears to be of genetic origin and thus of taxonomic value. The formation of distinct clusters and sub-clusters at high distance cluster combine values also substantiates that the patterns of distribution of chemical constituents among morphotypes can be used in delimiting species and infraspecific taxa within the species complexes. The presence of β-caryophyllene and other such compounds, which are known to prevent herbivory, in morphotypes of Lantana species complexes suggest that these compounds may provide selective advantage to Lantana over native species in the invasion of new and disturbed habitats.

- by Dattatraya Naik
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- Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Essential Oil, Cluster Analysis

Phytotherapy can be an alternative for the control of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants. This study evaluated the efficacy of Alpinia zerumbet, Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta and Lantana camara essential oils by two in vitro assays on Haemonchus contortus, an egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT). No effect was observed for L. camara in the EHT. A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta essential oils exhibited a dose-dependent effect in the EHT, inhibiting 81.2, 99 and 98.1% of H. contortus larvae hatching, respectively, at a concentration of 2.5 mg mL-1. The effective concentration to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching was 0.94, 0.63 and 0.53 mg mL-1 for A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta essential oils, respectively. In LDT, L. camara, A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta at concentration of 10 mg mL-1 inhibited 54.9, 94.2, 97.8 and 99.5% of H. contortus larval development, presenting EC50 values of 6.32, 3.88, 2.89 and 1.67 mg mL-1, respectively....

- by Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
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- Larva, Lantana, Haemonchus

In tsetse both sexes feed exclusively on the blood of vertebrates for a few minutes every 2-3 days. Tsetse flies seek cover from high temperatures to conserve energy and plants provide shelter for tsetse in all the biotopes they occupy. Recently, tsetse have taken cover in plantations and under the invasive bush Lantana camara that has invaded large areas of the tsetse fly belt of Africa. Flies from such refugia are implicated in sleeping sickness epidemics. In a wind tunnel we show that both foliage and an extract of volatiles from foliage of L. camara attract three tsetse spp. from different habitats: Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (riverine), G. brevipalpis (sylvatic) and G. pallidipes (savannah).

- by zain syed and +1
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- Physiology, Zoology, Perception, Insect Physiology

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Tagetes patula L., was analyzed by GC/MS. The oil obtained by hydrodestillation yielded 0.17 %. Thirty components were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with Wiley library data. The major constituents were piperitone (33.77 %), trans-β-ocymene (14.83 %), terpinolene (13.87 %) and β-caryophyllene (9.56 %). The essential oil showed strong antibacterial activity against important human pathogenic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

As the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to multiple drugs are increasing at an alarming rate, there is an urgent need for alternative anti-tuberculosis drugs. In a bioassay-guided search for antimycobacterial compounds obtained from higher plants, the study of the hexane extract from the aerial parts of Lantana hispida was performed and the biological activity of the plant products were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain by microdilution alamar blue assay. Activity of the primary fractions led to the isolation of three pentacyclic triterpenoids with oleanane nucleous, together with ␤-sitosterol. The molecular structures of the compounds were characterized as 3-acetoxy-22-(2 -methyl-2Z-butenyloxy)-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (1), 3-hydroxy-22␤-(2 -methyl-2Z-butenoyloxy)-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (reduced lantadene A) (2) and oleanolic acid . MIC values for compounds 1 and 2 were 50 g/ml, and for compound 3 the MIC = 25 g/ml.

- by Mariana Meckes and +1
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- Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Plant Biology, Ethnopharmacology, Medicinal Plants

Background: Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), a widely growing shrub which is toxic to some animal species, has been used in the traditional medicine for treating many ailments. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the... more

- by Sudarshan Bile
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- Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Diarrhea, Mice

Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is cultivated as an ornamental and hedge plant in many countries which is native to American tropics. It’s introduction to the Indian subcontinent dates back around 200 years ago. It is an invasive alien species that has a negative impact on native biodiversity. It is evident that management of L. camara is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. Studying its phenological characteristics as they adapt to environmental circumstances through time and space will aid in the development of management goals and strategies. This study uses BBCH scale firstly to describe the phenology of L. camara, which is represented by nine Phenological Growth Stages (PGS) in response to environmental conditions during a 32-month period in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, representing its growth. To standardise morphological traits and the phenological observation, photographs of certain significant developmental stages on L. camara in addition to the descriptions have been il...

- by Abhishek Kumar and +2
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- Climate Change, Conservation Biology, Biology, Ecology

El metomilo es un insecticida carbamato inhibidor de acetilcolinesterasa de contacto-sistémico. Lantana camara es una planta que presenta propiedades antimicrobianas, insecticidas, repelentes y nematicidas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad aguda y crónica del metomilo y de la L. camara sobre cinco controladores biológicos de plagas agrícolas del Perú. Las pruebas de toxicidad para Cereaochrysa cincta, Chrysoperla asoralis, Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogramma pintoi y Trichogrammatoidea bactrae emplearon al metomilo y a la L. camara con cinco concentraciones más el control. C. asoralis en relación a la mortalidad larvaria de primer instar y en la no eclosión de huevos fue más sensible al metomilo que C. cincta. En cambio C. cincta fue ligeramente más sensible a la lantana que C. asoralis en relación a la mortalidad larvaria de primer instar y en la no eclosión de huevos. La secuencia de mayor a menor toxicidad al metomilo en adultos y en no emergidos fue: T. pretiosum > T. bactrae > T. pintoi. Con relación a estos tres parasitoides, el extracto acuoso de la lantana no produjo efectos significativos en la supervivencia de adultos y, solo produjo una disminución significativa en la emergencia de T. pintoi y T. bactrae. El metomilo mostró efectos nocivos sobre las cinco especies de la fauna benéfica en comparación con la lantana que fue inofensiva.

- by juan carmona
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- Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics

The chemical composition of the volatile oil extracted from aerial parts (twigs, leaves and flowers) of Michelia foveolata growing wild in Vietnam was investigated by combination of column chromatography, GC (retention indices), GC–MS and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Fifty-eight components were identified, with sabinene (32.4%) and terpinen-4-ol (13.7%) as the main constituents. The essential oil was tested against 11 bacteria using the agar disc diffusion method, and exhibited a significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (MICs = 2–4 µl/ml). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

- by Tran Thai
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- Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics

The threat posed by invasive species, in particular weeds, to biodiversity may be exacerbated by climate change. Lantana camara L. (lantana) is a woody shrub that is highly invasive in many countries of the world. It has a profound economic and environmental impact worldwide, including Australia. Knowledge of the likely potential distribution of this invasive species under current and future climate will be useful in planning better strategies to manage the invasion. A process-oriented niche model of L. camara was developed using CLIMEX to estimate its potential distribution under current and future climate scenarios. The model was calibrated using data from several knowledge domains, including phenological observations and geographic distribution records. The potential distribution of lantana under historical climate exceeded the current distribution in some areas of the world, notably Africa and Asia. Under future scenarios, the climatically suitable areas for L. camara globally w...

- by Nick Reid
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- Climate Change, Strategic Planning, Invasive Species, Biodiversity

Peziotrichum corticolum (Massee) Subramanian produces Black Band disease on the bark of mango. A survey conducted in Kolhapur District of Maharashtra showed that disease incidence in the area was 100% and severity of the disease was medium to high. The disease affects wild (Raywal) as well as all the cultivated varieties of mango viz (Hapus, Kesar, Bainganpalli, Totapuri, Neelam, etc.). Experiments were conducted under field conditions to test efficacy of fungicides viz. Contaf, Sulphur, Care, Bordeaux mixture, Himil Gold, Kavach and Multineem oil, plant extracts viz. Nicotiana tabacum L., Lantana camara L., Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw. and Justicia adhatoda L. and combination of fungicides and botanicals on growth of Peziotrichum corticolum (Massee) Subramanian. It was observed that growth of Peziotrichum corticolum (Massee) Subramanian was affected by Sulphur,

- by sachin dangat
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- Indian studies, India, Fungicides, Indology

- by Heidi Dobson
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- Electrophysiology, Chemical Ecology, Biology, Medicine

Drug resistance in the treatment of neglected parasitic diseases, such as leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, has led to the search and development of alternative drugs from plant origins. In this context, the essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation from Lantana camara leaves was tested against Leishmania braziliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. The results demonstrated that L. camara essential oil inhibited T. cruzi and L. braziliensis with IC50 of 201.94 μg/mL and 72.31 μg/mL, respectively. L. camara essential oil was found to be toxic to NCTC929 fibroblasts at 500 μg/mL (IC50 = 301.42 μg/mL). The composition of L. camara essential oil analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed large amounts of (E)-caryophyllene (23.75%), biciclogermacrene (15.80%), germacrene D (11.73%), terpinolene (6.1%), and sabinene (5.92%), which might be, at least in part, responsible for its activity. Taken together, our results suggest that L. camara essential oil may be an important source of therapeutic agents for the development of alternative drugs against parasitic diseases.

- by Jean Paul Kamdem
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- Organic Chemistry, Leishmania, Cell line, Mice

Mosquitoes are the most deadly vectors of parasites that cause diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and filariasis. In view of the recent increased interest in developing plant origin insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticides, the objective of this study was to determine the repellent activity of creams formulated with methanol crude extract (MCE), hexane fraction (HF), and ethyl acetate fractions (EAFs) of Ocimum gratissimum and Lantana camara leaves in single and combined actions against female Aedes aegypti. Evaluation was carried out in the net cages (30 by 30 by 30 cm) containing 60 blood-starved female mosquitoes each and were assayed in the laboratory condition following World Health Organization 2009 protocol. All formulations (single and mixture) were applied at 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/cm(2) in the exposed area of human hands. Only acetone + white soft paraffin served as negative control and odomos (12% DEET) as positive control. All the formulations presented go...

- by Simon Pierre Yinyang Danga
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- Zoology, Mosquito Control, Plant extracts, Insect repellents

The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicity of Lantana camara methanol extract. Methods: In order to evaluate the toxicity of Lantana camara, the acute toxicity of the methanolic extract on adult mice and cytotoxicity test on Vero cell line were investigated. A fixed large dose of 2 g/kg body weight of L. camara leaf extract was administrated by a single oral gavage according to the OECD procedure.

- by Yvonne Buckley
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- Ecology, Population Dynamics, Heterogeneity, Colonization
- by Abdul Malik
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- Mass Spectrometry, Flavonoids, Multidisciplinary, Natural Product

Lantana viburnoides sp viburnoides var kisi is used in Tanzania ethnobotanically to repel mosquitoes as well as in traditional medicine for stomach ache relief. Bioassay-guided fractionation and subtraction bioassays of the dichloromethane extract of the root barks were carried out in order to identify the bioactive components for controlling Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquito larvae. Twenty late III or early IV instar larvae of An. gambiae s.s. were exposed to various concentrations of the plant extracts, fractions, blends and pure compounds, and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 1996. Mean mortalities were compared using Dunnett's test (p < 0.05) and lethal concentration calculated by Lackfit Inversel of the SAS programme. The crude extract (LC50 = 7.70 ppm in 72 h) and fractions exhibited different level of mosquito larvicidal activity with subtraction of some fractions resulting in activity enhancement. The active fractions contained furanonaphthaqu...

- by Ahmed Hassanali
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- Insecticides, Anopheles gambiae, Plant extracts, Larva

- by Subramanion Jothy
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- Chemistry, Oxidative Stress, Medicinal Plants, Cytotoxicity

The essential oils of seven aromatic plants from central west Argentina were isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. The oils were screened for cytotoxicity and in vitro inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and Junin virus (JUNV). The oils showed a variable virucidal action according to the virus. JUNV was the least susceptible virus in comparison with HSV-1 and DENV-2. The better relationship between cytotoxicity and inhibitory activity was observed for the essential oil of Lantana grisebachiii (Seckt.) var. grisebachii against DENV-2 and HSV-1 with IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) values of 21.1 and 26.1 ppm, respectively. This effect was specific since the selectivity indices (ratio cytotoxicity/virucidal activity) were > 23.7 and > 19.1 for DENV-2 and HSV-1, respectively. Furthermore, the oil from L. grisebachii was also an effective inhibitor of HSV-2 and a...

- by Claudia Duschatzky
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- Organic Chemistry, Plant Biology, Biology, Argentina

Floral scent, together with visual floral cues, are important signals to adult butterflies searching for food-rewarding plants. To identify which compounds in a floral scent are more attractive and, thus, of biological importance to foraging butterflies, we applied electrophysiological methods. Antennal responses of male and female adults of the tropical butterfly Heliconius melpomene L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) to individual compounds of natural floral scents and synthetic floral scent mixtures were investigated using gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). The natural floral scents included those of two tropical plant species, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Warszewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Kl. (Rubiaceae), and two temperate species, Buddleja davidii Franchet (Loganiaceae) and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae). The two synthetic floral scent mixtures contained many of the compounds found in the natural scents, but all in equal quantities. Compounds both present in relatively high abundance in the floral scents and detected exclusively in the floral parts of the plant, such as linalool, linalool oxide (furanoid) I and II, oxoisophoroneoxide, and phenylacetaldehyde, elicited the strongest antennal responses, suggesting that they may reflect adaptations by the plant to attract butterfly pollinators. However, other compounds also present in high abundance in the floral scent, but detected in the vegetative as well as floral plant parts, either elicited strong antennal responses, such as trans-β-ocimene and benzaldehyde, or failed to elicit antennal responses, such as the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene and α-humulene from L. camara. The most volatile monoterpene alkenes in the synthetic scent mixtures elicited only low or no responses. Furthermore, the overall antennal responses were stronger in females than in males. The findings suggest that several floral scent volatiles, especially those of exclusively floral origin, are of high biological

- by Heidi Dobson
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- Electrophysiology, Chemical Ecology, Lepidoptera, Biological Sciences

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the inßuence of soil texture, moisture and surface cracks on adult preference and survival of the root-feeding ßea beetle, Longitarsus bethae Savini and Escalona (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a natural enemy of the weed, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Adult feeding, oviposition preference, and survival of the immature stages of L. bethae were examined at four soil textures (clayey, silty loam, sandy loam, and sandy soil), three soil moisture levels (low, moderate, and high), and two soil surface conditions (with or without surface cracks). Both soil texture and moisture had no inßuence on leaf feeding and colonization by adult L. bethae. Soil texture had a signiÞcant inßuence on oviposition, with adults preferring to lay on clayey and sandy soils to silty or sandy loam soils. However, survival to adulthood was signiÞcantly higher in clayey soils than in other soil textures. There was a tendency for females to deposit more eggs at greater depth in both clayey and sandy soils than in other soil textures. Although oviposition preference and depth of oviposition were not inßuenced by soil moisture, survival in moderately moist soils was signiÞcantly higher than in other moisture levels. Development of immature stages in high soil moisture levels was signiÞcantly slower than in other soil moisture levels. There were no variations in the body size of beetles that emerged from different soil textures and moisture levels. Females laid almost three times more eggs on cracked than on noncracked soils. It is predicted that clayey and moderately moist soils will favor the survival of L. bethae, and under these conditions, damage to the roots is likely to be high. This information will aid in the selection of suitable release sites where L. bethae would be most likely to become established.

- by David Simelane
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- Zoology, Soil, Water, Performance

Lantana camara LINN. (family: Verbenaceae), commonly known as lantana, is a hairy shrub, native of Tropical America cultivated elsewhere as an ornamental or hedge plant. Different parts of the plant are used for the treatment of various human ailments, such as itches, cuts, ulcers, malaria, influenza, anemia, tumors, swellings, bilious fever, eczema eruptions, rheumatism, stomachache, toothache, scabies, and leprosy and as antiseptic for wounds. Aqueous extract of the leaves showed antihyperglycaemic activity and wound-healing property. Pharmacological investigations indicated that extracts of the shoot of L. camara exhibit antibacterial properties. Lancamarone, a steroid from the leaves, possesses cardiotonic property, whereas lantamine, an alkaloid from the bark of stems and roots, shows strong antipyretic and antispasmodic properties comparable with those of quinine. Phytochemical studies undertaken by several groups on different parts of the plant have resulted in the isolation of various terpenoids, 3,5) steroids, 3) and flavonoids. 3,6) The present studies were undertaken on the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of this plant, which resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of two new triterpenoids, lantanoic acid (1) and camaranoic acid (2), along with six known triterpenoids, lantic acid, 7) camarinic acid, 8) camangeloyl acid, camarinin, 10) oleanonic acid, 11) and ursonic acid. 12) Two new pentacyclic triterpenoids, namely lantanoic acid (1) and camaranoic acid (2), and six known compounds such as lantic acid, camarinic acid, camangeloyl acid, camarinin, oleanonic acid, and ursonic acid were isolated from the aerial parts of Lantana camara LINN. Structures of the new constituents were elucidated by chemical transformation and spectral studies including 1D ( 1 H-and 13 C-NMR) and 2D ( 1 H-1 H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), 1 H-1 H total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), J-resolved, 1 H-detected heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC), and heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity (HMBC)) NMR spectroscopy.

- by Zainulabeuddin Syed and +1
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- Physiology, Zoology, Perception, Insect Physiology

Invasive species pose a major threat to biodiversity which may be intensified by the effects of climate change, particularly if favourable climate conditions allow invasives to spread to new areas. This research explores the combined effects of climate change and soil drainage on the potential future distribution of Lantana camara L. (lantana) in Queensland, Australia. Lantana is an invasive woody shrub species that has a profound economic and environmental impact worldwide. CLIMEX was used to develop a process-based niche model of lantana to estimate its potential distribution under current and future climate. Two Global Climate Models (GCMs), CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H, were used to explore the impacts of climate change. These models were run with the A1B and A2 scenarios for 2030, 2070 and 2100. Further refinements of the potential distributions were carried out through the integration of fine scale soil drainage data in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results from both GCMs show a progressive reduction in climatic suitability for lantana in Queensland. The MIROC-H projects a larger area as remaining at risk of lantana invasion in 2100 compared to CSIRO-Mk3.0. Inclusion of soil drainage data results in a more refined distribution. Overall results show a dramatic reduction in potential distribution of lantana in Queensland in the long term (2100). However, in the short term (2030), areas such as South East Queensland and the Wet Tropics, both regions of significant ecological importance, remain at risk of invasion consistently under both GCMs and with both the climate only and climate and soil drainage models. Management of lantana in these regions will need to be prioritized to protect environmental assets of ecological significance.

- by Lalit Kumar
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- Climate Change, Soil, Environmental Management, Invasive Species

The anti-inflammatory activity of Lantana trifolia (Verbenaceae) was determined by carrageenan, serotonin and histamine-induced rat paw edema and the analgesic activity of this plant was studied by acetic acid-induced writhings and tail flick tests in mice. Lantana trifolia extracts (at 30 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan and histamine-induced rat paw edema. Although the extracts did not produce any effect on acetic acid-induced writhings, they all develop a significant increase on tail flick antinociceptive index (doses varying between 1 and 30 mg/kg), indicating a spinal antinociceptive effect. These results provide support for the use of Lantana trifolia in relieving inflammatory pain.

- by Patricia Fernandes and +1
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- Technology, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Plant Biology, Ethnopharmacology

RESUMO: "Efeitos osmótico e morfológico na membrana de hemácias: ação de um extrato aquoso de Lantana camara". As infusões de folhas de Lantana camara (cambara-de-espinho) são usadas popularmente em alguns países para tratar doenças gastrointestinais. O experimento de fragilidade osmótica e a análise morfométrica têm sido usados para verifi car a interação de drogas com a membrana de hemácias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de um extrato aquoso de Lantana camara na fragilidade osmótica e na morfologia de hemácias. Amostras de sangue foram tratadas com extrato de Lantana camara (10 mg/mL), o ensaio de fragilidade osmótica e a análise morfológica foram realizadas. Na presença do extrato, os dados obtidos indicaram (i) um aumento signifi cativo (p < 0,05) da hemólise e (ii) modifi cações na morfologia das hemácias. Estes efeitos da Lantana camara poderiam estar associados com algumas propriedades farmacológicas de compostos químicos do extrato estudado.

- by Sebastião Santos-filho and +1
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- Biological Sciences, Plasma, Plant extracts, Rats

The aim of this work was to determine the cytogenetic characteristics of Brazilian Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown and Lantana camara Plum. that could be useful for future characterization of these genera. Our analyses revealed that Li. alba has 2n=30 chromosomes consisting of ten metacentric and five submetacentric pairs, while La. camara has 44 metacentric chromosomes. The large blocks of heterochromatin seen in both species suggest an apomorphic condition. Six 45S rDNA sites were detected in both species by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Two and four 5S rDNA sites were observed in Li. alba and La. camara, respectively. Meiotic analysis revealed a normal chromosomal behaviour. The number of chromosomes and the presence of 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA sites do not exclude a possible polyploid origin. The cytogenetic differences between La. camara and Li. alba may be useful markers for differentiating these species.

- by Aline Brandão and +2
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- Plant Biology, Brazil, Cytogenetics, Plant

Lantana camara, an aromatic shrub, native to tropical America, was introduced into India for ornamental hedging, but later escaped and became a serious invasive weed. This study assessed the quantitative and qualitative status of plant community richness and diversity in areas invaded by L. camara in the Siwalik Hills (Himachal Pradesh, India), and explored allelopathy as a possible mechanism of interference. We measured species diversity, richness and evenness of the vegetation in areas invaded and uninvaded by L. camara. Allelopathic effects of L. camara rhizosphere soil and litter were assessed against two native plants-Achyranthes aspera (a herb) and Albizia lebbeck (a tree). Density, biomass and indices of diversity, richness and evenness were reduced by L. camara, indicating a significant alteration in composition and structure of native communities. Seedling growth of the test species was reduced in L. camara rhizosphereand litter-amended soil. The inhibitory effect was ameliorated by the addition of activated charcoal, indicating the presence of organic inhibitors (quantified as phenolics) in the soil. Lantana invasion greatly reduces the density and diversity of the vegetation in the invaded area, and chemical interference of its litter plays an important role in invasion.

- by Kuldip Singh Dogra
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- Soil, Biomass, Environmental Monitoring, Multidisciplinary

Multiple releases of insect agents intended to target a single plant pest species could result in competitive interactions that in turn might affect the community structure of the phytophagous insects. Two leaf-feeding biological control agents, Uroplata girardi Pic (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Ophiomyia camarae Spencer (Dipetera: Agromyzidae), were released against the weed Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) in South Africa in the 1970s and 2001, respectively. Since the population explosion of O. camarae in 2005, a decline of U. girardi populations had been observed in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) humid coast, leading to speculation that negative interaction may be operating between the agents. The study therefore was conducted to determine the competitive effect of O. camarae on U. girardi. The study showed that 76% of O. camarae larval mines were formed on uninfested (clean) compared with only 24% formed on U. girardi-infested leaves, suggesting that the ßy chose to lay more eggs on clean leaves. Almost the same number of U. girardi larval mines was formed on both O. camarae-infested and clean leaves, indicating that U. girardi females in this case oviposited indiscriminately on the two types of leaves. The survival of U. girardi was 53.8% when reared on clean leaves compared with only 14.6% survival on O. camarae-infested leaves. At the end of the sampling period, densities of U. girardi was over two times higher in single-species than in combinedspecies treatment. Releasing both agents together did not signiÞcantly affect O. camarae densities during the sampling period. In the Þeld, O. camarae densities increased rapidly from spring to autumn, whereas those of U. girardi remained consistently low during the same period. The bias toward oviposition on clean leaves in O. camarae enables its larvae to avoid unfavorable encounters with U. girardi larvae, thus enhancing its development and survival. The apparent inability of U. girardi to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable leaves for oviposition could compromise the Þtness of this beetle, and this could explain the suppression of U. girardi populations during summer when O. camarae populations begin to increase rapidly. This study provides evidence for an asymmetric interaction between two introduced agents, and therefore highlights the importance of conducting interaction studies on agents with extensive niche overlap before their release into the environment.

- by David Simelane
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- Zoology, Population Dynamics, Biological Control, Herbivory

Introduction: Tuberculosis continues to be a devastating public health problem. Many communities in Uganda use medicinal plants to treat various infections, including respiratory tract infections. There are claims that some can treat tuberculosis. Verifying some of these claims could lead to discovery of lead compounds for development of a TB drug. Methods: Chloroform and methanol extracts of L. camara collected from South-western Uganda were screened against three strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using the agar-well diffusion method. H37Rv, the rifampicin-resistant TMC-331 and a non-resistant wild strain (28-25271). The MIC and MBC were determined using the Agar dilution method on Middle brook 7H11. Results: The methanol extract showed the highest activity against all the three strains used, with zones of inhibition of 18.0-22.5 mm and MIC values of 20 μg/ml for H37Rv and 15 μg/ml for both TMC-331 and wild stain. The values for rifampicin were 1.0 μg/ml for both H37Rv and wild strain but rifampicin hardly showed any activity on TMC-331. The MBC value for the methanol extract of L. camara was 30μg/ml for the H37Rv, and 20μg/ml for both the TMC-331 and wild strains of M. tuberculosis. The MBC for rifampicin was 2.0μg/ml for both H37Rv and the wild strain. Conclusion: We conclude that L. camara contains principles active against M. tuberculosis, which merit further research.

- by Claude Kirimuhuzya
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- Traditional Medicine, Uganda, Public Health, Phytotherapy

A new pentacyclic triterpene, named ursethoxy acid (1) was isolated from the aerial parts of Lantana camara Linn. Its structure has been elucidated as 3,25-epoxy-3-ethoxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid through extensive 1D-and 2D-NMR (COSY-45,... more

- by Bina Siddiqui
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- Pakistan, Medicinal Plants, Multidisciplinary, Lantana
- by Herminio Boira
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- Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics

A phytochemical analysis of Lantana fucata dried leaves led to the isolation of three new phenylethanoid glycosides, fucatosides A-C, along with parvifloroside A and six known methoxyflavones. Their structures were established by NMR and ESIMS experiments. In Vitro assays showed that the alcoholic extract and fucatoside C have significant anti-inflammatory effects, inhibiting NO release in the LPS-induced J774.A1 murine macrophage cell line.

- by Suzana Leitão and +2
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- Natural Products, Brazil, Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plants