North American Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Annual update of the influenza vaccine relies on analysis of antigenic data generated using cultured clinical influenza isolates. However, the culture of infectious influenza virus from clinical specimens has become increasingly... more

Annual update of the influenza vaccine relies on analysis of antigenic data generated using cultured clinical influenza isolates. However, the culture of infectious influenza virus from clinical specimens has become increasingly unreliable due to the low avidity for the sialic acid receptor of recent influenza A viruses. MDCK cells overexpressing α-2,6-sialyltransferase have been shown to improve primary isolation and growth of these viruses compared to conventional MDCK cells. To test the generality of the approach we have generated a PER. C6 cell line stably overexpressing ST6Gal1, PER.C6-α2,6ST and compared the susceptibility to infection and ability to support growth of recent human influenza strains with that of the parental cells. The data obtained demonstrate that increased expression of SAα2,6Gal did not produce increased viral titres. However, it did result in an increased recovery rate of influenza A viruses from limiting dilutions of virus inoculum. Furthermore, virus was...

Forestry may play an important if not critical role in the ability of the U.S. to meet its greenhouse gas emissions target under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol. Given the low rate of change in the U.S. forest land area, the major... more

Forestry may play an important if not critical role in the ability of the U.S. to meet its greenhouse gas emissions target under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol. Given the low rate of change in the U.S. forest land area, the major anthropogenic influences on the current net forest carbon flux are forest management and protection activities that have resulted in continuing increases in forest carbon storage. Natural disturbances such as fire, insects, and diseases are locally important factors, but when all U.S. forests are considered, they are small relative to the effects of harvesting and growth. Carbon in U.S. forest ecosystems, wood products, and landfill wood was estimated to account for an annual net sequestration of about 300 TgC/yr during the 1980's, and are projected to comprise at least 200 TgC/yr over the next several decades. Proposed accounting rules under the Kyoto Protocol article 3.3 may render most of this C sequestration unaccountable towards the U.S. emission ...

Sequencing and comparative analyses of genomes from multiple vertebrates are providing insights about the genetic basis for biological diversity. To date, these efforts largely have focused on eutherian mammals, chicken, and fish. In this... more

Sequencing and comparative analyses of genomes from multiple vertebrates are providing insights about the genetic basis for biological diversity. To date, these efforts largely have focused on eutherian mammals, chicken, and fish. In this article, we describe the generation and study of genomic sequences from noneutherian mammals, a group of species occupying unusual phylogenetic positions. A large sequence data set (totaling >5 Mb) was generated for the same orthologous region in three marsupial (North American opossum, South American opossum, and Australian tammar wallaby) and one monotreme (platypus) genomes. These ancient mammalian genomes are characterized by unusual architectural features with respect to G + C and repeat content, as well as compression relative to human. Approximately 14% and 34% of the human sequence forms alignments with the orthologous sequence from platypus and the marsupials, respectively; these numbers are distinctly lower than that observed with nonp...

Jornada Style (500 A.D to 1450 A.D.) rock art is found Southern New Mexico, West Texas, and adjacent regions in Chihuahua, Mexico. Many striking Mimbres ceramics show similar iconography. Researchers of the Jornada Mogollon rock art note... more

Jornada Style (500 A.D to 1450 A.D.) rock art is found Southern New Mexico, West Texas, and adjacent regions in Chihuahua, Mexico. Many striking Mimbres ceramics show similar iconography. Researchers of the Jornada Mogollon rock art note the highly stylized animals but no detailed descriptions of canines (wolves, coyotes or dogs). The identification of canine—like figures in this study documents this iconography and shows the distribution of these figures in the Jornada Region. Although there are a few striking examples the results suggest that the number “canines” are infrequent with most consisting of just heads with only a few shown in what appears to be hunt related scenes. There are many stylized animals, but most don’t have enough attributes to clearly identify them as canines.

We analyze and interpret two marine multichannel seismic reflection/onshore‐offshore/ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) seismic profiles that cross in the region of the Mendocino Triple Junction over the fault plane of the 1992 Petrolia,... more

We analyze and interpret two marine multichannel seismic reflection/onshore‐offshore/ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) seismic profiles that cross in the region of the Mendocino Triple Junction over the fault plane of the 1992 Petrolia, California, Ms = 7.1 earthquake. From the offshore reflection data and the wide‐angle constraints provided by the onshore‐offshore and OBS data we have determined a rough three‐dimensional view of crustal and uppermost mantle structure beneath the triple junction region. This structure is also consistent with gravity data. The upper and mid crust has seismic velocities and densities consistent with accretionary complex rocks of the Franciscan terrane; a ubiquitous lower crustal layer with velocities of 6.5–7.1 km s−1 is 5–7 km thick throughout most of the region. Over an area extending at least 25 km to the south and 60 km to the west of the triple junction the lower crustal layer is up to 12 km thick; this area is overlain by undisturbed pre‐11 Ma sedi...

Laccase and manganese dependent peroxidase (MnP) genes in H. annosum s.l. were studied by PCR-RFLP. The peroxidase genes MNP1a and MNP2 showed Heterobasidion species specific length differences. Among eighteen monomorphic markers which... more

Laccase and manganese dependent peroxidase (MnP) genes in H. annosum s.l. were studied by PCR-RFLP. The peroxidase genes MNP1a and MNP2 showed Heterobasidion species specific length differences. Among eighteen monomorphic markers which were found for investigated genes, three were characteristic for H. abietinum and five for H. annosum s.s. The remaining specific markers were characteristic for H. parviporum and H. abietinum (nine markers) or for H. parviporum and H. annosum s.s. (one marker). No specific marker for H. parviporum was detected. On the basis of monomorphic markers, intersterility groups of eighty one strains isolated from eleven forest tree or bush species in south Poland were identified. Fifty-three belonged to H. annosum s.s., twenty-five to H. parviporum, and three to H. abietinum. Strains belonging to H. annosum s.s. were isolated from Pinus nigra, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, Larix decidua, Picea abies, as well as from Alnus incana, Betula pendula, Padus avium, Que...

Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a native North American tree that has potential as a new fruit crop or for use in landscapes, but until recently, little information has been available to nurseries on containerized production of this species.... more

Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a native North American tree that has potential as a new fruit crop or for use in landscapes, but until recently, little information has been available to nurseries on containerized production of this species. Pawpaw seedlings develop a strong taproot with a fragile root system, which can be easily damaged upon digging; therefore, most nurseries propagate trees in containers. Pawpaw seed requires stratification for optimal germination and seed is sensitive to desiccation. The seed also cannot tolerate freezing temperatures [<-15 °C (5.0 °F)]. A well-aerated potting substrate with a high sphagnum peat moss component (>75% by volume), cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity can be used effectively in container production. Tall containers should be used to accommodate the developing taproot of seedlings. The slow-release fertilizer Osmocote 14-14-14 (14N-6.1P-11.6K) incorporated into Pro-Mix BX potting substrate can be used effectively as ...

The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a fruit crop or as a landscape plant. The influence of incident irradiance on pawpaw seedling growth and development in containers was examined in the... more

The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a fruit crop or as a landscape plant. The influence of incident irradiance on pawpaw seedling growth and development in containers was examined in the greenhouse and outdoors. Root spiraling can be a problem for container-grown pawpaw seedlings; therefore, the influence of paint containing cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] at 100 g·L-1 applied to the interior of containers on plant growth was also examined in a greenhouse environment. In pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors for 11 weeks, low to moderate shading levels of 28%, 51%, or 81% increased leaf number, total leaf area, and total plant dry weight (DW) compared to nonshaded seedlings. A shading level of 81% decreased the root to shoot ratio by half compared to nonshaded plants. Shading of 98% reduced leaf number, leaf size, and shoot, root, and total plant DW. Shading increased leaf chlorophyll a and b concentrations for pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors, while it...

The Midcontinent rift system is a 1.1‐b.y.‐old structure extending from Kansas, through the Lake Superior region, and into southern Michigan. The rift is filled with thick sequences of basaltic volcanic rocks and clastic sediments. For... more

The Midcontinent rift system is a 1.1‐b.y.‐old structure extending from Kansas, through the Lake Superior region, and into southern Michigan. The rift is filled with thick sequences of basaltic volcanic rocks and clastic sediments. For most of its extent it is buried beneath Paleozoic rocks but can be traced by its strong gravity and magnetic anomalies. The rocks of the rift system are exposed only in the Lake Superior region and comprise the Keweenawan Supergroup. Much of the geology of the Keweenawan is beneath Lake Superior and has only been inferred from potential field studies and seismic refraction studies and extrapolation from on‐shore geology. Seismic reflection surveys by the Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution in 1986 imaged much of the deep structure of the rift beneath the lake in detail. The reflection profiles across the rift reveal a deep, asymmetrical central graben whose existence and magnitude was not previously documented. The...

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease caused by Erysiphe necator considered to be most important fungal diseases and causing loss of grapevine production. The use of molecular markers has been proposed to be the best method for identifying... more

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease caused by Erysiphe necator considered to be most important fungal diseases and causing loss of grapevine production. The use of molecular markers has been proposed to be the best method for identifying genes for resistance to powdery mildew which provides basic information in breeding programs. This study has been conducted at Scientific Research Caenter/College of Science/University of Duhok during the period (July 2018 to August 2019). Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Marker has been used to detect the powdery mildew by applying ten SSR markers for twenty cultivars of Vitis vinifera collected from Duhok vineyard and Directorate of Horticulture in Duhok City. Considered the useful markers as the guidelines for detecting the gene responsible for the resistance to powdery mildew, in this study all the varieties and land races that had been used to detect such a gene were some tested varieties

: Results from ER-1742 provide site managers/risk assessors the following defensible science to implement bioavailability. All of the IVBA methods con be used to predict RBA As. The CAB was more accurate for low RDA As soils and for soils... more

: Results from ER-1742 provide site managers/risk assessors the following defensible science to implement bioavailability. All of the IVBA methods con be used to predict RBA As. The CAB was more accurate for low RDA As soils and for soils with high reactive Al and Fe oxides. Non-CAB methods under predicted RBA As for these soils. IVBA methods using gastric extraction provide a more conservative RBA As. Equations to predict RBA As from on IVBA method that has a valid IVIVC with one animal model. Arsenic speciation alone is not predictive of IVBA or RBA As. However, As speciation is very important to provide useful information to decide whether to consider adjusting for bioavailability in a risk assessment Results from ER-1742 show sequestered Pb in P-treated soil is stable. Neither biological fungal treatments or chemical acidification (pH 3) affected Pb mobility, bioaccessibility or bioavailability in P-treated soils. Low bioavailability mineral forms of Pb formed from P treatment i...