Origins of Christianity Research Papers (original) (raw)

A study of Buddhist sculptures of women at Sāñchī and Kanaganahalli, with profound implications for Buddhism and for the understanding of the origin of Christianity. (A revision which I recently made is this: I have replaced the earlier example of Buddhism’s occasional tendencies toward emphasizing the grotesque and unpleasant aspects of the human physical body [pp. 51-53] with a far more significant quoted description and illustration of the ghastly, midnight ‘Harem Scene’, which, in fact, represents the major turning point in the life of the Buddha-to-be [Prince Siddhārtha], and which, in this study, I am proposing as the very source of the enigmatic, so-called ‘Sheela-na-gig’ sculptures.)

- by Michael Lockwood
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- Buddhism, Buddhist Studies, Buddhist Art, Origins of Christianity
- by Emanuele Castelli
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- Religion, Christianity, History, Ancient History
- by Guy G Stroumsa
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- Christianity, Jewish Studies, History of Christianity, Late Antique Archaeology

This book debunks the myth that the cross was never used as a visual symbol in pre-Constantinian Christianity, bringing together the relevant material evidence demonstrating Christian use of the cross prior to Constantine. The artifacts presented in this book interlock with literary witnesses from the same period to provide a consistent and robust portrait of the cross as a pre-Constantinian symbol of Christian devotion. The material record of the pre-Constantinian period illustrates that Constantine did not invent the cross as a symbol of Christian faith; for an impressive number of Christians before Constantine’s reign, the cross served as a visual symbol of commitment to a living deity in a dangerous world.

- by bruce longenecker
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- Patristics, New Testament, Early Christianity, Origins of Christianity
- by Guy G Stroumsa
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- Christianity, Classics, Jewish Studies, History of Christianity

Recensión (en español) de ese libro escrito en castellano.
Spanish review of that spanish book.

- by Ignacio Husillos Tamarit
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- Geography, Human Geography, Israel/Palestine, Origins of Christianity
- by Peter Brown
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- Christianity, History of Christianity, Early Christianity, Origins of Christianity
- by Guy G Stroumsa
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- Christianity, Classics, History of Christianity, Early Christianity
- by Peter Brown
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- Christianity, History of Christianity, Early Christianity, Eastern Christianity

From Jesus to the Internet examines Christianity as a mediated phenomenon, paying particular attention to how various forms of media have influenced and developed the Christian tradition over the centuries. It is the first systematic survey of this topic and the author provides those studying or interested in the intersection of religion and media with a lively and engaging chronological narrative. With insights into some of Christianity s most hotly debated contemporary issues, this book provides a much-needed historical basis for this interdisciplinary field.

- by Peter Horsfield
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- Religion, Christianity, History, Cultural Studies
- by Peter Brown
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- Christianity, History of Christianity, Early Christianity, Origins of Christianity
- by Jamin A Hübner
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- Patristics, Early Church, Origins of Christianity, Christian Ethics

To understand Jesus of Nazareth, it is essential to read the writings from the four-century gap between the Old and New Testaments. Matthias Henze introduces this period and its writings, discusses how they have been read through history, guides students' encounters with select texts, and introduces key ideas in New Testament texts that can't be understood without these early Jewish writings.

- by Matthias Henze
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- New Testament, Origins of Christianity, Second Temple Judaism, Historical Jesus

Background: The mathematical idea of Jesus Christ is ~ ≤ X ≤ ~ and X = Y. Other mathematical ideas are the Cartesian coordinate system, n⁰ = 1 and ~, and n⁰ = 1 (X for the Lord ‘s day) and n ^n + 2 (Y for human’s day). Mathematically, it is scholarly that Christ came from heaven to earth and the dead people, and then came back to heaven through the earth. The gospel does not introduce a new Lord. There is no other Lord in Christianity, except Christ. The mathematical idea of - ~ ≤ X1 < ~ and X1 = Y1 is for Satan and the false prophet.
Objectives: To show mathematically that Jesus Christ is Lord and journey of Jesus Christ from heaven to earth and the world of the dead, then returned to heaven through this world. This journey is scholarly.
Methods: The n⁰ (X) and 10 ^2+n is mathematical ideas of days in God and human. The n⁰ = 1 and ~ in which -~≤ n ≤ ~ is for mathematical idea for one God. The ~ ≤ X ≤ ~ and X = Y is mathematical idea for the spiritual journey of Jesus Christ. For the false prophet and Satan are - ~ ≤ X1 < ~ and X1 = Y1, and Cartesian coordinate systems were described. Searched verses in the Bible manually and via the internet. Keywords included such as Christ, and the false prophet.
Results: God in the Old Testament is the same as God in the New Testament. In mathematics, God is the same as one and ~. Mathematics can show who is God. Christ is the same as God. There is no other Christ. God became man in Jesus Christ to preach the gospel to humans. He went to the earth of the dead to preach the gospel 3 days, returned to the earth, and then to the heaven. This is the spiritual journey. Emmanuel is God with us. A Christian could catch up into paradise as Paul’s vision. It was from the earth. It was not from heaven. It is different with Jesus Christ’s journey. Paul’s vision shows that the man catch up from the world to heaven, returned to the earth and died. He needed to wait the advent of Christ to rise up him from the death. Christ is eternal forever. The man in Paul’s vision still needs to be rise by Christ on the day of the Lord. The - ~ ≤ X ≤ ~ and X = Y fills Quadrant 1, Quadrant 2, Quadrant 3, and Quadrant 4 in the Cartesian coordinate system. Mathematical idea of -~ ≤ X=Y ≤ ~ is first the evidence as spiritual journey of Jesus Christ as the Father, Son, and the Spirit. The Cartesian coordinate system is the second evidence of the journey. Another evidence in mathematical idea, the third evidence, of the Father, Son and the Spirit is n⁰ = 1, ~. For example, if n is 1, 2, 3, the result is 1⁰ = 2⁰ = 3⁰ = 1. It shows that the Father, the Son, and the Spirit is one. The forth evidence is day in the Lord and day in human. Its mathematical idea is n⁰ = 1 (the Lord’s day) and n^n+2 (human’s day). Satan was from heaven and was thrown into the earth. It was not a spiritual journey. Satan, his angels and the false prophet have been thrown into the hell. The mathematical model of the false prophet is - ~ ≤ X1 < ~ and X1 = Y1.
Conclusions: Jesus Christ is the Lord and scholarly. There is only one Lord Jesus Christ. The ~ ≤ X ≤ ~ and X = Y shows that Jesus Christ is the Lord. Ten mathematical ideas or evidences can demonstrate the relationship between God, Jesus Christ, and the Spirit. This relationship also shows the Spiritual Journey of Jesus Christ. These include n⁰ = 1and~ , n0⁰ (X) and n^2+n, -~ ≤ X=Y ≤ ~, and the Cartesian coordinate systems. The false prophet has mathematic idea as - ~ ≤ X1 < ~ and X1 = Y1.

- by Martin L Nelwan
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- Christianity, Christian Education, History of Christianity, Christian Mysticism

Introduction to Messianic Judaism provides a description of what the Messianic Jewish community looks like today at its center and on its margins. The first section of the book traces the ecclesial contours of the community, providing a socio-historical and theological snapshot of the community's origins, where it is presently and where it is heading. Alongside these chapters, the book also includes a number of essays on biblical and theological issues central to the identity of Messianic Judaism. The twelve contributors to the first part of the book are recognized leaders in the Messianic Jewish community. They work with various organizations, including the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations, the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America, the International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues, the Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council, Tikkun International, Chosen People Ministries, Messianic Jewish Theological Institute, Israel College of the Bible and the New School for Jewish Studies. Fourteen scholars from a wide spectrum of Christian backgrounds have written essays for the second part of the book. Their participation signals a growing academic and ecclesial interest in Messianic Judaism. Since the 1970s, a sea change has taken place in New Testament studies that has far-reaching implications for how the church evaluates Messianic Judaism. A broad reassessment of the New Testament writers’ view of Judaism has occurred since the publication of E. P. Sanders’s seminal work Paul and Palestinian Judaism (1977), and this reevaluation continues unabated. The contributors to the second part of Introduction to Messianic Judaism draw from this recent scholarship and demonstrate how post-supersessionist interpretation of the New Testament results in readings of the biblical text that are consistent with Messianic Judaism. The final section of the book is written by Joel Willitts who provides a summary and synthesis of the essays, explaining how they shed light on the ecclesial context and biblical foundations of Messianic Judaism.

- by David Rudolph
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- Religion, Christianity, Gnosticism, History

This paper, concluded on Aug. 11, 2020, is a summary of my work with Professor Gift Siromoney on the invention of the Brāhmī script, up till the time of his death in 1988, as well as my independent discovery, decades later, of where and when the invention took place. In my paper, I challenge those scholars who argue that the origin of the Brāhmī script pre-dates the Mauryan dynasty!

- by Michael Lockwood
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- Buddhism, Comparative Religion, Archaeology, Buddhist Studies

A Wikipedia summary of these three early Christian (2nd C) works is found on p. 422.

- by ERNST R WENDLAND
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- Christianity, Theology, History of Christianity, Early Christianity

This is a paraphrased transcription of the conversation between Lennox and Dawkins that can be seen in YouTube with the title “Richard Dawkins vs John Lennox: Has Science Buried God?” (at... more

This is a paraphrased transcription of the conversation between Lennox and Dawkins that can be seen in YouTube with the title “Richard Dawkins vs John Lennox: Has Science Buried God?” (at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVEuQg_Mglw&t=3578s), to which I have added my own commentaries included between brackets):

- by Ricardo Mena
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- Philosophy, Theology, Aristotle, History of Science

This book explores how first- and second-century Christians read the Old Testament in order to differentiate the one God as multiple persons. The earliest Christians felt they could metaphorically “overhear” divine conversations between the Father, Son, and Spirit when reading the Old Testament. When these snatches of dialogue are connected and joined, they form a narrative about the unfolding interior divine life as understood by the nascent church. What emerges is not a static portrait of the triune God, but a developing story of divine persons enacting mutual esteem, voiced praise, collaborative strategy, and self-sacrificial love. This conversational divine story is explored as it ebbs and flows across the cosmos and through time. The result is a Trinitarian biblical and early Christian theology. While tracing this story, it is simultaneously argued that a new historical model is required for the New Testament and other early sources to explain how the doctrine of the Trinity first emerged—a model rooted in a little-known person-based ancient reading technique called prosopological exegesis. It is shown that prosopological exegesis is present throughout the earliest strata of Christian literature. This calls into question proposals that suggest Christology developed over time in the earliest church from low—Jesus as merely a messianic claimant—to high—Jesus as the preexistent Son of God. To the contrary, in agreement with Richard Bauckham’s Christology of Divine Identity (but simultaneously taking a different approach), it is argued that the earliest Christology was the highest. Keywords: Trinity, Christology, Christology of Divine Identity, prosopological exegesis, person, dialogue, Son of God, New Testament, Old Testament, early Christian

- by Matthew W . Bates
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- History of Ideas, Theology, Patristics, New Testament
- by Peter Brown
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- Christianity, History of Christianity, Early Christianity, Origins of Christianity

Paper exposes and details the usage of rhetoric & propaganda. Knowing this also exposes the purposes and motives involved in the creation of such texts. Which, in turn, leads us to information about the true authorship of these texts.... more

- by Roman Piso
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- Rhetoric (Languages and Linguistics), Religion, Christianity, Comparative Religion
- by Christopher Wright
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- Christianity, Marxism, New Testament, History of Christianity
- by Peter Brown
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- Christianity, Gender Studies, Sex and Gender, History of Christianity
- by Peter Brown
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- Christianity, History of Christianity, Early Christianity, Origins of Christianity
- by Daniel M Keeran MSW
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- Religion, Christianity, History, Jewish Studies

Abstract:
Ptolemy’s Epistula ad Floram assesses the proper use of the Pentateuch by Christians. Ptolemy’s argument was that the law had been given by different agents. Thus, depending on the lawgiver, on the origin of the law, and on whether Christ fulfilled, abolished, or interpreted the particular law figuratively, Christians should carefully discern between the various levels of normativity of the Old Testament law. Nevertheless, in Epistula ad Floram, Ptolemy either proposed or merely used several hermeneutical principles which eventually became the accepted exegetical devices in Christian exegesis.

- by tarmo toom
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- Christianity, Gnosticism, History, Philosophy Of Religion

A briefer, more colloquial summary of the formal peer reviewed study in On the Historicity of Jesus, this work pares the argument down to its bare essentials, showing why it's likely the historical Jesus was invented, how that happened,... more

The Athanasius-Arius conflict is a major debate of, as well as in, the history of Christianity. Being more of a phenomenon than an event, it took place in the fourth century. The controversy it brought about started raging throughout the Christendom, particularly in the major city of Alexandria and the Middle East, almost immediately. The pivotal point of the controversy was the true nature of Christ, which triggered an enormous debate throughout the Roman Empire after the conversion of Constantine the Great to Christianity and his promotion of Christian religion under discreet official patronage.

- by Syed M Waqas
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- Christianity, History of Christianity, Early Church, Early Christianity
- by Peter Brown
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- Christianity, History of Christianity, Early Christianity, Origins of Christianity
- by Fabio Cusimano
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- History, Medieval Philosophy, Medieval History, Hagiography

La 'perfectio' costituisce nella prima età moderna un obiettivo-cardine del cattolico impegnato e colto nel suo itinerario verso il trascendente. In tale contesto, la letteratura d’impianto controriformistico e la produzione ascetica esortano vivamente ad abbracciare la «milizia cristiana», ponendosi come meta la «perfezione della vita spirituale».
In questo libro l’autore prende in esame tematiche strettamente connesse tra loro: Filippo Neri e i suoi discepoli alle prese con l’ideale della ‘perfezione’ negli esercizi dell’Oratorio; la storia della milizia cristiana in età tridentina e postridentina; il modello di agonismo religioso espresso dal Combattimento spirituale dei Teatini, composto in forma anonima da Lorenzo Scupoli; l’impegno militante del gesuita Roberto Bellarmino e la fortuna europea del suo austero programma ascetico; la diffusione della letteratura del «soldato cristiano», dovuta essenzialmente all’influenza di un’opera come Il soldato christiano di Antonio Possevino e prerogativa quasi esclusiva della Compagnia di Gesù, come testimoniano gli altri autori ignaziani Pedro de Ribadeneira, Thomas Sailly, Francisco Arias, Piotr Skarga e Matthaeus Bembus.
Mentre la Controriforma devota amministra a fini pedagogici itinerari individuali di fede e di comprensione dei simboli religiosi, facendone l’esaltazione del sacro, Caravaggio riporta invece il dibattito sul terreno drammatico della testimonianza religiosa di vita intesa come ricerca. Nella Deposizione Merisi conferisce assai probabilmente a Nicodemo il volto del Baronio, che indica un ulteriore percorso della ‘perfezione’: ritornare alle fonti più autentiche della fede e alla purezza della Chiesa apostolica.
Ne deriva un libro che esplora temi e problemi nuovi, o meritevoli di approfondimento, nel quadro tutt’altro che omogeneo della Controriforma e di alcune particolari esperienze di riforma religiosa caratterizzate, nel caso della sensibilità oratoriana, da un ritorno alla ‘perfezione’ della Chiesa primitiva.

- by Stefano Zen
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- Cultural History, Early Modern History, Book History, Catholic Reform

The New Classical Scholarship: The New Forensic Study Of History (Roman Piso, 11-25-2016, edited & updated 03-22-2017) [Note: To fully understand this, it is recommended that other related papers be read as well, as this is a complex subject, and the study of this employs methodology not generally taught yet.] This paper is meant to introduce the subject of the forensic study of history. And therefore, a Summary. The reason for this new way of studying ancient history is the discovery of it in an entirely difference context; that of being written from within a closed or controlled environment, which consisted of royalty who comprised a sustained Oligarchy. That condition is now known as 'Royal Supremacy'. The New Classical Scholarship, or the NCS was developed and founded by Roman Piso. Some of the ideas for it originated from methodology by others who, through their work had managed to reach the conclusion of a Roman authorship for the New Testament texts. [a] However, the main procedures and methodology (as well as some terminology) was developed by the author of this paper. In the 1800's, Professor Bruno Bauer had reached the conclusion that the New Testament was authored by Romans. He was not able to go much further than was reflected within his papers and books, and so, he was not able to actually name just who those Romans were. But, he (Prof. Bruno Bauer) did identify "word usage" and phraseology, as well as conceptual and ideological comparisons between the gospels and the works of Seneca and Flavius Josephus. Thus, paving the way for further research into their probable association with the creation of Christianity. And our research, has now verified his suspicions. Particularly, that of Abelard Reuchlin, who was the very first to name the authors of the New Testament texts in his 'The True Authorship of the New Testament' (1st printing, 1979; 2nd printing, 1986). In the early part of the 20th century, several scholars of the time were making great strides in terms of word meanings and word usage in the New Testament; and in fact, the Bible as a whole. One of those scholars was James Ballantyne Hannay, a contributor to the 'Encyclopedia Biblica', which was produced by Oxford university and various scholars of the time. [b] There were several books written by scholars and researchers of the time, which shed light upon words and word usage in the Bible; many of which are very rare, out of print, and/or non existent today. [c] Much of that earlier work was destroyed by many people who did not like what it revealed or what it would do in terms of scholarship should it become more widely known. At the time, Christians destroyed copies of these books and many were destroyed due to two world wars. The Vatican hierarchy knew about various discoveries made by researchers both in and out of Academia, and likewise, did not want that material to get out to other scholars or the public in general. Hitler and his followers too, had destroyed many thousands of books which, of course, included anything that the Vatican did not like and/or which revealed Christianity in a bad light. Many rare and one-of-a-kind books and other materials were destroyed simply because some people did not like that material for whatever reason. One of the main things that has been wrong with academia for so long is that many of its members have always consisted of the religious and thus, it has been strongly "Christian" in nature. That has alarmed many of us who realize the problem that that has been to getting at the truth in history and religion.

- by Roman Piso
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- Religion, Comparative Religion, History, Ancient History

This summer (2019), I came across Paul Carus’s article, “Buddhism and Christianity”, in ‘The Monist’, vol. 5 (Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co., 1894-95), pp. 65-103, and realized that much of his thinking and attitude, more than a... more

- by Michael Lockwood
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- Buddhism, Comparative Religion, Buddhist Studies, Biblical Studies

“Part II: J. Edgar Bruns’ Christian Buddhism!” is the third, and concluding, section of “Buddhist Influence in the Gospels: Two Catholic Views – Part I: Charles Francis Aiken” and the “Interlude: How Crypto Buddhism Won the West!” ¶In contrast to Catholic priest Rev. Dr. Aiken, whose published doctoral dissertation was an all out effort to deny that there was any Buddhist influence whatsoever on Christianity, Catholic priest Rev. Dr. J. Edgar Bruns, simply demonstrated that there was, indeed, massive Buddhist influence on Christianity. Of course, even Bruns did not comprehend the real genetic links between Buddhism and Christianity.

- by Michael Lockwood
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- Buddhism, Comparative Religion, Buddhist Studies, Biblical Studies

For those who are new to the work of the New Classical Scholarship (NCS), we have discovered that history at least before the 1500's, was an "inside job". What that means is that it was being written only by royals who were either closely related to each other, or had royal ancestors in common with each other. That in turn, meant that in order for that to have been the case, a closed or controlled environment existed (my term is 'Royal Supremacy') that amounted to a royal oligarchy. Everything that was being written was tightly controlled, and no one other than royalty could write anything for publication under penalty of death. There were several reasons for why they had demanded such tight security over the material that was allowed to reach the public. Much of that is explained in many of my other papers. Suffice it to say that all that was being written was being written by this royal oligarchy, and not by just anyone. There was no freedom of speech, only the illusion of it which was created by these royals. In fact, since they were the only ones who were writing for publication, they were writing BOTH the biblical texts and the non-biblical texts. It means that in order to understand history correctly and biblical texts, that we must now consider it in an entirely different context. Before anything can happen to me and/or my notes, I have been trying to save as much of that information as possible, in the form of research papers and compilations. From time to time, people will ask me just who the authors of the Gnostic gospels and other material were. This paper gives the most probable authorship and dates for 20 non-canon and/or Gnostic New Testament texts. The term 'Gnostic' has been used to describe some of the Christian material that was not included in the canon New Testament texts. Since I see that material as having been written by the same individuals as the canon material, I generally refer to it as the 'Apocryphal New Testament' material or non-canon New Testament texts. People have thought of this material or these texts as having been "rejected" from the NT canon for reasons known to those who were compiling what would be included in the "official" New Testament or texts that were ordained by the early Christian Church. But the real reason that much of that material wasn't included was because it either revealed too much, or it contained items that did not represent Jesus or other NT characters in the best light. Over the course of the years in which I had studied this material, at times I had worked with others in order to make more precise determinations regarding not only various component parts, passages, word usage, but several other factors which were involved in the creation of said material. And, one of those whom I had worked with was one of the most knowledgeable individuals on the subject of the New Testament and its authors, Abelard Reuchlin. As a result, I have many notes, some of which were the early opinions or conclusions of Abelard Reuchlin, along with my own notes with opinions and preliminary conclusions. Working together, Reuchlin and I were able to make more, and better determinations. There are various reasons for the conclusions that Reuchlin and I had reached regarding this material, not the least of which is that we knew just who was doing the writing of the canon NT texts and who those individuals were, as well as who they were writing as (i.e., their aliases and pen names).

- by Roman Piso
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- Religion, Gnosticism, History, Ancient History
- by tarmo toom
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- Religion, Christianity, History, Late Antique and Byzantine Studies

Various Roman cults have special references to astronomy. For contemporaries, this is most evident in the external presentation of the corresponding works of art. They represent a popularizing short form of the cult. A nice example is the Mithras cult.
At the end of the 1st century it appears with many astronomical references. The name refers to the Persian Sun god Mithra. In Persia, however, there was no cult of the sun god Mithra that resembled the later Roman one. Merkelbach suspects that the cult was created by the environment of the imperial house. We see the idea of the cult in connection with the procession of Tiridate. The new Armenian ruler marched through the Roman Empire with a retinue of thousands of Parthian horsemen. In gold-decorated Rome he threw himself at Nero’s feet, worshipped him as his god Mithra and received his dominion from Nero. Through this propaganda coup a threatening war between Rome and Parthia for the rule in Armenia could be prevented. As a sign of the bond between the two nations there could have been an agreement that a Persian god should also be worshipped in Rome.
The cult image of the bull-killing Mithras poses a riddle. This image cannot be understood from Persian mythology – but from Roman imperial propaganda: In the Mithras relief the Sun god kills a bull that is curved to a (thick) crescent moon. The image is full of astral allusions. It is often framed by the zodiac, and the animals involved partly depict the celestial equator. The zodiac and the celestial equator together symbolize the whole cosmos, which is dominated by the Sun god. In the calendar system the Sun replaces the triad of Sun, Moon and stars. In a Babylonian leap year rule, which enjoyed widespread popularity, the thickness of the crescent moon in the Pleiades in the constellation of Taurus is used to refer to the necessity to insert a leap month. Thus the Sun, Moon and stars (especially the Pleiades) regulate the calendar and thus the order of the sky. However, this regulation had begun to collapse around 500 BC. Due to the precession of the earth’s axis, the validity of the leap year rule slowly moved from the spring month towards summer. An adjustment of the leap year rule in the spring month would have led to a thicker crescent moon than indicated in the Babylonian tradition. If one measures the cult pictures of the Mithras, then quite uniform “thicknesses” of the moon crescents from the bull body result. Converted into the age of the Moon they correspond to a Moon thickness which one would have adapted in this time for the Babylonian leap year rule – which would have been clearly wrong for all experts. Thus the cult image symbolizes to the initiate the “falling” leap year rule and thus the failure of the triad of Moon, Sun and stars. Only the Sun alone could be relied upon. The bull-killing Sun god Mithras kills his competitors and thus makes the change in the calendar and the heaven of the gods visible for all. Thus the Mithras cult supports the supremacy of the Sun over all other gods and thus also the legitimacy of the emperors, who increasingly relied on the Sun.

- by Rahlf Hansen and +1
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- History of Religion, Origins of Christianity, Mithras, Roman Cult of Mithras
- by Daniel Boyarin
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- Christianity, Jewish Studies, History of Christianity, Early Christianity

This is an extensive introduction to the third volume of the John, Jesus, and History Series (Atlanta: SBL Press, forthcoming in early 2016) written by Jaime Clark-Soles and Paul N. Anderson. A total of twelve volumes of collected essays are projected as the fruit of this international project, now in its 15th year at the national Society of Biblical Literature meetings.

- by Paul N Anderson
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- Critical Theory, Religion, Christianity, History