Pearson Correlation Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

A collection of fast and very fast R functions written in R or C++.

- by and +1
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- Bioinformatics, Applied Mathematics, Statistics, Multivariate Statistics

A large variation in prognosis is observed despite the use of clinical prognostic factors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is likely that this variation is due to the different biological properties of the tumour cells. In this work we aimed to identify gene signature that could predict survival in advanced NSCLC. Total RNA was extracted from five 5 μm-thick sections of the FFPE using the High Pure RNA Paraffin Kit (Roche). RNA amplification was performed using WT-Ovation™ FFPE RNA Amplification System V2 (NuGen). The amplified cDNA was then labelled and hybridised onto Illumina HumanRef-8 v3.0 Expression BeadChips. Microarray data analysis was subsequently performed using Genespring GX version 9.0. Out of 75 FFPE samples, only 32 had sufficient RNA quality and quantity for microarray gene expression analysis. Patients were grouped into long and short survival groups based on the time to cancer-related death. After normalization and filtration, 19,002 genes were selected for differential gene expression analysis. A total of 440 genes differed significantly between the long and short survival groups (ANOVA, p <; 0.05, with Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate multiple testing correction). Unsupervised Hierarchial Clustering with Pearson correlation and average linkage identified two broad clusters of patients corresponding to the long and short survival. Thirteen genes were selected based on the TTest, 2-fold expression changes, principal components analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis and risk scores were calculated for each patient. These gene signatures were independent predictors of survival. The model was validated with a published microarray data from 130 patients with NSCLC. Using Gene Set Analysis (GSA), we found certain biological processes including metastasis and chemotherapy resistance were up-regulated in the short survival group while TID pathway and MAPKKK cascade were enriched in th- - e long survival group. As the conclusion, there is several distinct gene expression profiles associated with survival of patients with advanced stage NSCLC. Survival outcomes in advanced NSCLC could be predicted based on a 13-gene signature.

- by Fauzi Nur
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- Genetics, RNA, Principal Component Analysis, Cancer

Background and Objectives: Now most reliable tool to produce climate scenarios is use of Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model outputs which stands as AOGCM. One of the using major problems of AOGCM outputs is computational large cell size of their simulation in any region. So first must their outputs has been downscaled and then they used. Present several stochastically methods for downscaling AOGCM outputs to increase their accuracy in simulate. It should be noted that Deference in downscaling methods can cause deference in simulation results. So assess accuracy of downscaling methods is very necessary in any region. Many researchers around the world to check the accuracy of various downscaling methods have focused. Results of Research study around the world indicates that simulation of climate and hydrological parameters depending on output of AOGCM models and also quality and quantity of observation data are very deferent. The aim of this study is assessment of statistical downscaling methods for precipitation and temperature include LARS-WG and SDSM in Birjand synoptic station.
Materials and Methods: Observation data of Birjand synoptic station include precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature and solar watch daily on 1960-2000 were taken of province Meteorological organization. The period 1960-1990 is used for models calibration (train) and 1991-2000 for validation (test) selected. Series of climate extremes indices evaluated for observed data of synoptic station and simulated by downscaling methods on validation period. Statistical tests are used for evaluation and analysis of downscaling methods performance. The sensitivity of the methods to large-scale anomalies (correlation between observed and simulated data) and their ability to replicate the observed data distribution in the validation period are separately tested for each index by Pearson correlation and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, respectively.
Results: By analysis of results defined that between of downscaling methods there isn’t significant superiority in person correlation test. While in correlation test in both model p-value of more 50% of observation and simulation indices is most of 0.05 and they acceptable. Results of performance models in Wilcoxon test showed that performance of weather generator technic is significantly better than linear regression method. Results of this test showed that more of 90% of indices have a suitable fit in LARS-WG. Also fit of temperature indices in SDSM-DC compared with LARS-WG were very weak.
Conclusion: results of this study showed that LARS-WG method compared with SDSM-DC method is more accurate generally. This accuracy in forecast of distribution function was more tangible.

In this study, in order to analyze Mollusca species and determining their relationship with the sediment factors, sediment samples were gathered during spring, summer, autumn and winter 2012 from 12 stations (ranging in depths 5, 10, 20 and 50 meters) in the Southern Caspian Sea from Behshahr to Ramsar (Mazandaran, Iran). The sediment factors (grain size, total organic matter and calcium carbonate concentration) were measured in laboratory. Two classes of Mollusca (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) were identified. Class Bivalvia had 3 species (Didacna protracta, Hypanis caspia, Abra ovata) which belong to 3 genera of 2 families and class Gastropoda had 4 species (Pergola sp., Anisus kolesnikovi, Abeskunus sphaerion, Ulskia ulskii) which belong to 4 genera of 3 families. Most dominant species of Bivalvia was Abra ovata (46.2 individuals/0.1m 2) and that of Gastropoda was Abeskunus sphaerion (58.66 individuals/0.1m 2). The mean of maximum and minimum density of Mollusca was observed in spring (29.67 individuals/0.1m 2) and winter (0 individuals/0.1m 2) respectively. The results of One Way ANOVA showed that density of Mollusca was different significantly with depth and season (P<0.05). Results of Pearson correlation showed that between density of Mollusca and salinity, %silt and clay, TOM and depth had been negative positive correlation and had been positive correlation with temperature.

- by IAEES Publications
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- Density, Meiofauna, Salinity, Gastropoda
- by Stefan Winkler
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- Computer Science, Software Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Image Processing
- by Ronald Mersky
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- Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Recycling, Waste
- by crista curutiu
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- Business, Macroeconomic Variables, STOCK EXCHANGE, Pearson Correlation
- by Damla Şentürk
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- Statistics, Biometrics, Risk assessment, Biometry

The correlation coefficient should always be reported with a correlation of determination.

- by Himel Mondal and +1
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- Statistics, Biostatistical Analysis, Inferential Statistics, Correlation

Chapters: Tabular and graphical display of data; Measures of central tendency and variability, Significance between two arithmetic means (t-tests), Z-values and normal curve, Standard error of estimation and confidence intervals, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Correlation, Regression, Nonparametric statistical procedures and Introduction to probability theory and combinatorics. Answered questions and solved statistical problems (along with explanations) were included as well.

- by Selman Repišti
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- Statistics, Correlation, ANOVA, Regression Analysis

Due to the current pandemic situation of the Philippines, students were encouraged to shift from face- to-face classes into modular and online classes as declared by the Department of Education (DepEd). This study intends to determine whether there is a relationship between the students' educational priorities and their motivation to complete their college degrees in the middle of a pandemic. This study used a descriptive correlational design for its research design. Upon the participating students’ consent, the researchers administered a survey questionnaire that uses a Likert scale that determined the relationship between Educational Priorities and Inspirations of the Grade 12 students of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina (PLMAR). The participating student’s educational priorities and inspiration were measured by obtaining their perspective on education and their inspirations for it. Likert Scale Questionnaire results were tallied in Microsoft Excel, coded as follows: 4 – Strongly Agree, 3 – Agree, 2 – Disagree, 1 – Strongly Disagree for the first part of the questionnaire or researcher-made and the second part which is the ready-made questionnaire came from Positive Psychology Center that was coded as 7 – Very often/Very deeply or strongly, 6 – Often/About right, 5 – Occasionally/Somewhat, 4 – Sometimes/Rather, 3 – Rarely/Too little, 2 – Very rarely/Not really and 1 – Never/Not at all. Results show that the strength of the relationship between these variables was weak. Therefore, the researchers support the claim that there is a connection between the students' educational priorities and their inspirational scale scores in that regard with their motivation. Further research should be conducted on the different factors that are involved as well as other areas of interest related to this study.

- by Freeyane Flores
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- Education, Motivation, Inspiration, Pearson Correlation
- by David Powers
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- Statistics, Machine Learning, Evaluation, Statistical machine learning

The goal of the present study is to propose the use of global connectivity measures as quantitative indicators of long-term medication in pediatric patients with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, combined type (ADHD-C). For this purpose, graph theoretical brain connectivity indices are computed from connectivity estimations across eyes-opened resting-state EEG recordings measured before and after the treatment with osmotic release oral system-methylphenidate for a month in 18 boys (aged between 7–12 years). In order to present the reliable results, neurofunctional correlations are firstly estimated in time (Pearson Correlation (PC), Spearman Correlation), frequency (Directed Transfer Function, Partial Directed Coherence) and phase (Phase Locking Value, Phase Lag Index) domains in between short segments of
2 sec over single trials of 1 min. Later, transitivity, clustering coefficients, assortativity, global efficiency and modularity are computed from EEG based connectivity matrices produced by each approach. Since the highest classification accuracy of 83.79%
is provided by PC, statistical tests (one-way Anova, pair-wise multiple comparison) and step-wise logistic regression modelling are all examined to detect significant differences between pre- and post- treatment relevant connectivity measures. Statistical boxplots are also shown, as well. Overall results reveal that global brain connectivity can be increased by long-term medication in pediatric ADHD-C in terms of increased segregation & resilience. This is the first study to demonstrate that long-term medication can normalize the functional brain connectivity in ADHD, which is characterized by decreased connectivity compared to controls

- by SERAP AYDIN
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- Engineering, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, ADHD (Psychology)
- by Ochei, Ailemen Ikpefan
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- Finance, Accounting, Academic Writing, Code of Conduct
- by Roni Saputra
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- Regression Models, Pearson Correlation, Korelasi Pearson, Linear Regression

MXM is an R package which offers variable selection for high-dimensional data in cases of regression and classification. Many regression models are offered. In addition some functions for Bayesian Networks and graphical models are... more

- by Giorgos Athineou and +2
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- Bioinformatics, Computer Science, Statistical Mechanics, Statistics
- by Ioannis Ntzoufras
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- Statistics, MCMC, Bayes Factors, Pearson Correlation

The focus of this study is to evaluate the impact of linguistic preprocessing and similarity functions for clustering Arabic Twitter tweets. The experiments apply an optimized version of the standard K-Means algorithm to assign tweets into positive and negative categories. The results show that root-based stemming has a significant advantage over light stemming in all settings. The Averaged Kullback-Leibler Divergence similarity function clearly outperforms the Cosine, Pearson Correlation, Jaccard Coefficient and Euclidean functions. The combination of the Averaged Kullback-Leibler Divergence and root-based stemming achieved the highest purity of 0.764 while the second-best purity was 0.719. These results are of importance as it is contrary to normal-sized documents where, in many information retrieval applications, light stemming performs better than root-based stemming and the Cosine function is commonly used.

- by Diab Abuaiadah
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- Computer Science, Computational Linguistics, Arabic, Sentiment Analysis

In order to achieve a more accurate prediction of future electrical
energy consumption, the present research considers a long-term
study of the climatic conditions of Iran for the top 82 most
densely populated cities. For each city, heating degree-days (HDD)
and cooling degree-days (CDD), precipitation, climatic zones
classification, and an average temperature of coldest and warmest
months are used as measures for the study. Subsequently, for the
four most densely cities, the climate change during the past 60
years (1959–2018) has been investigated. Results show that CDD
values for all cities have increased gradually in the same period,
while HDD values have decreased. According to linear
interpolation, average daily CDD 24°C in the year 2025 for Tehran
is estimated as 1.903 (694.595 yearly). Furthermore, based on
multiple linear regression analysis, the PCD for Tehran, Mashhad,
Shiraz, Tabriz, Isfahan, and Kermanshah will change by 0.5%,
2.3%, 4.7%, 1.9%, 3.4% and −5.3% by the year 2030, respectively.
It is also worth mentioning that the precipitation and Humidity
have an inverse relation with PCD. Also, the effect of base
temperature on CDD and HDD showed that only one-degree
change in the base temperature could cause a significant
change in CDD and HDD.

- by Diab Abuaiadah
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- Computer Science, Computational Linguistics, Arabic, Sentiment Analysis

- by Mustafa Jarrar and +1
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- Computational Linguistics, Arabic, Sentiment Analysis, Clustering and Classification Methods

The purpose of this study is to measure the level and difference of self-efficacy of computer in programming for non-technical students using Scratch. Programming skills can be the basis of problem solving skills and it is important for both technical and non-technical students. Quantitative studies in this survey were carried out using questionnaires containing 21 items measuring the student's self efficacy. A pilot study of 23 respondents showed that the reliability of the instruments was at the level of α = .935. The respondents of the study consists of 48 non-technical undergraduate students selected based on simple random sampling technique. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively (frequency and percentage) and inference (mean analysis, t-test and pearson correlation) using SPSS v23. The findings show that the self-efficacy level of non-technical students on Scratch programming as a whole is quite high. The findings of the t-test analysis show that there is no statistically significant difference in self-efficacy based on gender and the background of the program study. Correlation analysis also found that there was no self-efficacy relationship between computers
in Scratch programming with academic achievement. Research shows that the level of self-efficacy of non-technical students is relatively high capable of providing an alternative problem solving skills using Scratch programming.

Find article (software manual) at:... more

- by IAEES Publications
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- Image Processing, Matlab, Image segmentation, Wavelet
- by Dalson Figueiredo
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- Statistics, Multivariate Statistics, Applied Statistics, Correlation
- by Dian Tjondronegoro
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- Information Technology, Speech Acoustics, Scalable Video Coding, Quantization

Asset prices are commonly believed to react sensitively to economic news. Thus, this article will analyze 30 titles listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, but also the economic factors that might influence these titles, and the... more

- by crista curutiu
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- Business, Macroeconomic Variables, STOCK EXCHANGE, Pearson Correlation

This study assesses the spatiotemporal development of land use systems and climate variability in Southwestern Ghana over the past five decades using integrated remote sensing techniques and existing literature. We demonstrated the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetative Index, Normalized Difference Water Index, Normalized Difference Built-up Index, surface temperature and precipitation using geoinformatics and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). We found change in land use systems in Southwestern Ghana to be immensely driven by economic and socio-political factors. Interestingly, some biophysical factors have somewhat contributed to this change. Findings revealed a drastic decline in forested areas (−334.8 km 2 yr −1) and waterbodies (−4.79 km 2 yr −1), along with a dramatic increase in built-up (+137.93 km 2 yr −1) and farmlands/shrubs (+131.97 km 2 yr −1). Change in prevailing microclimatic conditions can be associated with land cover change, considering the impact of major drivers observed over the given period. Results showed a very weak positive correlation between vegetation and temperature (r = 0.214). Similarly, built-up correlated positively with vegetation (r = 0.165), water-index (r = 0.818; strong correlation or evidence of association) and temperature (r = 0.266). In contrast, other used variables correlated negatively with precipitation. The study serves a seminal guide to land use developers and institutors for effective and sustainable use of natural resources.

- by Isaac Sarfo and +2
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- Human Geography, Sustainable Development, Climate variability, Environmental Sustainability
- by Andrew Maidment
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- Mathematics, Computer Science, Digital Mammography, Density Estimation

Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) started building its experimental microsatellite back in 2007 and finally able to launch its first microsatellite dubbed as LAPAN-A1/LAPAN-Tubsat. With the launch of LAPAN-A3/LAPAN-IPB, Indonesian experimental satellite programme hit its third generation. LAPAN-A3 is carrying multiple payloads including multispectral push-broom imager, digital matrix camera, as well as video camera. This paper aims to highlight the spectral differences between LAPAN-A3 and the well-established Sentinel-2A multispectral to investigate the potential of using LAPAN-A3 data to complement the other well-established medium resolution satellite data. Comparisons between corresponding bands and band transformations were performed over a dataset. Three areas of interest were chosen as the test sites. Linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient were then calculated between the corresponding bands. The preliminary results showed a moderate correlation between the two sensors with Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.39 to 0.65. Some issues were found regarding the radiometric quality over the whole scene of LAPAN-A3.

- by Zylshal Zylshal
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- Remote Sensing, Digital Image Processing, Correlation, Spectral analysis
- by Peggy Rubio
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- Pearson Correlation

Scientific literature over time highlighted the relevance of requirements engineering for software development process for desktop, web or mobile applications. Nevertheless, not much contemporary information with regard to current practices in small-sized software factories is available. This is specially true in the region of Sinaloa, México, for that reason this work presents an exploratory study which provides insight into industrial practices in Sinaloa. A combination of both qualitative and quantitative data is collected, using semi-structured interviews and a detailed questionnaire from sixteen software factories. A Pearson (r) correlation analysis was performed independently between the variables Company location (EU), Scope of coverage (AC), Number of workers (NT), Time to live in the market (TV), Projects completed (PY), Time dedicated to activities related to the project (TA), Outdated projects completed (PC) in order to determine the degree of relationship between each of the variables mentioned, with all. A correlation analysis and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed. The quantitative results offers opportunities for further interpretation and comparison.

Creativity is often misunderstood due to inconsistencies concerning the definition of creativity, the methodologies used
to explain creativity as a phenomenon and the various measurement instruments to determine creative ability. This
article aimed to compare two conceptual frameworks to identify the most reliable and valid conceptual framework to
measure creativity at a university. The findings showed that both conceptual frameworks are different in their own
right and both are valid and reliable. Only marginal differences could be observed from the statistical tests used in the
comparative analysis. The uniqueness and value of the paper lies in the validation of these conceptual frameworks to
measure creativity.

- by Ziska Fields
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- Communication, Creativity, Cognition, Family

Recommender Systems have become an important part of large e-commerce websites. One can safely say, they are the bread and butter of large E-Commerce websites. We may have seen the “customers who bought item1 also bought item2” feature of sites such as amazon.com and found it useful. This is exactly what recommender systems strive to achieve. The basic notion behind introducing recommender systems in websites is simple: to help the customers or users using the website in making their decisions. In general the goal of any recommendation system is to present users with a highly relevant set of items. Recommendation algorithms can be generally classified into three types (i) Non-Personalized, (ii) Content-Based, and (iii) Collaborative Filtering algorithms. Apart from these three approaches, we also have hybrid approach wherein we can combine the above mentioned algorithms to improve the performance of recommender systems. Literature survey done on recommender systems shows that a lot ...

- by Tanvi Bhagat
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- Pearson Correlation, Content-Based Filtering

If we conducted a competition for which statistical quantity would be the most valuable in exploratory data analysis, the winner would most likely be the correlation coefficient with a significant difference from its first competitor. In addition, most data applications contain non-normal data with outliers without being able to be converted to normal data. Therefore, we search for robust correlation coefficients to nonnormality and/or outliers that could be applied to all applications and detect influenced or hidden correlations not recognized by the most popular correlation coefficients. We introduce a correlation-coefficient family with the Pearson and Spearman coefficients as specific cases. Other family members provide desirable lower p-values than those derived by the standard coefficients in the earlier problems. The proposed family of coefficients, their cut-off points, and p-values, computed by permutation tests, could be applied by all scientists analyzing data. We share simulations, code, and real data by email or the internet.

- by Amballa Hindumathi
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- Fluctuations, Pearson Correlation, Propagules
- by Cyril Pernet
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- Multivariate Statistics, Robust Statistics, Confidence intervals, Outliers

In the study, it was aimed to find out if there is an impeding speaking anxiety in random classes of a private university in Southern Turkey and if it could be generalized to Turkish Context. 100 students were administered a questionnaire, an inventory and 10 of them were interviewed meanwhile. To begin the study a well known scale developed by Horwitz (1986) was used. FLCAS (Foreign Language Class Anxiety Scale) is one of the widely used, internally reliable scale. Moreover, BALLI (Beliefs about language learning inventory) was employed in the process. The transmitted evidence found through the questionnaire was investigated with the help of semi-structured interviews. T-test and Pearson Product were applied to the means in order to elaborate whether the results were significant, or not. Results, as in many studies concluded, show that the main reason of speaking anxiety derives from interacting a native or native like speaker. The underlying causes for the anxiety were found out to be lack of confidence in Self and fear to be less able to speak. Consequences in the course of study offer insights to educators and scholars in different ways.

The study objective is aimed at finding the relationship between corporate governance bank distress in deposit money banks. The research design adopted in this paper is the case study method, in other to have an intensive insight of the subject matter. Primary data was used specifically the survey technique. The method that was used in the presentation of data in this study is the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) which contains all the necessary and important statistical technique for data analysis. For testing the hypothesis, correlation analysis which measures the degree of relationship between variables was used to analyze the result generated from the questionnaire. The evidence shows that corporate governance has no significant improvement on the prevention of bank distress but has significantly improved the performance of the Nigerian banking sector. We therefore recommend that banks should demonstrate strong internal policies to identify and manage conflict of i...

- by Stephen Ojeka
- •
- Economics, Corporate Governance, Manager, Pearson Correlation

Evaporation accounts for varying shares of water balance under different climatic conditions, and its correct prediction poses a significant challenge before water resources management in watersheds. Given the complex and nonlinear behavior of the evaporation component, and according to the fact that this parameter is not measured at many meteorological stations, at least during some timeframes, and that the meteorological stations measuring this component are not properly distributed in many developing countries, including Iran, the main objective of this work was to predict the evaporation component at two meteorological stations (Rasht and Lahijan) located in Gilan province in northern Iran over the 2006–2016 time period. To that end, those meteorological parameters recorded at the two stations which had the highest impact on evaporation prediction were identified using Pearson correlation coefficient. Selected parameters were then used, under separate scenarios, as inputs to support vector regression (SVR) and SVR model coupled with firefly algorithm (SVR-FA) in order to simulate evaporation values on a daily scale. Evaporation amounts showed the highest correlation with net solar radiation and saturation vapor pressure deficit at Lahijan and Rasht stations, respectively. Root mean square error values of evaporation prediction at testing phase of SVR and SVR-FA ranged from 1.05 to 1.43 and 1.02 to 1.31 mm, respectively, at Lahijan station and from 1.02 to 1.28 and 0.88 to 1.17 mm, respectively, at Rasht station for various scenarios. For underpredicted evaporation data set, the magnitude of RMSE reduction from SVR1 to SVR7 was 27% at Lahijan and 18% at Rasht station; whereas RMSE decrement from SVR-FA1 to SVR-FA7 was 18 and 26 percent at Lahijan and Rasht stations, respectively. This means that for the underpredicted data set, the role of increasing the number of SVR and SVR-FA input parameters in decreasing evaporation prediction error has been more conspicuous at Lahijan and Rasht stations, respectively. Analysis of SVR and SVR-FA performance at various 2-mm intervals of measured evaporation showed that prediction error has generally been increasing with increment of evaporation values, with the highest errors observed at the 8-10 mm interval for both Lahijan and Rasht stations (error rates of 3.42 and 2.42 mm/day at Lahijan and 6.13 and 5.84 mm/day at Rasht station, with SVR1 and SVR-FA1 models, respectively).

- by K.W. Chau
- •
- Water balance, Prediction error, Pearson Correlation, Meteorological Parameters

Trade openness in the sense of trade liberalization policies seems to be no guarantees of output growth since the previous studies shows the relationship of the trade openness and output growth may vary across developed countries and developing countries. Therefore, the primary concern of this study is to examine the relationship between trade openness and total output growth in the case of Malaysia (as one of the developing countries and emerging economies). In order to gain initial insight toward the relationship between trade openness and output growth Pearson Correlation was employed. While, the impact of trade openness toward output growth was estimated by using Ordinary Least Square Regression. In addition, the empirical work had extended towards Granger Causality Test to have a meaningful research study. This is due to some of the economist which saying that correlation is meaningless test without doing causation test. The empirical result derived provides evidence that Malaysia was not suffered from the trade openness since there is a positive relationship between trade openness and output growth. Thus, this study argues that developing country also can gain benefit from trade openness.

- by sahidah zakariah
- •
- Econometrics, Government, Emerging Economies, Developing Country
- by Luciano Margara
- •
- Engineering, Algorithms, A Priori Knowledge, Computing

Creativity is often misunderstood due to inconsistencies concerning the definition of creativity, the methodologies used to explain creativity as a phenomenon and the various measurement instruments to determine creative ability. This article aimed to compare two conceptual frameworks to identify the most reliable and valid conceptual framework to measure creativity at a university. The findings showed that both conceptual frameworks are different in their own right and both are valid and reliable. Only marginal differences could be observed from the statistical tests used in the comparative analysis. The uniqueness and value of the paper lies in the validation of these conceptual frameworks to measure creativity.

- by Christo Bisschoff
- •
- Computer Science, Communication, Creativity, Cognition

1. Overview of Indonesian Indonesian, which is called bahasa Indonesia by its speakers, is classified as a Malayic language of Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian language family (Austronesian > Malayo-Polynesian > Malayo-Sumbawan > North and East > Malayic > Malay > Indonesian) (Lewis ed. 2009). It is spoken mainly in the Republic of Indonesia, as the sole official and national language and as the common language for hundreds of ethnic groups living there (Alwi et al. 2000: 1-2). In Indonesia 22.8 million people speak Indonesian as their first language, while more than 140 million speak it as their second language. It is over 80% cognate with Standard Malay, which is spoken in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore (Lewis ed. 2009). Indonesian is an agglutinative language with a rich affixation system, including a variety of prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, and reduplication. The basic word order is SVO. In general, grammatical relations are only distinguished in te...

- by Hellen Fuentes
- •
- IMC, Pearson Correlation, Potencia de salto
- by Katie McMahon
- •
- Genetics, Multivariate Statistics, Neuroimaging, Data Analysis