Pectin Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The aim of the study was to establish a green protocol for pectin extraction from unripe papaya flour (UPF), comparing conventional acid hydrolysis (CONV) and compressed fluid extraction techniques, including Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) and Enhanced Solvent Extraction (ESE). Highest pectin yields were achieved with ESE (216 ± 10.8 mg g −1) when CO 2 +H 2 O (20:80) + citric acid (0.05 mol L −1) was applied (40 MPa/80°C/ 60 min/300-710 µm), similar to that obtained by CONV (202 ± 49.5 mg g −1) and PHWE (208.0 ± 9.4 mg g −1) using oxalic acid. UPF pectin presented an average galacturonic acid (GalA) content of 73% (w/w) and degree of esterification (DE) of 57.8%, and it was composed predominantly of galactose, glucose and rhamnose. This pectic substance has been shown to contain two main types of pectic chains: rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I, average 58%) proportionally higher than homogalacturonan (HG, average 28%). Compressed fluid extraction techniques allowed obtaining high quality pectin with similar composition to other commercial products.

- by and +1
- •
- Supercritical fluids, Supercritical extraction, Carica papaya, Characterization Pectin
- by Maitre Saikia
- •
- Genetics, Materials Science, Gelatin, Pectin

Context: Colon cancer is a serious disease that can be hereditary or arise from exposure to carcinogens in unhealthy food. Current chemotherapy treatment has serious cardiovascular adverse effects, is not always effective, and there may be resistance to treatment. Recently, studies have found an optimal anticancer activity of modified pectins on colon cancer. Aims: To systematically review the scientific literature, with PRISMA guidelines, of the articles found in the last 11 years, on the potential anticancer effects of pectins on colon cancer. Methods: PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies and a standardized search was followed in four databases with the terms: modified pectins, cancer, therapy. Data extraction was performed using Excel and relevant information on anticancer activity was collected. Results: In total, 16 articles were included, finding seven in vitro, three mixed and six in vivo studies. The anticancer activity and optimization of the formulation, encapsulation, release of pectin-based drugs were evaluated by different methods in 12 and six articles, respectively. Most of the studies were classified as high quality with the AXIS tool. Furthermore, 11 out of 12 articles showed positive effects of modified pectins on colon cancer both in vivo and in vitro and six out of six articles found positive effects on pectin-based formulations. Conclusions: The evidence found suggests a beneficial effect of modified pectins on colon cancer, however, more in vivo studies are required.

- by Gabino Garrido
- •
- Cancer, Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, Schema therapy, Cancer Research

Naturally occurring polysaccharide pectin, the meth ylated ester of polygalacturonic acid, is very impo rtance in both scientific and commercial world due to its biodegradability. A lar ge group of pectinase enzymes causing breakdown of pectin polysaccharides of plants and fruit are used in industrial sector t o increase the yield and clarity of fruit juices. In this study, two bacterial strains were isolated using dilutions of 10 -4 and 10 -6 of rotten oranges. Isolated organisms were identif ied based on staining and biochemical tests. The pectinolytic activity was de termined using pectin containing minimal essential medium. The methodology applied was Kirby Bauer agar well diffusion method at the temperature is 35 ± 2 0 C. Based on Gram staining, spore staining and biochemical tests, two bacterial strains L ( Staphylococcus aureus ) and M ( Bacillus cereus ) were isolated and identified. Both strains showed different pectinolytic zones dependi ng on the concentration of inoculum...

- by anam munawar
- •
- Bioengineering, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology
- by Dung Huynh Dinh
- •
- Pharmacology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Controlled release

A B S T R A C T The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water deficit on the composition of the main polysaccharides and rheological behaviour from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) mucilage. In particular, plants with 0 (D0), 40 (D40) and 60% (D60) water deficits were used. Water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated and subjected to carbohydrate and glycosidic linkage analysis. The steady-shear and linear oscillatory flows were studied, not only in fresh but also in reconstituted mucilages. Acemannan and pectic substances were the predominant polysaccharides in the Aloe vera mucilage, being the bioactive polymer acemannan the most affected by water deficit. Thus, increasing the water deficit by up to 60% promoted a mannose decrease of 41%, although a significant increase in its average molecular weight, from 54 to 98 kDa, was detected. Interestingly, acemannan did not undergo deacetylation as a consequence of the water deficits applied. All Aloe vera mucilages, either fresh or reconstituted, exhibited a shear-thinning flow behaviour (n < 1). However, water deficit affected the mechanical properties, changes being more noticeable in the reconstituted mucilages. Thus, the viscosity (η 1) of reconstituted mucilages increased, from 0.12 to 0.28 Pa·s, as water deficit increased, whereas their flow index (n) decreased from 0.57 to 0.47. Further, D40 and D60 reconstituted mucilages exhibited an E a of 17.4 and 17.6 kJ/ mol, respectively, whilst, for D0, E a was 16.7 kJ/mol. Interestingly, only the D40 reconstituted mucilage showed a crossover point at 7.39 rad/s between viscous and elastic modulus. The understanding of the influence of water deficit on the main physico-chemical characteristics of Aloe vera polysaccharides and, in turn, of its effect on the rheology of the mucilages could be a useful tool for the design, development and control of biologically active ingredients based on the Aloe vera plant.

- by Ruben Gonzalez
- •
- Chemical Engineering, Aloe Vera, Pectin, Water Deficit
- by Nataly Y Sapozhnikova
- •
- Food Safety, Food Science and Technology, Pectin

Extraction of pectin from watermelon rind using citric acid, an organic acid was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and compared to that using hydrochloric acid, a mineral acid. A five-level, four-factor central composite design was employed to optimize the conditions for maximum yield of pectin. The effects of pH, reaction temperature, reaction duration and substrate to extractant ratio were investigated. The optimized conditions using citric acid as an extractant were at pH 2, 80˚C, 3h and substrate to extractant ratio of 1:25. The optimized conditions using hydrochloric acid as an extractant were similar except for a shorter extraction time of 2h. At these extraction conditions, the yield of pectin extracted using citric acid (8.38 ± 0.43) was significantly higher than that using hydrochloric acid (6.52 ± 0.15) but showed similar uronic acid content (50.2-58.8%), degree of methylation (66.3-71.5%) and degree of acetylation (106.0-106.8%). Citric or hydrochloric acid-extracted watermelon rind pectin showed near Newtonian like flow behavior at 1% concentration and this behavior were similar to citrus peel pectin. This study demonstrated the use of citric acid as the more effective acid than hydrochloric acid to extract pectin and also the transformation of fruit waste to use material from watermelon rind.

- by Wee Sim Choo
- •
- Watermelon, Pectin extraction, Pectin, Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

The present investigation concerns with the development,
optimization and evaluation of an enteric coated tablets of
Erythromycin stearate. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation
method. Enteric coating of Erythromycin stearate tablets were done
using two hydrophilic polymers like ethyl cellulose and pectin by
multivariate ANOVA method by alternating the 2 variables X and Y
in rows and columns. Polyethylene glycol was used as a plasticizer
while Isopropyl alcohol & water was incorporated as a solvent. The
effects of polymers and Isopropyl alcohol as a binder on drug release
profile, gastro-resistant properties and matrix integrity of tablet were
investigated. Developed formulations were evaluated for their
physical characteristics, drug content, disintegration time, friability,
hardness, thickness, swelling index, weight variation, In vitro drug
release profile etc. On the basis of various physical characteristics
parameters, it was found that all the formulat ions shows good result.
On comparative kinetic modeling study such as (Zero order, First
order, Higuchi model and Korsmeyer-Peppas) it was found that all
the formulations follow Higuchi model and correlation coefficient
(R
2
) values were nearer to unity. Among those formulations, F4
showed R
2
value of Higuchi model more near as compared to the
other formulation.

Aim: To Find the Effect of Concentration of Pectinase on Apple (Malus domestica) Juice Production Research Question How does an increase in the concentration of the enzyme pectinase affect the production of apple juice from apple (Malus... more

Aim: To Find the Effect of Concentration of Pectinase on Apple (Malus domestica) Juice Production
Research Question
How does an increase in the concentration of the enzyme pectinase affect the production of apple juice from apple (Malus domestica) pulp?

- by DB Zz
- •
- Enzymology, Molecular Biology, Biology, Enzyme Inhibitors

Microwave assisted extraction treatments showed the higher pectin yields of 10.07% and 8.83% in pretreated samples by microwave and 9.4% and 8% in the extraction of dried after microwave treatment in lemon peel and apple pomace samples, respectively. Lemon peel pectin in pretreated samples by microwave and extraction of dried after microwave treatment showed the higher degree of esterification 71.8% and 70%, respectively, while apple pomace revealed 68% and 65.4% in same treatments. Furthermore, lemon peel pectin exhibited the highest galacturonic content of 74.5% in extraction of pretreated samples by microwave, while apple pomace pectin indicated the higher galacturonic acid content of 70.5% and 70% in both extraction of dried after microwave treatment and extraction of dried samples. Texture analysis of jellies prepared by various extracted pectin indicated the highest fracturability in the microwave-assisted drying treatment of 33 N and 32.5 N for apple pomace and lemon peel pectin, respectively.

- by Mohammad Zarei
- •
- Pectin extraction, Pectin, Lemon peels, Pectin jelly

Cet ouvrage est destiné à faire le point sur les enzymes qui catalysent l'hydrolyse ou la dépolymérisation des molécules d'origine biologique. Il rassemble les textes d'une série de conférences prononcées au cours d'un séminaire animé par Annette Mouranche et Claude Costes au Centre de Grignon de l'Institut national agronomique. Lorsqu'il s'agit de macromoléeules, comme par exemple l'amidon, la cellulose ou les caséines, leur utilisation industrielle implique souvent une simplification chimique préalable. Cette simplification est souvent à l'origine l'hydrolyse d'une fonction ester ou amide. Cette réaction hydrolytique est à la base de bien des processus technologiques dans les industries alimentaires: fromagerie, industrie des viandes, industrie des jus de fruits, brasserie, amidonnerie. De même la valorisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique commence par une série de réactions de dépolymérisation. L'ensemble de ces réactions est le plus souvent réalisé par voie enzymatique. Une meilleure connaissance des enzymes concernées permettra un élargissement des technologies alimentaires, un renouvellement de certaines stratégies phytosanitaires, une exploitation plus rationnelle des déchets animaux et végétaux ou la fabrication de substances nouvelles par hémisynthèse industrielle. Quelle est l'origine biologique de ces enzymes? Que sait-on sur leur structure, leurs propriétés et leur mode d'action? Comment les met-on en œuvre ou comment peut-on élargir leur utilisation industrielle? Cet ouvrage essaie de présenter une analyse de ces problèmes et propose des perspectives nouvelles. La vaste catégorie des nucléases n'a pas été abordée dans ce travail qui s'adresse principalement à tous ceux qui, étudiants, ingénieurs, responsables d'entreprise ou enseignants, sont concernés par la transformation industrielle de la production agricole, végétale ou animale.

- by Yves Bertheau and +1
- •
- Plant biotechnology, Enzymes, Food Industry, Pectin

The aim of this study is to find alternative sources of pectin from three plant wastes mixtures, namely mango (Mangifera indica) fody variety, yellow variety of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and creamy brown-striped variety of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). A Mixture Experiments with Process Variables (MPV) design was applied. It is a combination of Scheffé's centroid mixture design and a full factorial design of the process variables (pH and Liquid/Solid ratio: LSR). The pH level was set at 1.5 and 2. The LSR level was fixed at 12.5ml/g and 15ml/g. Citric acid was used as acidifying agent. Pectin was extracted in a two-step sequential extraction at 80°C for 60 minutes. The plant sources, the mixing and the joint action of the pH and the LSR had significant effects on the production of highyielded pectins. All the mixes showed more important yields than individual plant sources at the couple of pH 1.5/LSR 15ml/g. At this condition, an optimum yield of 47.7% can be achieved with the mix composed by 69.7% of mango peel and 30.3% of Bambara groundnut shell. The MPV design is an innovative method permitting the identification of the synergetic or antagonistic effect of mixing and the selection of the suitable extraction conditions favorable to high-yielded extraction. Farther characterization, optimization and classification of these pectins will be needed in order to assess their commercial aptitude.

Pectins are a diverse family of biopolymers with an anionic polysaccharide backbone of-1,4-linked d-galacturonic acids in common. They have been widely used as emulsifiers, gelling agents, glazing agents, stabilizers, and/or thickeners in food, pharmaceutical, personal care and polymer products. Commercial pectin is classified as high methoxy pectin (HMP) with a degree of methylation (DM) >50% and low methoxy pectin (LMP) with a DM <50%. Amidated low methoxy pectins (ALMP) can be obtained through aminolysis of HMP. Gelation of HMP occurs by cross-linking through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces between the methyl groups, assisted by a high co-solute concentration and low pH. In contrast, gelation of LMP occurs by the formation of ionic linkages via calcium bridges between two carboxyl groups from two different chains in close proximity, known as the 'egg-box' model. Pectin gels exhibit Newtonian behaviour at low shear rates and shear-thinning behaviour when the shear rate is increased. An overview of pectin from its origin to its physicochemical properties is presented in this review.

- by Wee Sim Choo and +1
- •
- Rheology, Carbohydrate Chemistry, Food Rheology, Emulsifier

The study focused on the extraction and characterization of pectin from orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon (Citrus limon), and tangerine (Citrus tangerina). Pectin was extracted from lemon (Citrus limon), tangerine (Citrus tangerina) and orange (Citrus sinensis) peels. The feasibility of the citrus peel pectin for use in food processing was assessed. Pectin from these citrus fruit peels was extracted under the same extraction conditions. The pectin extraction was carried out using hydrochloric acid (0.05N, pH 2.22; 0.04N, pH 1.54 and 0.03N, pH 1.27). Pectin from the acidified fruit peels was extracted at 70 ± 0.5°C for 1 hour at the different pH values. The highest pectin yield from all fruit peels was obtained at pH of 1.27, with lemons having the highest yield followed by oranges and lastly tangerine in the order; 16.61%, 16.01% and 15.23% respectively. Second highest yield was obtained at pH 1.54 in the same order; lemon (15.65%), orange (15.23%) and tangerine (13.87%). The least yield was obtained at a pH of 2.22; lemon (10.52%), oranges (11.01%) and tangerine (9.45%). The average yield was highest in lemon, orange and lastly in tangerine with percentages of 14.36%, 14.08% and 12.82% respectively. Chemical characterization of the citrus peel pectin revealed that the equivalent weight of pectin from all samples was generally low as compared to that of commercial pectin. The average equivalent weight in mg/mL was found to be 150.43, 116.78 and 97.15% for lemon, orange and tangerine respectively. Methoxyl content showed that the pectin obtained for all the samples was high (HM); lemon (11.49%), orange (14.94%) and tangerine (12.02%). Anhydrouronic acid (AUA) values were lemon (76.92%), orange (100.03%) and tangerine (86.38%) which are above the minimum of 65% set by FAO, while the degree of esterification (DE) was high for all; lemon (84.54%), orange (84.68%) and tangerine (78.88%) indicating that all were rapid-setting pectin. The colours of pectin obtained from lemon and orange were pale yellow while that obtained from tangerine was brown. Depending on the AUA, lemon pectin was the most pure of all the three samples, followed by tangerine and lastly orange peels. For commercial use of this pectin, lemon pectin is most suitable then tangerine and lastly orange basing on the methoxyl content. It is recommended that for better yields, pectin should be extracted on a dry basis instead of a wet basis.

- by نور النهار
- •
- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Biochemistry, Chemistry

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is a very common site of investigation for the effects of climate change due to a profusion of past research on the region and its extensive permafrost. By utilizing past findings as input data to a system of mechanical analysis that combines the Bergström-Boyce model for the nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of cellulose, xylan hemicellulose, and high-methoxyl pectin with time-temperature superposition, a data-driven computational model can be constructed that characterizes changes in cell wall material behavior under extrapolated global warming, with applicability to the Kobresia species that populate the QTP region. The simulated model concludes that recent temperature changes in the region likely induces greater sensitivity in the cell wall's structural constituents and possibly decrease overall cell wall integrity (CWI).

- by Damian Musk
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- Time temperature superposition principle, Hemicelluloses, Xylans, Pectin
- by Martin De La Rouse
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- Industria Farmaceutica, Ensayo, Pectin

The production of drilling mud using pectin extracted from Citrus Sinensis peels was carried out. The extraction was carried out using water-hot acid technique which is a conventional method, and the extracted pectin was pre-gelatinized using calcium water. The pre-gelatinized pectin biopolymer was used to prepare drilling mud. Filter loss method was used to determine the filtration properties of the mud at 25°C and 200°C and 0.1g/mol concentration of pectin polymer was compared to the filtration behavior of hydroxyl propyl starch modified drilling mud. Our results showed that the pectin biopolymer mud (PPM) has better filtration control behavior than the hydroxyl propyl starch modified drilling mud (CMM). The study also showed that highest sorptivity value of 21.25 was obtained with PPM at 200°C, while the highest diffusivity value of 0.424 was obtained with CMM at 200°C.

- by Nnamdi Iheaturu
- •
- Drilling Fluid, Pectin, Fluid Loss Controller in Drilling Fluid., Fluid loss
- by Md. Abul Kalam Azad and +1
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- Chemistry, Food Science, Nutrition, Food and Nutrition
- by Qurat ul Ain Hanif
- •
- Bioengineering, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology

Pectins are natural complex heteropolysaccharide which comprise a functionally significant moiety of the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. Pectin is a carbohydrate found in all fruits and vegetables and is necessary for plant growth. Industrially, it is extracted from citrus peels or apple pomace, and is used as a thickener, water binder and stabilizer in foods, etc. Considering this review sheds a light on the various extracting conditions, characterization, varying time, temperature, pH, functional properties and applications of pectin based polymer techniques.

- by Allwyn Sundarraj and +1
- •
- Waste Management, EXTRACTION, Pectin, Agrowastes

Biogenic pectic polysaccharides are non-specific immunomodulators with beneficial and therapeutic potential as nutraceuticals. They consist of a linear acidic region - homogalacturonan and a highly branched domain with mainly neutral monosaccharide side chains – rhamnogalacturonan I and II. Pectinases form one of the biggest and most diverse in activity group of carbohydrate biocatalysts. They are a useful biochemical tool for fine exploration and modification of the native pectic structure. Owing to their strict specificity and unaggressive degradation ability some pectinases contribute to partly
removal of homogalacturonan and different ester-linked groups, leading to preservation of the immunologically active hairy rhamnogalacturonan units. The bioactive fragments in the hairy regions are determined by using arabinogalactan-degrading enzymes. Summarized in the present review are the chemistry of pectins and the catalytic potential of pectinases for studying and modification of pectic immunogenicity.

Saffron petal, as a byproduct of saffron processing, contains a considerable amount of antioxidant compounds. In the present study, the effect of drying methods (spray and freeze) and different wall structures (maltodextrin and pectin) was investigated on the physicochemical characteristics of microcapsules of saffron petal extracts. Results showed that the increase of the pectin ratio in wall composition leads to the increase of polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of microcapsules. Microencapsulation efficiency and loading capacity in pectin-contained samples were higher than pure maltodextrin samples. Moreover, microcapsules obtained from spray drying method had higher microencapsulation efficiency and loading capacity in comparison with microcapsules obtained from freeze drying method. Also, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry have been shown to be useful tools for establishing the difference between produced microcapsules. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to evaluate the polyphenolic compounds of the microsphere. The chromatograms obtained from both encapsulation methods indicated high levels of routine in microcapsules of saffron petal extract. In addition, the release of polyphenols from microcapsules of saffron petal extract was evaluated under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The results indicated that the release behavior of the microcapsules varied according to the type of drying method and wall composition. To assess the shelf life, the microcapsules were kept at different temperatures and relative humidities for 16 weeks. The microcapsules produced by freeze drying and containing high levels of pectin in wall composition had the highest antioxidant activity when kept in relative humidity of 11% and temperature of 4°C. Practical Application: Saffron petal is the huge amount of saffron by-product and contains a number of various antioxidant compounds. Microencapsulation of its valuable compounds results in preventing the destruction of these compounds by environmental factors and their increased bioavailability. Indeed, this paper focuses on the release of microencapsulated powder in the simulated system of the digestive system that helps us to improve the shelf life of the final product during the process and controlled release of compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

- by razieh niazmand and +1
- •
- Microencapsulation, In Vitro, Antioxidant, Phenolic Compounds

"En este trabajo se presentó la extracción de aceite esencial y pectina a partir dela cascara de naranja (Citrus sinensis) como un proceso integral. Se realizó el proceso de extracción utilizando un simulador comercial adaptandose al proceso real. Se realizaron pruebas experimentales con un kilogramo de cáscara de naranja procesado a las mismas condiciones de la simulación con el fin de comparar los rendimientos obtenidos, logrando una concordancia aceptable. Posteriormente se escaló el proceso a una tonelada. Como resultado no solo se demuestran las ventajas del proceso integral, sino también la posibilidad de su implementación a nivel industrial. Se concluye ademas que las técnicas de simulación son una herramienta poderosa que permite minimizar tiempo,costos y experimentación en el diseño de procesos como los de extracción de aceite esencial y pectina"

- by Cecilia Grunauer
- •
- Lima, Secado, Pectin, Limon Sutil
- by nico neirynck
- •
- Emulsion stability, Pectin, Whey Protein, Conjugate

Natural polymer-based hydrogel films have great potential for biomedical applications and are good candidates for wound dressings. In this study, we aimed to develop simvastatin-loaded crosslinked alginate-pectin hydrogel films by ionic crosslinking to improve the mechanical characteristics, wound fluid uptake and drug release behavior. Alginate-pectin hydrocolloid films were chemically crosslinked by immersing in different concentrations of CaCl 2 (0.5–3% w/v) for 2–20 min. The degree of crosslinking was influenced by both contact time and CaCl 2 concentration. The optimized conditions for crosslinking were 0.5% and 1% (CaCl 2) for 2 min. The optimized hydrogel films were then characterized for their physical , mechanical, morphological, thermal, in vitro drug release, and cytocompatibility profiles. Crosslinking improved the mechanical profile and wound fluid uptake capacity of dressings. The hydrogel films were able to maintain their physical integrity during use, and the best results were obtained with the film in which the extent of crosslinking was low (0.5%). Thermal analysis confirmed that the crosslinking process enhanced the thermal stability of hydrogel films. Sustained, slow release of simvastatin was obtained from the crosslinked films and in vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the hydrogel films were non-toxic.

- by Naveed Ahmad and +1
- •
- Hydrogels, Alginate, Wound Dressing, Pectin

Glycoside hydrolases, which are responsible for the degradation of the major fraction of biomass, the
polymeric carbohydrates in starch and lignocellulose, are predicted to gain increasing roles as catalysts in biorefining
applications in the future bioeconomy. In this context, thermostable variants will be important, as the recalcitrance of
these biomass-components to degradation often motivates thermal treatments. The traditional focus on degradation is also
predicted to be changed into more versatile roles of the enzymes, also involving specific conversions to defined products.
In addition, integration of genes encoding interesting target activities opens the possibilities for whole cell applications, in
organisms allowing processing at elevated temperatures for production of defined metabolic products.
In this review, we overview the application of glycoside hydrolases related to the biorefining context (for production of
food, chemicals, and fuels). Use of thermostable enzymes in processing of biomass is highlighted, moving from the
activities required to act on different types of polymers, to specific examples in today’s processing. Examples given
involve (i) monosaccharide production for food applications as well as use as carbon source for microbial conversions (to
metabolites such as fuels and chemical intermediates), (ii) oligosaccharide production for prebiotics applications (iii)
treatment for plant metabolite product release, and (iv) production of surfactants of the alkyl glycoside class. Finally
future possibilities in whole cell biorefining are shown.

- by Zubia Aleem
- •
- Biomass, Starch, Prebiotics, Cellulase

This study aims to characterize, to optimize, and to classify the pectins obtained from the mixtures of mango peel, passion fruit rinds, and Bambara groundnut shells wastes. A Mixture Experiments with Process Variables (MPV) design was applied. The low level of the process variables (pH and liquid/solid ratio: LSR) were set at 1.5 and 12.5ml/g respectively, the high level at 2 and 15ml/g. Citric acid was used as extracting agent in two-stepped extraction at 80°C and 60 minutes separately. The yield, equivalent weight (EW), methoxyl content (MeO), anhydrouronic acid content (AUA), and the degree of esterification (DE) of the 28 experimental points were determined. The yields and the qualities of the extracted pectins depended on the plant sources, the mix ratio, the pH and the LSR. Mango and passion fruit wastes gave good yields of pectins and high AUA contents. In contrast, Bambara groundnut waste provided moderate yield and appreciable values of EW, MeO and DE. This complementarity created the opportunity to achieve final products that can compete commercial pectins by mixing the plant sources, particularly with Mango-Bambara groundnut (MB) mix. The use of MPV design offered the possibility of scanning pectins that meet the standard specifications at the experimental domain. Good qualities and high-yielded LM-pectin (LMP), and HM-pectins (HMP) can be extracted at the same time. The optimum yields were 40.3% for LMP (MB: 31.3%-68.7%), 32.0% for slow set pectin (MB: 56.6%-43.4%), 27.5% for medium set pectin (MB: 95.0%-5.0%), and 19.0% for rapid set pectin (MB: 54.6%-45.4%). The presence of Bambara groundnut in the plant wastes mixtures is the key factor of the procurement of marketable pectins.

Abstract Pectins (Pec) of 33 to 74 % esterification degree were tested with doxorubicin (Dox), a very high toxic drug widely used in cancer therapies. Pec with 35 and 55 % DE were selected because of the Dox binding higher than Pec microspheres of 35 and 55 % obtained by ionotropic gelation with Ca+2 have 88 and 66 % Dox loading capacity. Kinetic
Dox release showed more than 80.0 and about 30.0 % free drug from 35 % and 55 % Pec formulations at pH 7.4, and 37 °C after 1-h incubation, respectively. Besides, Dox release decrease to 12 % in 55 % Pec microsphere formulation after 1-year storage at 4 °C. FTIR analysis of Pec–Dox complex showed hipsochromic shifts for the σC0O, δN-H and σC-C vibrational modes compared to Dox spectrum suggesting strong interaction between the drug cargo and the matrix. Rheological studies of Pec and Pec–Dox samples flow behavior exhibited a shear-thinning nature. Fifty-five percent of Pec showed higher viscosity than the viscosity for 35 % Pec in all range of temperatures analyzed, and decreased when the temperature is raised. Besides, Pec–Dox complexes have higher viscosity values than those of the corresponding Pec samples, and viscosity curves as function of shear rate for 35 % Pec–Dox are above the curves of 55 % Pec–Dox. In both cases, the results are confirming significant interaction between the cargo and the matrix, which also was established in viscoelastic dynamic analysis.

- by Guillermo R Castro
- •
- Drug delivery, Controlled release, Biopolymers, Doxorubicin
- by Francis Alcazar
- •
- Pectin, Plantain
- by Palani Shanmugasundaram
- •
- Pharmacology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Controlled release

The aim of this study is to investigate the physical properties of aqueous solutions of pectin (PA) containing sunflower wax (SFW), which are used as a basis for producing edible films. The stability and the rheological and microstructural characteristics of SFW/PA mixtures were evaluated. SFW/PA mixtures formed oil-in-water emulsions that were milky and opaque in appearance and were stable towards phase separation. Polarized micro-graphs revealed the presence of wax crystals, whose size decreased as pectin concentration increased. The rheolog-ical behavior of the aqueous solutions of pectin containing different amounts of SFW were best described by the generalized power law model of Herschel–Bulkley (H–B), which gave the best fit in all the range of shear rate values. Apparent viscosities and yield stress were determined using this model, and both properties increased with increasing pectin content. The apparent viscosity values were between 0.0095 and 0.1031 Pa s. SFW addition resulted in a small decrease in viscosity for emulsions formulated with 1 and 2 % PA, but the opposite effect was observed for emulsions formulated with 3 % PA. In addition, shear stress values were higher for emulsions with higher PA content, but were not affected by SFW addition.

- by Erica R Baümler
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- Sunflower, Emulsions, Pectin, Waxes

In this study, the preparation of films made from calcium pectinate (CP) and sunflower waxes (SFW) by casting is described. The optical properties, water resistance, thermal behavior, and rheological properties of SFW/CP films were examined. At higher SFW content irregular surfaces were obtained. Films made from a 2% aqueous pectin solution (PA) showed the best inclusion of the lipid material. Compared to SFW‐free films, SFW/CP films were less transparent, being the SFW concentration the responsible for the loss of transparency. The swelling index was affected by SFW inclusion and PA concentration. In general, water adsorption was not affected by SFW concentration, but it was affected by the environmental conditions. The inclusion of SFW did not improve the moisture barrier efficiency of the films. The thermal behavior of SFW/CP films revealed a melting peak in the range of 70–80°C attributed to the melting of SFW. The rheological analysis showed G 0 values between 2.98 Â 10 5 and 71.9 Â 10 5 Pa for films stored at lower water activities, and they ranged from 3.07 Â 10 5 to 38.4 Â 10 5 Pa at higher environmental humidity. In both cases, G 0 values were affected by SFW inclusion. A linear viscoelastic region (LVR) was observed for all the samples. Practical applications: A flexible and adequate film for handling and wrapping was obtained in this study. The addition of SFW to the CP films network was possible, and the films were easily prepared. This could be a potential application for waxes obtained from sunflower oil refining processes.

- by Erica R Baümler
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- Edible Films, Pectin, Waxes

Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites synthesized in grape berry skins via the phenylpropanoid pathway, with functions ranging from skin coloration to protection against pathogens or UV light. Accumulation of these compounds is highly variable depending on genetics, environmental factors and viticultural practices. Besides their biological functions, anthocyanins improve wine quality, as a high anthocyanin content in berries has a positive impact on the color, total phenolic concentration and, ultimately, the price of wine. The present work studies the effect of the pre-veraison application of pectin derived oligosaccharides (PDO) on the synthesis and accumulation of these compounds, and associates the changes observed with the expression of key genes in the phenylpropanoid pathways. To this end, pre-veraison Cabernet Sauvignon bunches were treated with PDO to subsequently determine total anthocyanin content, the anthocyanin profile (by HPLC-DAD) and gene expression (by qRT-PCR), using Ethrel and water treatments for comparison. The results show that PDO were as efficient as Ethrel in generating a significant rise in total anthocyanin content at 30 days after treatment (dat), compared with water treatments (1.32, 1.48 and 1.02 mg e.Mv-3G/g FW respectively) without any undesirable effect on berry size, soluble solids, tartaric acid concentration or pH. In addition, a significant alteration in the anthocyanin profile was observed. Specifically, a significant increase in the relative concentration of malvidin was observed for both PDO and Ethrel treatments, compared with water controls (52.8; 55.0 and 48.3%, respectively), with a significant rise in tri-hydroxylated forms and a fall in di-hydroxylated anthocyanins. The results of gene expression analyses suggest that the increment in total anthocyanin content is related to a short term increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) expression, mediated by a decrease in MYB4A expression. A longer term increase in UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) expression, probably mediated by a rise in MYBA1 was also observed. Regarding the anthocyanin profile, despite the increase observed in MYB5A expression in PDO and Ethrel treatments, no changes in flavonoid 3 0-hydroxylase (F-3 0-H); flavonoid 3 0 5 0-hydroxylase (F-3 0 5 0-H) or O-methyltransferase (OMT) could be related with the profile modifications described. Overall, this study highlights that application of PDO is a novel means of altering specific grape berry anthocyanins, and could be a means of positively influencing wine quality without the addition of agrochemicals.

Calcium alginate beads containing pomegranate peels’ polyphenol extract were encapsulated by ionic
gelation method. The effects of various formulation factors (sodium alginate concentration, calcium
chloride concentration, calcium chloride exposure time, gelling bath time maintaining, and extract
concentration) on the efficiency of extract loading were investigated. The formulation containing an extract
of 1 g pomegranate peels in 100 mL distilled water encapsulated with 3 % of sodium alginate cured in
0.05 M calcium chloride for 20 minutes and kept in a gelling bath for 15 minutes was chosen as the best
formula regarding the loading efficiency. These optimized conditions allowed the encapsulation of 43.90%
of total extracted polyphenols and 46.34 % of total extracted proanthocyanidins. Microencapsulation of
pomegranate peels’ extract in calcium alginate beads is a promising technique for pharmaceutical and
food supplementation with natural antioxidants.

- by Munira Momin
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- Pectin
- by Aldy Wisnu S
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- Yield, EXTRACTION, Pectin
- by Randriampenohaja A . R . Jens
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- Optimization, Characterization, Mango, Pectin

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Species and hybrids of the genus Miscanthus contain attributes that make them front-runners among current selections of dedicated bioenergy crops. A key trait for plant biomass conversion to biofuels and biomaterials is cell-wall quality; however, knowledge of cell-wall composition and biology in Miscanthus species is limited. This study presents data on cell-wall compositional changes as a function of development and tissue type across selected genotypes, and considers implications for the development of miscanthus as a sustainable and renewable bioenergy feedstock. METHODS: Cell-wall biomass was analysed for 25 genotypes, considering different developmental stages and stem vs. leaf compositional variability, by Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy and lignin determination. In addition, a Clostridium phytofermentans bioassay was used to assess cell-wall digestibility and conversion to ethanol. KEY RESULTS: Important cell-wall compositional differences between miscanthus stem and leaf samples were found to be predominantly associated with structural carbohydrates. Lignin content increased as plants matured and was higher in stem tissues. Although stem lignin concentration correlated inversely with ethanol production, no such correlation was observed for leaves. Leaf tissue contributed significantly to total above-ground biomass at all stages, although the extent of this contribution was genotype-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: It is hypothesized that divergent carbohydrate compositions and modifications in stem and leaf tissues are major determinants for observed differences in cell-wall quality. The findings indicate that improvement of lignocellulosic feedstocks should encompass tissue-dependent variation as it affects amenability to biological conversion. For gene-trait associations relating to cell-wall quality, the data support the separate examination of leaf and stem composition, as tissue-specific traits may be masked by considering only total above-ground biomass samples, and sample variability could be mostly due to varying tissue contributions to total biomass.

- by Ricardo da Costa and +2
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- Bioenergy, FTIR spectroscopy, Plant Cell Walls, Cellulose

... Biocatalysis 1990, 4, 219225 22. HeinrichovA, K., Dzurova, M., Ziolecki, A., and Wojciechowicz, M. ngalacturonandigalacturonohydrolase covalently bound on to a polyacrylamidetype support. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1989, 8, 105107 23. ...... more

- by itziar alkorta
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- Chemistry, Kinetics, Environmental Biotechnology, Enzyme
- by Nawa A-Rohmah Arusqo
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- Pectin

Development of materials for medical applications using biologically derived materials by green approaches is emerging as an important focus in the present healthcare scenario. Herein the first time, we report the plant extract mediated ultra-rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using whole plant extracts of Biophytum sensitivum. Synthesized nanoparticles were immobilized in nano-micro dual-porous calcium pectinate scaffolds for wound dressing application. Pectinate wound dressings containing silver nanoparticles have shown excellent antibacterial property and exudate uptake capacity while being biocompatible to the human cells.

- by Robin Augustine and +1
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- Wound Healing, Green Synthesis of nanoparticles, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Silver Nanoparticles

Water-in-oil-in-water (W 1 /O/W 2) double emulsions are one of the most efficient nutraceutical delivery systems. Our main objective was to compare some emulsion properties of double nano-emulsions loaded with gallic acid in W 1 phase. Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), and pectin-WPC or/Tween 80 were applied as emulsifiers in W 1-O and O-W 2 interfaces, respectively. Our results revealed that complex of pectin-WPC had the same resistance against sedimentation and creaming as Tween 80. The particle size of double emulsions produced by Tween 80 and pectin-WPC were in the range of 98-577 and 100-1520 nm, respectively. Z-potential of double emulsions prepared with pectin-WPC were more negative than −30 mV; so they were more stable during the long term storage. The optimum conditions for preparing WPC-pectin stabilized delivery systems were determined as 5, 75 and 20 (wt. %) PGPR, soybean oil and deionized water, respectively for internal W 1 /O nano-emulsion; and 1, 4, 79 and 16 (wt. %) pectin, WPC, deionized water, and internal nano-emulsion, respectively for the W 1 /O/W 2 emulsions. Student's t-test analysis revealed that except for z-potential, there were no significant differences between emulsifiers (pectin-WPC and Tween 80). The present study demonstrates that pectin-WPC complex can be used as an appropriate emulsifier comparable with Tween 80 for stabilizing double emulsions.

- by Aziz Homayouni Rad
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- WPC, Nanoemulsions, Pectin
- by Sulaiman Sulaiman
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- Chemical Engineering, Crossflow Filtration, Electrostatics, Membrane Technology

Objective(s): The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib using combination of timedependent
polymers with pectin to achieve a colon-specific drug delivery system for celecoxib.
Materials and Methods: Formulations were produced based on two multilevel 22 full factorial designs. The independent
variables were the ratio of drug:time-dependent polymer (X1) and the amount of pectin
in formulations (X2).
Electrospinning process was used for preparation of nanofibers. The spinning solutions were loaded in 5 mL syringes.
The feeding rate was fixed by a syringe pump at 2.0 mL/h and a high voltage supply at range 10-18 kV was applied for
electrospinning. Electrospun nanofibers were collected and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and drug release
in the acid and buffer with pH 6.8 with and without pectinase.
Results: Electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib with appropriate morphological properties were produced via electrospinning
process. Drug release from electrospun nanofibers was very low in the acidic media; while, drug release in the simulated
colonic media was the highest from formulations containing pectin.
Conclusion: Formulation F2 (containing drug:ERS with the ratio of 1:2 and 10% pectin) exhibited acceptable
morphological characteristics and protection of drug in the upper GI tract and could be a good candidate as a colonic drug
delivery system for celecoxib.

- by Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
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- Nanofibers, Electrospinning, Pectin, Celecoxib