Plasticizers Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
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- Dentistry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Polymers, Medicine
- by Steven Howdle
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- Carbon Dioxide, Rheology, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Polymers
- by Antonio Guerrero
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- Engineering, Mechanics, Water, Biotechnology
- by Eva Bonefeld-jørgensen
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- Toxicology, Risk assessment, Gene expression, bisphenol A

Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) and diisono-nylphthalate (DINP) are plasticizers with many impor-tant commercial, industrial and medical applications. However, both DEHP and DINP are rodent peroxisome proliferators (PPs), a class of... more

- by Neil James
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- Archives, Biology, DNA replication, Apoptosis
- by IJPBR Journal
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- Chemistry, Plasticizers, Tensile Strength, Polymeric Films

Plasticizers are chemical additives added into polymers to influence desirable mechanical properties such as processability and ductility. These properties are a result of the association of plasticizer and polymer molecules under the theories of plasticization. This review analyzes, justifies and explore the use of bioplasticizers over phthalate based plasticizers. Owing to health concerns, depletion of crude resources and other factors, there is a gradual drift from traditional phthalate plasticizers to bioplasticizers in the plastic industry. Bioplasticizers are derived mainly from biomass sources including agricultural products, it's by-products and waste. Regardless of the biomass source, ideal bioplasticizers are expected to be non-toxic, highly resistant to leaching, miscible, effective and relatively low in cost. Bioplasticizers such as epoxidized plant oils, cardanol, citrates and Isorbide esters are derived from further modifications of oils and triglyceride, starch and cellulose, citric acids and glycerol. By biomass sources, oils and triglycerides are obtained from oleaginous plants, starch and cellulose from cereals and citric acids from citrus. Citrate plasticizers have good miscibility, biodegradable, resistant to leaching and water and have legal use as additives. The demand for bioplasticizers is reported to increase from 887 kiltonnes in 2016 to 1900 kilotonnes in 2025 with a corresponding revenue of 1124Milliondollars2016to1124 Million dollars 2016 to 1124Milliondollars2016to2683.7 Million dollars by 2025.

- by Samuel M Saabome and +1
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- Chemical Engineering, Materials Science, Polymers, Plasticizers
- by Kresten Ole Kusk and +1
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- Reproduction, Biological Sciences, Copepoda, Animals

Coating has been widely used in pharmaceutical manufacture either as non-functional or a functional entity. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of plasticizers such as PEG400, PEG1000 and triacetin on mechanical properties, glass transition temperature and water vapor transmission of free films prepared from HPMC and/or HPMC:PVA blends, to develop suitable coating system for tablets, and to determine the release profiles of the coated tablets. The tensile strength of plasticized HPMC films was generally lower than that of control HPMC film and could be attributed to increased crystallinity and segmental chain mobility of HPMC. This effect increased as the concentration of plasticizer increased. Generally the addition of both grades of polyethylene glycol (PEG400 & PEG1000) increased the moisture permeability of HPMC films but the films containing triacetin provided a more rigid barrier to moisture compared to unplasticized HPMC films. The dissolution p...

- by Anagha Bhakay and +2
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- Kinetics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Crystallization
- by Francesco Cilurzo and +1
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- Kinetics, FTIR spectroscopy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Polysaccharides

The substance of good quality cement is the necessity of right usefulness. Under various circumstances cement of various level of usefulness is required. A serious level of usefulness is needed in circumstances like profound bars, dainty segments with high level of fortification, shaft and segment intersections, siphoning of cement, tremie cementing, blistering climate cementing and so on The ordinary techniques for improving work¬ability are by improving the degree or expanding the amount of fine total or by expanding the concrete amount. In this study we are presenting review of literatires re;ated to utilization of plasticizers in concrete and its beneficial effects.

- by IJRASET Publication
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- Plasticizers, Strength of materials, Concrete structures, Mineral admixtures
- by Wade Welshons
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- Epidemiology, Metabolism, Humans, HPLC
- by Paola Persico
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- Plasticizers
- by shajahan abdul
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- Biomedical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Technology, Cellulose, Dosage Form
- by Arthur Provatas
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- Plasticizers, Formulations
- by Raul Evangelista
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- Organic Chemistry, Rheology, Crystallization, Starch

The aim of this study was to evaluate tara gum as edible film material as well as the influence of polyols as plasticizers on the properties of the films. Thermomechanical, physicochemical and barrier properties were determined as a function of plasticizer type and concentration. Glycerol, sorbitol and PEG 400 were used in the range of 0.075-0.3g/tarag. Glycerol was the best plasticizer in terms of mechanical properties with the highest elongation (16-44%) and resistance (45-90 MPa). Sorbitol presented the best barrier properties with the lowest hydrophilicity and water vapour permeability (0.24-0.34 g mm m(-2)h(-1) kPa(-1)). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed no significant effect on the structure of the polysaccharide. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that incorporation of plasticizers increased the mobility of the polymer chains and reduced the glass transition and melting temperature by 30 and 100 °C respectively.

- by John Antoniou
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- Thermodynamics, Organic Chemistry, Polymers, Food Packaging

Phthalates (phthalate esters) are a large group of chemical
compounds - phthalic acid esters of the general chemical
structure obtained by the reaction of phthalic anhydride
with alcohols. They are mainly used as plasticizers for
plastic materials, in solvents, in cosmetics and in other
applications. Phthalates are not covalently bonded to the
molecules of the plastic, and they are easily separated
from it by the processes of direct release, migration,
evaporation, leaching, and abrasion. This is a prerequisite
for their penetration into the human organisms in various
ways - ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption and
even intravenously.
The contribution of the different sources in the complex
exposure to phthalates is unknown. Available toxicological
studies are predominantly carried out on animals, but
due to the similarities in the metabolism, phthalates
are suspected to cause health problems in humans as
well. Their acute toxicity is very low, but subchronic
and chronic toxicity of phthalates and their metabolites
are significant. In animal studies, phthalates have been
identified as endocrine disruptors, causing a number of
symptoms, called “phthalate syndrome,” mainly because
of their effects on the male reproductive system. Studies
in young girls have also shown a possible connection
between the shortening of pregnancy, the development of
breast cancer and exposure to phthalates.
Exposure to phthalates relates to all age groups. In the
absence of the relevant human studies is difficult to
fully assess the risk of these compounds to the human
health. In the European Union, legislative measures to
restrict the content of phthalates in packaged food and
beverages, children’s personal care products and toys are
available, as well as measures to regulate the industrial
use of phthalates. A clear statement of the ingredients
of the products would allow consumers to choose the
appropriate alternatives.

- by Roberto Avena and +1
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- Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Escherichia coli, Food Packaging
- by AbdulGaniy Agbaje
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- Geology, Chitosan, Plasticizers, Oranges

TFPB was introduced as a charged ionophore for atropine selective electrodes. Typical Nernstian responses were found (57.78, 58.95 and 58.41 mV/decade) for PVC-membrane electrodes incorporating NPOE, DOS, and DDP as plasticizers. They exhibited practical linear ranges of 9.1 x 10(-3) - 10(-6), 9.1 x 10(-3) - 10(-6) and 9.1 x 10(-3) - 10(-7) M, respectively. It works in the sub-micro scale of atropine concentrations. The optimum pH-range was 3.18 - 8.97. The selectivity coefficient values were estimated for different organic and inorganic cations. They were interpreted by using the "Relative Selectivity Concept", which was introduced for the first time. The new concept was applied for comparing the selectivity properties of previously reported electrodes. The effect of the presence of ephedrine, caffeine, glucose, Na(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) on the calibration graphs of the electrodes was studied.

- by mohsen zareh
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- Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Calibration, Plasticizers
- by Mehran Ghasemlou
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- Organic Chemistry, Water, Rheology, Scanning Electron Microscopy

Background: Dissolvable oral thin films made from biopolymers gain much attention by Pharmaceutical industries due to their fast dissolution capabilities. Objective: To cast the pullulan based film with plasticizer and silver nitrate and to explore the film properties for appearance, thickness, and disintegration and dissolution times for various films. Materials and methods: Aqueous solutions of pullulan (1-5%), 1-5 % of poly ethylene glycol (400, 600 varieties) and 1-10 mM silver nitrate were formulated into films by solvent casting method. Thickness was measured by screw gauge and disintegration and dissolution times were physically observed and reported. Results: Formulated films were clear transparent, translucent and opaque in color. Least values of disintegration (15 sec) and dissolution (37 sec) times were observed and increase in the concentration of polymer and plasticizers increased the disintegration and dissolution times. Conclusion: The prepared pullulan based films can be used as fast dissolving films for systemic delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

- by V.S.Rama Krishna Ganduri and +1
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- Biotechnology, Plasticizers, Dissolution, Polymers Used in Fast Dissolving Films

ABSTRACT: Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained by N-deacetylation of chitin, produced from shellfish waste, which may be employed to elaborate edible films or coatings to enhance shelf life of food products. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nanofiller (cellulose nanofibers, CNF) and plasticizer (glycerol) on tensile properties (tensile strength—TS, elongation at break—EB, and Young's modulus—YM), water vapor permeability (WVP), and glass transition temperature (Tg) of chitosan edible films, and to establish a formulation to optimize their properties. The experiment was conducted according to a central composite design, with 2 variables: CNF (0 to 20 g/100 g) and glycerol (0 to 30 g/100 g) concentrations in the film (on a dry basis), which was produced by the so-called casting technique. Most responses (except by EB) were favored by high CNF concentrations and low glycerol contents. The optimization was based on maximizing TS, YM, and Tg, and decreasing WVP, while maintaining a minimum acceptable EB of 10%. The optimum conditions were defined as: glycerol concentration, 18 g/100 g; and CNF concentration, 15 g/100 g. AFM imaging of films suggested good dispersion of the CNF and good CNF-matrix interactions, which explains the good performance of the nanocomposite films.Practical Application: Chitosan is a biodegradable polymer which may be used to elaborate edible films or coatings to enhance shelf life of foods. This study demonstrates how cellulose nanofibers (CNF) can improve the mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of chitosan films. A nanocomposite film with 15% CNF and plasticized with 18% glycerol was comparable to some synthetic polymers in terms of strength and stiffness, but with poorer elongation and water vapor barrier, indicating that they can be used for applications that do not require high flexibility and/or water vapor barrier. The more important advantage of such films when compared to synthetic polymer films is their environmentally friendly properties.

- by Roberto Maximiliano
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- Chemical Engineering, Food Science, Nanofibers, Food

Any assessment of plastic contamination in the marine environment requires knowledge of the polymer type and the additive content of microplastics. Sequential pyrolysis-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) was applied to simultaneously identify polymer types of microplastic particles and associated organic plastic additives (OPAs). In addition, a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyser was used to identify the inorganic plastic additives (IPAs) contained in these particles. A total of ten particles, which were optically identified as potentially being plastics, were extracted from two sediment samples collected from Norderney, a North Sea island, by density separation in sodium chloride. The weights of these blue, white and transparent fragments varied between 10 and 350 μg. Polymer types were identified by comparing the resulting pyrograms with those obtained from the pyrolysis of selected standard polymers. The par...

- by Dominique Remy
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- Environmental Monitoring, Polymers, Germany, Plasticizers

The purpose of this study was to define coating conditions for the enteric coating of a highly water soluble, acidic tablet core. Acidic tablet cores containing a marker drug were separated into three groups and seal coated to coverage levels of 0% (uncoated, white), 1% (yellow), and 3% (tan) weight gains. By employing a ‘color coding’ scheme, the different seal coated tablets could be coated simultaneously to reduce the number of experiments and eliminate potential differences that may exist during separate coating processes. In addition, an allotment of each coded tablet type was sequentially numbered with a marker pen, weighed, and recorded in order to identify the precise level of enteric coating as well as to monitor the variability of a given coating operation. The tablets were coated with five Eudragit® L30D-based enteric formulations containing different amounts of plasticizer (10–20 parts) and talc (10–50 parts). During each enteric coating process, a predetermined amount of labeled tablets were removed after attaining 6, 8, and 10% weight gains. The labeled tablets were re-weighed, sorted, and then tested using USP disintegration and dissolution methods. Weight gain measurements of individual tablets indicated low coating variability (6.2% RSD) during the enteric coating processes. Dissolution results revealed that all enteric coat formulations inhibited drug release for 2 h in 0.1 N HCl. In contrast, it was found that tablets without a seal coat failed the USP disintegration test. In addition, seal coated tablets exhibited ca. 1.5–5 fold greater drug release at most intermediate sampling time points in phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, than tablets without a seal coat, suggesting that the dissolution of the latter was delayed by the generation of an acidic microenvironment at the interface of the enteric coat/acidic tablet core. Prior to enteric coating an acidic, highly water soluble substrate, a seal coat barrier should be applied to prevent retardation in drug release. A simple strategy utilizing color coding and tablet marking can be employed to test the effect of a seal coat, evaluate enteric coating formulations and process with minimal experimentation and analyses.

- by John Twist
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- Water, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dosage Form, In Vitro
- by Robert Kavlock
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- Expert testimony, Reproduction, Risk assessment, Pregnancy
- by Sima Tajik and +1
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- Organic Chemistry, Polysaccharides, Atomic Force Microscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry
- by Quezia Gomes
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- Engineering, Water, Dental Materials, Immersion
- by Mehran Ghasemlou
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- Organic Chemistry, Water, Rheology, Scanning Electron Microscopy

The synergistic effect of nucleating agents and plasticizers on the thermal and mechanical performance of PLA nanocomposites was investigated with the objective of increasing the crystallinity and balancing the stiffness and toughness of PLA mechanical properties. Calcium carbonate, halloysite nanotubes, talc and LAK (sulfates) were compared with each other as heterogeneous nucleating agents. Both the DSC isothermal and non-isothermal studies indicated that talc and LAK were the more effective nucleating agents among the selected fillers. Poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) acted also as a nucleating agent due to the formation of the PLA stereocomplex. The half crystallization time was reduced by the addition of talc to about 2 min from 37.5 min of pure PLA by the isothermal crystallization study. The dynamic mechanical thermal study (DMTA) indicated that nanofillers acted as both reinforcement fillers and nucleating agents in relation to the higher storage modulus. The plasticized PLA studi...

- by Andrea Lazzeri
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- Organic Chemistry, Crystallization, Nanoparticles, Polymers
- by Eric Jover
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- Water, Glass, Italy, Humans
- by Chien-sen Liao
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- Engineering, Proteomics, Enzymes, Endocrine disruptors

The formations of glycerol (Gly)-plasticized whey protein isolate (WPI)-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) films, blended using different combinations and at different conditions, were investigated. The resulting WPI: Gly-HPMC films were analyzed for mechanical properties, oxygen permeability (OP), and water solubility. Differences due to HPMC quantity and blend method were determined via SAS software. While WPI: Gly and HPMC films were transparent, blend films were translucent, indicating some degree of immiscibility and/or WPI-HPMC aggregated domains in the blend films. WPI: Gly-HPMC films were stronger than WPI: Gly films and more flexible and stretchable than HPMC films, with films becoming stiffer, stronger, and less stretchable as the concentration of HPMC increased. However, WPI: Gly-HPMC blended films maintained the same low OP of WPI: Gly films, significantly lower than the OP of HPMC films. Comparison of mechanical properties and OP of films made by heat-denaturing WPI before and after blending with HPMC did not indicate any difference in degree of cross-linking between the methods, while solubility data indicated otherwise. Overall, while adding HPMC to WPI: Gly films had a large effect on the flexibility, strength, stretchability, and water solubility of the film polymeric network, results indicated that HPMC had no effect on OP through the polymer network. WPI-HPMC blend films had a desirable combination of mechanical and oxygen barrier properties, reflecting the combination of hydrogen-bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bond cross-linking in the blended polymer network.

- by John Krochta
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- Chemical Engineering, Food Science, Biofilms, Polysaccharides
- by Brahmeshwar Mishra and +1
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- Water, Kinetics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Scanning Electron Microscopy

Hemicelluloses represent a largely unutilized resource for future bioderived films in packaging and other applications. However, improvement of film properties is needed in order to transfer this potential into reality. In this context, sepiolite, a fibrous clay, was investigated as an additive to enhance the properties of rye flour arabinoxylan. Composite films cast from arabinoxylan solutions and sepiolite suspensions in water were transparent or semitransparent at additive loadings in the 2.5-10 wt % range. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the sepiolite was well dispersed in the arabinoxylan films and sepiolite fiber aggregation was not found. FT-IR spectroscopy provided some evidence for hydrogen bonding between sepiolite and arabinoxylan. Consistent with these findings, mechanical testing showed increases in film stiffness and strength with sepiolite addition and the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) plasticizer addition. Incorporation of sepiolite did not significantly influence the thermal degradation or the gas barrier properties of arabinoxylan films, which is likely a consequence of sepiolite fiber morphology. In summary, sepiolite was shown to have potential as an additive to obtain stronger hemicellulose films although other approaches, possibly in combination with the use of sepiolite, would be needed if enhanced film barrier properties are required for specific applications.

- by Mikael Hedenqvist
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- Chemical Engineering, Nanofibers, Humans, Permeability
- by Luis M Morales Ticona
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- Kinetics, Cellulose, Plasticizers, Solubility
- by Ralph Garruto
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- Electron Microscopy, Motor neuron, Immunohistochemistry, Female
- by zahra emam-djomeh
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- Organic Chemistry, Water, Rheology, Scanning Electron Microscopy
- by Olwenn Martin
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- Water Purification, Risk, Ecology, Environmental Monitoring

Twenty four children’s toys and child care articles available in the local market of India were analyzed for eight phthalates as children toys are plasticized with phthalates. All toy samples showed the presence of one or more phthalates including di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (96% of the samples), di-iso-nonyl phthalate and di-iso-decyl phthalate (42% of the samples) at a concentration ranging from 0.1% to 16.2%. Soft toys contain higher levels of phthalates as compared to hard toys as primary function of phthalates is softening of hard plastic materiel.

- by Ramakant Sahu
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- Child Care, India, Environmental Sciences, Humans

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of two plasticizers, i.e., triethyl citrate (TEC) and polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) on the in vitro release kinetics of diclofenac sodium from sustained-release pellets. Ammonio methacrylate copolymer type B (Eudragit RS 30 D) is used as the release-retarding polymer. Both plasticizers were used at 10% and 15% (w/w) of Eudragit RS 30 D. Pellets were prepared by powder layering technology and coated with Eudragit RS 30 D by air suspension technique. Thermal properties of drug and drug-loaded beads were studied using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). DSC thermogram represented the identity of raw materials and exhibited no interaction or complexation between the active and excipients used in the pelletization process. Dissolution study was performed by using USP apparatus 1. No significant difference was observed among the physical properties of the coated pellets of different batches. When dissolution was performed as pure drug, about 8.22% and 90% drug was dissolved at 2 h in 0.1 N HCl and at 30 min in buffer (pH 6.8), respectively. From all formulations, the release of drug in acid media was very negligible (maximum 1.8 ± 0.08% at 2 h) but in buffer only 12% and 30% drug was released at 10 h from coated pellets containing TEC and PEG 6000, respectively, indicating that Eudragit RS 30 D significantly retards the drug release rate and that drug release was varied according to the type and amount of plasticizers used. The amount of TEC in coating formulation significantly effected drug release (p < 0.001), but the effect of PEG 6000 was not significant. Formulations containing PEG 6000 released more drug (98.35 ± 2.35%) than TEC (68.01 ± 1.04%) after 24 h. Different kinetic models like zero order, first order, and Higuchi were used for fitting drug release pattern. Zero order model fitted best for diclofenac release in all formulations. Drug release mechanism was derived with Korsmeyer equation.

- by Jinyang Hong and +2
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- Water, Kinetics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- by Begum Yurdakok
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- Chemistry, Food Safety, Prostate Cancer, Medicine
- by Raymond Azar
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- Pharmaceutics, Humans, Cholesterol, Female