Unconfined Compression Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy by an... more

- by Catherine Mulligan
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- Geology, Heavy metals, United States, Heavy Metal
- by Sergio Perez Jimeno
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- Civil Engineering, Materials Science, Architecture, Soil Mechanics
- by Daniela Vega Araujo
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- Soil Mechanics
- by Ibtehaj Taha Jawad
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- Environmental Science, Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Stabilization, Cement
- by Mona Malekzadeh
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- Materials Science, Geotechnical Engineering, Fiber, Polypropylene

Carpet waste fibres have a higher volume to weight ratio and once discarded into landfills, these fibres occupy a larger volume than other materials of similar weight. This research evaluates the efficiency of two types of carpet waste fibre as sustainable soil reinforcing materials to improve the shear strength of clay. A series of consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial compression tests were carried out to study the shear strength of reinforced clays with 1% to 5% carpet waste fibres. The results indicated that carpet waste fibres significantly improve the effective shear stress ratio and deviator stress of the host soil. Addition of 1%, 3% and 5% carpet fibres could improve the effective shear stress ratio of the unreinforced soil by 17.6%, 53.5% and 70.6%, respectively at an initial effective consolidation stress of 200 kPa. In this study, a nonlinear regression model was developed based on a modified form of the hyperbolic model to predict the relationship between effective shear...

- by Mostafa Mohamed
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- Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Materials Science
- by Jukka Jurvelin
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- Computer Science, Finite element method, Kinesiology, Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Gypsum soils are considered to be a class of problematic soils which cause severe damage to highways and many other engineering infrastructures. They have an acceptable strength and stiffness in their natural state, but often have low strength and large settlement when soaked. This article presents the results from an experimental investigation into the mechanical behaviour of two artificial clay-gypsum soils. Experimental tests including Atterberg limits, compaction, settlement, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio were carried out on samples of clay–gypsum soil with different percentages of gypsum. The results indicated that the maximum dry unit weight decreased and optimum water content increased by increasing the gypsum content. Furthermore, settlement, strength and California bearing ratio values were considerably decreased by increasing the gypsum content before and after soaking.

- by Akbar Javadi
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- Materials Engineering, Civil Engineering, Materials Science, Gypsum
- by Athina Markaki
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- Materials Science, Biomaterials, Multidisciplinary, Specific surface area

Improvement of strength of the soil may be undertaken by a variety of ground improvement techniques like stabilization of soil, adoption of reinforced earth techniques etc. Reinforced earth technique is considered as an effective ground improvement method because of its cost effectiveness, easy adaptability and reproducibility. In the present investigation, the effect of randomly distributed coir fibers on strength behavior of cohesive soil was studied. Locally available cohesive soil (CL) is used as medium and coir fibers with three aspect ratios (l/d = 75, 100 and 125) are used as reinforcement. Soil is compacted to standard Proctor's maximum density with low percentage of reinforcement (0 to 1.6% by weight of oven-dried soil). Direct shear tests, unconfined compression tests and CBR tests were conducted on un-reinforced as well as fiber-reinforced soil to investigate the strength characteristics of fiber-reinforced soil. The test results reveal that the inclusion of randomly ...

- by Pradip Kumar Pradhan
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- by Pradip Kumar Pradhan
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- Civil Engineering, Materials Science, Polypropylene, Shear Strength

Effects of stabilization with cement on mechanical properties of cohesive soil - sandy- -silty clay. Ground improvement as a result of stabilization with cement has its impact on soft soils such as sandy clay in engineering constructions. Stabilized soils are also used in foundation design, where improvement of mechanical properties is needed. Because of these reasons, knowledge of physical and mechanical properties is needed. The relationship stress - strain of soils stabilized with cement is often unclear and strength characteristics need to be clear. In this paper results of physical and mechanical properties soil stabilized with cement are presented

- by Wojciech Sas
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- Environmental Science

Soil stabilization is widely used by geotechnical engineers in the world to increase soil strength, soil compressibility and reduce the permeability. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of adding different materials to the silty clayey soil (i.e. polypropylene fibers, lime and ceramic) and to figure out how the compressibility behave under mixture soil and these stabilized material at different percent (investigation their effect on the value of settlement). Silty clay soil it is used in this research in the geotechnical laboratories of the University of Wasit and the samples of soil are subjected to two main stress level using one-dimensional compression apparatus (i.e. 40KP and 80 KPa) for both untreated and treated (stabilized) soil with additives. A total of 48 hours of loading time is used and conventional reading rate for one-dimensional compression test is followed. Two main percentages (i.e. 1.5% and 3.5%) from the total weight of soil specimens and they ...

- by Hiba Saleem
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- Civil Engineering

Conventionally, clay is the material of choice for construction of earth dam cores/ embankments dues to its low hydraulic conductivity. Also, undrained behavior of composite clays in its natural or compacted state e.g., core material of embankment dams has a great importance for the geotechnical engineers. A series of tests on unreinforced and reinforced clay specimens on direct shear box, split tension strength, and hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out to investigate the structural and hydraulic performance of polypropylene fibre reinforced clay. Samples were tested with addition at nine different percentages (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 1, 2 and 3%) fibre content by weight of soil. The test results were clearly showed that the shear strength parameters (c, φ) of soil has improved when addition in fibre content as well as in splitting tensile strength. Also, the tests result, revealed that hydraulic conductivity K decreased as the fibre content increased. The reinforcem...

- by Issoufou Amani Chitou
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Calcareous soils, locally known as marls, are extensively exploited in the construction of highways and building foundations. Despite their wide prevalence all-over the world, a review of the literature indicates that calcareous soils have received little attention from the geotechnical community. Therefore, this comprehensive research program was devoted to study first the characterization and the geotechnical properties of eastern Saudi calcareous soils.

- by Habib-ur-Rehman Ahmed
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- Engineering

The in vivo biocompatibility and toxicity of PVA/NOCC scaffold were tested by comparing them with those of a biocompatible inert material HAM in a rat model. On Day 5, changes in the blood parameters of the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats were significantly higher than those of the control. The levels of potassium, creatinine, total protein, A/G, hemoglobulin, erythrocytes, WBC, and platelets were not significantly altered in the HAM-implanted rats, when compared with those in the control. On Day 10, an increase in potassium, urea, and GGT levels and a decrease in ALP, platelet, and eosinophil levels were noted in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, when compared with control. These changes were almost similar to those noted in the HAM-implanted rats, except for the unaltered potassium and increased neutrophil levels. On Day 15, the total protein, A/G, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil levels remained unaltered in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, whereas urea, A/G, WBC, lymphocyte, and monocyte lev...

- by Tunku Kamarul Zaman
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- Chemistry, Tissue Engineering, Chitosan, Immunohistochemistry
- by István Fábián
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- Multidisciplinary
- by Tomasz Brynk
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- Engineering, Acoustics, Tissue Engineering, Biological Sciences

Mechanical stimulation is essential for chondrocyte metabolism and cartilage matrix deposition. Traditional methods for evaluating developing tissue in vitro are destructive, time consuming, and expensive. Nondestructive evaluation of engineered tissue is promising for the development of replacement tissues. Here we present a novel instrumented bioreactor for dynamic mechanical stimulation and nondestructive evaluation of tissue mechanical properties and extracellular matrix (ECM) content. The bioreactor is instrumented with a video microscope and load cells in each well to measure tissue stiffness and an ultrasonic transducer for evaluating ECM content. Chondrocyte-laden hydrogel constructs were placed in the bioreactor and subjected to dynamic intermittent compression at 1 Hz and 10% strain for 1 h, twice per day for 7 days. Compressive modulus of the constructs, measured online in the bioreactor and offline on a mechanical testing machine, did not significantly change over time. ...

- by Kristi Anseth
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- Materials Science, Stress, Ultrasound, Nondestructive Evaluation
- by Muawia Dafalla
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- by Barbara Boyan
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- Biomedical Engineering, Hydrogels, Humans, Cartilage
- by Debi Kanungo
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- Polymers

Sand or fine is a typical product in many processing of oil production from unconsolidated and weakly consolidated formations. High variation of in situ stress, fluid production rate above maximum sand-free rate, and water production are main primary sources of the sand production. Sand production can cause hazardous operational problems to the facilities, pipes, and wellbore. Hence, it is a significant problem that requires to be managed and studied. To minimize the operational impacts of particle migration, chemical consolidators/stabilizers can be utilized to alter surface properties of sand and formation particles. The decreasing zeta potential besides increasing the cohesion between sand and formation particles could result in controlled sand production. However, understanding the mechanism and application of chemical methods to alleviate sand production is not well-discussed. This study presents and discusses chemical consolidator/stabilizer agents, which may be applied for ma...

- by Hadi Bagherzadeh
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- by Lindomar Lucas Stankievicz
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- Environmental Engineering

In this study, cement-treated waste sand as a by-product material produced from Al-Ahsa quarries (Saudi Arabia) was experimentally tested and investigated as a base course material for the foundation of structures and roads. The study aimed to use the waste sand as a construction material by improving its strength, bearing capacity, and stiffness. The waste sand was mixed with different percentages of Portland cement content (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) at the maximum dry density and optimum water content of the standard Proctor compaction conditions of a non-treated sample. Unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests for different curing times were conducted. X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser-scanning microscopy (LSM), and X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) were used to explore the microstructure and composition of the treated sand. The results showed that the compressive strength, initial tangent modulus, and CBR of the treated sand increase with the increase in cement con...

- by Faisal Shalabi
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- Engineering, Materials, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Articular cartilage from a material science point of view is a soft network composite that plays a critical role in load-bearing joints during dynamic loading. Its composite structure, consisting of a collagen fiber network and a hydrated proteoglycan matrix, gives rise to the complex mechanical properties of the tissue including viscoelasticity and stress relaxation. Melt electrospinning writing allows the design and fabrication of medical grade polycaprolactone (mPCL) fibrous networks for the reinforcement of soft hydrogel matrices for cartilage tissue engineering. However, these fiber-reinforced constructs underperformed under dynamic and prolonged loading conditions, suggesting that more targeted design approaches and material selection are required to fully exploit the potential of fibers as reinforcing agents for cartilage tissue engineering. In the present study, we emulated the proteoglycan matrix of articular cartilage by using highly negatively charged star-shaped poly(eth...

This paper reports the method and mechanism for improving the strength of marl and desert sand utilizing electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), an industrial by-product, in lieu of cement or lime. EAFD was used in conjunction with a small quantity (2%) of cement. The mechanical properties and durability characteristics of marl and sand mixed with 2% cement plus 5-, 10-, 20- or 30%-EAFD, by weight of the soil, were evaluated. The soil-cement-EAFD mixtures were used to determine their unconfined compressive strength (UCS), soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and durability. The risk of leaching of toxic heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from the stabilized soils to the groundwater was also investigated. The mechanisms of stabilization of the selected soils due to the use of EAFD along with a small quantity of cement are also elucidated. The usage of 20 to 30% EAFD with 2% cement was noted to considerably improve the mechanical properties and durability of both marl and sand.

- by Mohammed Maslehuddin
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- by Kepa Morgan
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- Materials Engineering, Civil Engineering, Construction Materials

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using lime–slag stabilized loess as base-course material by assessing its unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Loess stabilized with various mix ratios were compacted and cured to three, five, seven, and 28 days, respectively, for further strength tests. The effects of binder content, lime-to-slag (L/S) ratio, porosity, and curing time on the UCS of stabilized loess were addressed in detail. The test results show that UCS increases with the increase in binder content or curing time, and it gains strength rapidly within the first seven days of curing. At the same binder content, UCS decreases with the decrease in L/S ratio or porosity. Finally, the correlations of UCS with binder content, porosity, and curing time were derived, which exhibited reasonable correlation coefficients R2 (from 0.86 to 0.97).

- by Sin-Mei Lim
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- Sustainability

- by Sin-Mei Lim
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- Sustainability
- by István Bányai
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- Multidisciplinary

Various factors, including the thermal stabilization and the presence of chemicals such as bentonite for the protection of nuclear waste lead to the exposure of clay soil to the heat. Besides, the presence of large amounts of carbonate as one of the main components of clay soils, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions, and its effect on the soil engineering properties emphasize the necessity to study the combined effect of heat and carbonate on the engineering behavior of clay soils. Accordingly, the present paper studies the interaction of clay-bentonite, clay-lime, and clay-fiber at high temperatures and its effect on the properties of clay soils. In this regard, a series of macro-structural experiments are conducted. The different thermal levels considered in the present study, according to the previous research, are 0 to 900. The soil behavior is investigated using numerical and laboratory methods. The experiments conducted in this area include the weight changes and the unconfined compressive strength of the soil. The effect of using the bentonite and fiber on the strength indicates that at a given temperature, increasing the percentage of bentonite leads to increased strength. In addition, the rate of increase is different at different temperatures, so that the highest increase occurs for the addition of 30% bentonite to the soil, reaching the unconfined compressive strength to 1.88 times the control sample. However, adding 0.5% fiber and 4% lime shows the maximum strength.

- by Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application
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The impact generated by the waste from the steel industry has prompted a series of discussions about the most environmentally friendly forms of final destination, such as reuse of byproducts resulting from the process of metal alloy generation. This is even more relevant after the environmental disaster in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015, when a tailings dam broke, causing widespread destruction of towns and pollution of rivers. To mitigate these problems, this paper presents the results of ongoing studies for the characterization of silicon-manganese iron slag and its potential application in mixtures with soil for the construction of base and subbase layers of highway pavement. Some methods used are traditional, such as measurement of granulometry, bulk density, absorption and Los Angeles abrasion. Others have more recently been applied to characterize aggregates, like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and aggregate image measurement (AIM). Complementarily, due to the vitreous appearance the slag, ductility results are reported, obtained according to degradation after Proctor compaction testing and determination of shock loss in a Treton apparatus. Finally, the results already obtained, along with those of studies with the same material for rail ballast and asphalt concrete, show that silicon-manganese iron slag presents geotechnical properties compatible with those established in the specifications for use in base and subbase layers of highways.

- by IJAERS Journal
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The rate at which plastic waste is generated yearly is alarming and proper disposal poses a serious problem. Particularly, recycling ratio of the plastic wastes in life and industry is low and many of them have been reclaimed for the reason of unsuitable ones for incineration. It is necessary to utilize the wastes effectively with technical development in each field. This study presents a simple way of recycling plastic waste in the field of civil engineering as reinforcing material. Reinforcing of soil in construction is an efficient and reliable technique for improving the strength and stability of soils. The technique is used in a variety of applications, ranging from retaining structures and embankments to subgrade stabilization beneath footings and pavements. This research experimentally studied the influence of shredded plastic waste on two types of soil (clayey soil and sandy soil) at different mixing ratios (0, 5, 10 & 15)% by weight respectively. For the two types of soils, a series of compaction tests were performed on soil samples mixed with different percentages of waste pieces to determine the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC). In addition, the reinforced samples were investigated by the CBR test to determine it strength, the CBR values at (0, 5, 10 and 15)% were (2.07, 3.08, 3.90 and 5.13)% for clay soil and (32.7, 41.4, 53.94 and 59.88)% for sandy soil respectively. It was found that, there is significant improvement in the strength of soils due to increase in the percentage of the plastic waste. The percentage of increase in the strength for sandy soil is slightly more than that in clayey soil. Also, it was concluded that the plastic pieces decreases the maximum dry density of the soil due to their low specific gravity and decreases the optimum moisture content. It can therefore be concluded that plastic waste is a promising soil reinforcement.

- by IJAERS Journal
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—Concrete is a material used on a large scale in civil construction. In concrete plants, it is manufactured by concrete mixer trucks and this process consumes a large quantity of drinking water. In addition to the production of concrete, the water used to wash the concrete mixer trucks should also be considered, since this also generates a considerable amount of residual water that cannot be disposed of without prior treatment. As such, the objective of this study is to reuse the waste water generated by the washing of the mixer trucks in the production of concrete, thus avoiding the consumption of drinking water, considering that the reuse of this waste water doesn't require chemical treatment. Three compositions were developed: A reference composition produced with drinking water; a composition with 50% drinking water and 50% residual water; and a composition with 100% of residual water. To analyze the concrete, its properties were checked in the fresh and the hardened state, assessing the workability through the slump test and its compressive strength at 14 days and 28 days. In total, 9 test specimens were molded in accordance with age, which meant 3 specimens per composition. The results showed that the concrete produced with the residual water presented the same compression strength as the concrete that used drinking water. It is estimated that a replacement of up to 50% should be used, since the composition containing 50% of residual water showed the greatest gains in strength in relation to the other compositions.

- by IJAERS Journal
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- Environmental Engineering

—The overdependence on the usage of industrially manufactured soil improved or conventional additives have resulted in unaffordable cost of construction of better infrastructure in Third World and poor countries which are mostly agriculturally dependent across Globe. This study is aimed at studying the mechanical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with mixture of conventional and locally available additives. Soil samples collected from the study area were subjected to laboratory tests (i.e. Grain Size and Atterberg Limits tests) after stabilized with cement, ESA and RHA additives at proportion of 2% to 10% by sample weight. It is observed that the LL, PL and PI values varied from 30.1% to 35.5%, 9.9% to 12.5% and 20.1% to 23.2% respectively for sample A. While LL, PL and PI values varied from 35.2% to 41.5%, 10.8% to 14.5% and 24.4% to 27.1% respectively for sample B. It could be generally observed that PI values reduced while PL values increased for the soil samples after increase in addition of cement additive from 6% to 8%. All the LL, PL and PI values also reduced as the percentage of RHA additive added increased. Soil sample A has group classifications of A – 2 – 6 while soil sample B has A – 7 and tend towards A – 2-6 and A-6 after stabilization. The stabilization process using local additives as partial replacement of conventional one generally improved the soils Engineering properties. Though it is more felt in ESA than RHA. Further research work should be carried out.

- by IJAERS Journal
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- Soil Science

— Roads play a significant part in the development of nation. They are life saver giving a smooth stream of man and materials. With the expanding of populace and the lessening of accessible land, road developments and other structural building structures must be done on weak or delicate soil. Inferable from such soil of weak shear quality and high swelling and shrinkage, an extraordinary decent variety of ground change methods, for example, soil adjustment and reinforcement are utilized to enhance mechanical conduct of soil, in this way improving the dependability of development. This article covers roadway development in Black cotton soils (BC soils) and furthermore depicts a case history of interstate development in thruway development in Black cotton soils. The reason for this investigation is to decide the ideal dosage of the stabilizer, which enhances the quality which is appropriate for pavement structure. The outcome demonstrates that the utilization of sand in mix builds the California Bearing Ratio values(CBR). Keywords— Black cotton soil, Fly ash, lime concrete, coarse aggregate, sand, CBR, density and stabilization.

- by IJAERS Journal
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- Civil Engineering

— This paper presents a study on the properties of soil stabilized by using lime and egg shell powder. Tests were conducted to assess the potential of egg shell powder in replacing lime, which can make the overall stabilization process economical and eco-friendly. Results obtained show that all the treated mixes gave much better strength than untreated soil. Egg shell powder was introduced in quantities of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of the weight of soil. Tests were conducted replacing up to 50% of the lime used for stabilization. It was observed that 25% replacement of lime by egg shell powder gave better strength properties and can be adopted for practical purposes.

- by IJAERS Journal
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- Soil Science

Stabilization of soil is important to enhance the engineering properties of expansive soil like strength, volume stability and durability. The Black cotton soils are very hard when dry, but lose its strength completely when in wet condition Expansive soils (black cotton soil) are a worldwide problem that poses several challenges for civil Engineers. In this research has been made to stabilize the soil using Fly ash and Lime. Experimental work has been carried out with 10%, 20%, and 30% of Fly ash as well 5 %, 10 % and 15% of lime content. The experimental work is based on different percentages of Fly ash and lime content in soil on tests for soil Atterberg limit, California Bearing Ratio test, Unconfined Compression Test and Standard Proctor Test. The aim of this project was done by utilizing binding materials to improve the engineering properties of the black cotton soil.

Soil Cement with admixture can be used together to get the more stabilized subgrade on roads. When the soil is mixed with cement and then with admixture the properties of the soil get changed. The aim of the study is to review on stabilization of subgrade using soil cement with admixtures. In the experiment the soil sample has been taken from the Vadodara region, the soil is found granular soil with sufficient fines and many laboratory tests has been conducted on that soil sample and soil cement with admixtures with varying percentage of cement and admixture. The experiments which have performed are Standard Proctor Test, California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR) & Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) by adding 5 %, 10%, 15%, 20% of the cement content by volume of dry soil and the Admixture which has used is Lime of 5% by weight of the dry soil. Lime is chosen because lime alters the nature of the adsorbed layer and gives pozzolanic action.

Clay soils and their related abnormal behavior such as excessive shrinkage, swelling, consolidation settlement and cracking on drying has been the subject of many investigations. In recent years, an increasing need is being felt for various types of constructions in marginal, low or reclaimed lands and coastal areas which are not suitable normally for construction purposes. Clays, well known for its high compressibility and poor shear strength, pose numerous problems to builders. Previous studies mainly evaluated the effects of additives such as lime, cement and sand on these characteristics of clays. Initial results indicated that the soil characteristics were improved. However, reportedly in many cases, these additives resulted in a decrease in plasticity and increase in hydraulic conductivity. As a result, there has been a growing interest in soil/fiber reinforcement. The present investigation has focused on the impact of short random fiber inclusion on consolidation settlement in compacted clays. To examine the possible improvements in the consolidation characteristics, local clayey soil was reinforced with random distribution of polypropylene (synthetic) and coir (natural) fibers as percentage (0-1% at an increment of 0.2%) of dry weight of soil with 10, 15 and 20 mm lengths. Results indicated that the compression index and coefficient of volume change decrease with inclusion of polypropylene/coir fibers in the soil up to certain fiber content and increase thereafter. The coefficient of consolidation increases with increase in fiber content and fiber length in the range of fibers considered in the investigation. Thus, the time required to achieve primary consolidation decreases for fiber-reinforced soil for a given degree of consolidation and a given drainage path.

- by Lucas Chagas Paes Menezes
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- by Dr. Noman D Salih
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- Tissue Engineering, Chitosan, Immunohistochemistry, Hydrogels
- by Mohammed Shukri AL-Zoubi
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— Many studies have been conducted these last years to investigate the influence of randomly oriented fibers on the mechanical behavior of soils. Yet, few or no studies investigate the influence of Silt on the mechanical behavior of Sand. Therefore, this experimental work has been performed to investigate the influence of Silt on the mechanical behavior of Sand. This experimental work was conducted while using Oedometric apparatus and Proctor mold. The aim is to gradually increase the Silt percentage (0%; 25%; 50%; and 75%) in the Sand and to gradually investigate its mechanical behavior. For all tests, Compaction and Oedometric curves were derived and their results were compared. The results proved that inclusion of Silt affects compaction and Oedometric behaviour of Sand. Keywords— Sand, Silt, Proctor test and Oedometric test.

- by Ndepete Cyrille and +1
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- Soils Mechanics

— The rapid expansion in the civil and industrial activities in the eastern area of Saudi Arabia has made the improvement of local soils an indispensable task. It is essential for the designers and builders to be able to select an appropriate stabilizer to fulfill the engineering, environmental and economic requirements of the local soils. This study is to evaluate the economic utilization as well as the possibility of improving the mechanical properties of local soils utilizing indigenous industrial by-products, such as oil fuel ash (OFA), cement kiln dust (CKD) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). Three types of eastern Saudi soils, namely sand, non-plastic marl and sabkha, were treated with different dosages of the selected industrial by-products. The mechanical properties of the stabilized soils were evaluated by determining the unconfined compressive strength and the durability of the developed mixtures. Micro-characterization methods, such as x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were utilized to qualitatively study the mechanisms of soil stabilization due to the use of the selected industrial by-products. Results of this investigation indicated that non-plastic marl stabilized with 7% cement was found to be suitable for base course in rigid pavements while the same soil stabilized with 5% cement or with 30% EAFD plus 2% cement or with 30% CKD plus 2% cement was found to be suitable for sub-base course. Non-plastic marl stabilized with 20% EAFD plus 2% cement was found to be suitable as a sub-base in rigid pavements. Dune sand stabilized with 7% cement or with 30% CKD plus 2% cement or with 20% EAFD plus 2% cement was found to be suitable for sub-base course in rigid pavements. Sand stabilized with 30% EAFD was found to be an appropriate material for sub-base in flexible pavements. However, sabkha stabilized with 7% cement or with 30% CKD plus 2% cement was found to be suitable for sub-base course in rigid pavements.

- by IJAERS Journal
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- Disinfection by-products, CBR, XRD, Stabilization and Reconstruction
- by Martin Stolz and +1
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- Biomedical Engineering, Elasticity, Humans, Animals
- by Dr. Alaadin Bukhari
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