archaeology in Iraq Research Papers (original) (raw)

Following the devastation of the northern Iraqi city of Mosul by the
Islamic State (IS), UNESCO launched a project to ‘Revive the Spirit of
Mosul’. This article critically reflects on this UNESCO-led project, drawing
on 47 interviews with Syrians and Iraqis, as well as documenting the
implications of UNESCO’s efforts in earlier (post-)conflict heritage reconstruction
projects in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Mali. Specifically, this
article focuses on two sites in Mosul, both deliberately destroyed by the
IS and both nominated by UNESCO for reconstruction. The data analysed
reveal that heritage reconstruction projects, especially in complex (post-)
conflict environments such as Iraq, requires ongoing, nuanced and careful
engagement with local populations to succeed. Failure to do so
leaves both local people and their heritage sites vulnerable to renewed
attacks and therefore ultimately undermines UNESCO’s broader mission
to foster peace.

- by and +1
- •
- Anthropology, Peace and Conflict Studies, Cultural Heritage, Heritage Studies

Od roku 2016 prebieha v južnej Mezopotámii jeden z najvýznamnejších projektov v dejinách slovenskej archeológie. Ide o archeologický Projekt SAHI – Tell Jokha. Báda dôležitú lokalitu, na ktorej podľa aktuálneho stavu vedeckého skúmania... more

- by Drahoslav Hulínek and +2
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- Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Mesopotamian Archaeology, Mesopotamia History
- by Louise Belfrage
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- Museum Studies, Cultural Heritage, Syria, World Cultural Heritage

This booklet has been produced to explain the history and contents
of the Slemani museum, which is the second largest museum in Iraq
and the largest in Iraqi Kurdistan. The museum has several important
missions among them the enhancement of the public knowledge and
awareness concerning the history of Kurdistan, a region
distinguished as a “crossroads” of civilizations. We hope many
people will enjoy the rich artefacts exhibited in our museum and
obtain from its displays reliable knowledge relating to the history of
the Kurdistan region. May this booklet serve as a helpful companion
during your visit.

The first season of the Tell Jokha Slovak-Iraqi archaeological project by the Slovak Archaeological and Historical Institute (SAHI) took place in 2016. This year´s research began on 03 December 2016 and ended on 18 December 2016. Four... more

- by Drahoslav Hulínek and +1
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- Near Eastern Archaeology, Mesopotamian Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Sumerian

ABSTRACT: The following 58 questions follow the documentary (no.6), PBS: The Lost Gardens of Babylon (60 minutes) (2014; 60 min.). The question sheet aids in furnishing a summary of the documentary's coverage and sequence of specific topics. A very good documentary detailing Stephanie Dalley's theory about the later traditions concerning the "(Hanging) Gardens of Babylon " as reflecting an actual origin and location in King Sennecherib's garden at Nineveh, over 100 years earlier (ca. early 7th century BCE) and at a site much further to the north (i.e., at Sennecherib's palace at Nineveh, in Assyria, versus in Nebuchadnezzar II's palace at Babylon). WEB LINK: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-gardens-of-babylon-watch-the-full-episode/1203/. The documentary introduces some of the traditions and evidence concerning the location and date of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and proceeds to Dalley's research and theories for equating it with an earlier garden built by Sennacherib beside his palace at Nineveh: This earlier garden is attested from diverse evidence in the British Museum (e.g., a cuneiform prism; palace wall panels), publications on earlier excavations at Nineveh, recent visits to and assessments of key sites in Iraq (e.g., Khinis; Jerwan; Nineveh), plus consultation with other specialists (e.g., Dr. Jason Ur: using Corona satellite imagery analysis and landscape interpretation). A very enjoyable documentary showing features and issues in both Ancient and modern Iraq.

- by Gregory Mumford
- •
- Ancient History, Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Anthropology

A todos quienes de manera más o menos estrecha me han ayudado durante todos estos años y animado ante el desaliento y la confusión. Aunque queden en el anonimato de estas páginas no lo es así en mi corazón. A todos ellos corresponden... more

Between 1930 and 1932 C. L. Woolley and his staff investigated the so-called “archaic” levels of the Ziqqurat Terrace, namely the sanctuary of the moon-god Nanna at Ur. Two superimposed phases (Archaic II-I) of a large complex consisting of a rectangular boundary wall and domestic-like buildings were exposed. This paper aims at re-assessing the Archaic I phase evidence in the light of both the unpublished archives and the original materials of the Ur excavation kept in the British Museum (London) and in the Penn Museum (Philadelphia). The outcome of this paper is a new discussion of the use of space and the chronological framework of this phase, in order to throw more light on one of the most important sanctuaries of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia.

This paper uses Iraq as a case study via which to begin to investigate the complex inter-relationships between cultural and historical destruction on the one hand and identity politics and sectarian violence on the other. This paper argues that the unprecedented scale and magnitude of the destruction of Iraq’s cultural history has played a part in eroding the various intersecting and overlapping versions of identity politics in Iraq. In turn, this has provided fertile ground for sectarians to plant the seeds of their own narrow and deadly ideologies. This has brought about the rise of ethno-religious based violence and seen a series of bloody and protracted conflicts emerge between previously peaceful and compatible factions. What is of particular interest here is that much of the cultural and historical landscape that has been destroyed since 2003 had come to play an important role in developing the notion of a collective Iraqi identity as promulgated by the Baathist regime. For example, under the rule of Saddam Hussein, Iraq underwent an extensive nation building campaign consisting of projects as diverse as the reconstruction of key archaeological sites, a reinvigoration of traditional Iraqi folklore and festivals, and the extension of state libraries and museums. While identity politics was and remains a complex and contested field in Iraq, the nation’s cultural history was central to the formation of a variety of different identities in Iraq and garnered at least some degree of social cohesion and inclusion. The chapter begins by briefly detailing the role that Iraq’s cultural heritage has played in building national identity and social cohesion since 1968. It then catalogues some of the more significant cultural and historical destruction that has occurred in Iraq since 2003. Finally, this paper tentatively examines the extent to which this destruction has had implications for the rise of ethno-religious sectarianism and violence.

- by Benjamin Isakhan
- •
- Military History, Cultural History, Cultural Studies, Political Sociology
- by Vance Tiede
- •
- Iranian Archaeology, Zoroastrianism, Silk Road Studies, History of Astronomy

Much of our perception of Babylon in the West is filtered through the poignant echoes of loss and longing that resonate in the Hebrew Bible. The lamenting exiles of Judah craved a return to their lost homeland after the sack of Jerusalem in 587 BC and their forcible removal by Nebuchadnezzar to the alien floodlands of the Euphrates. But to see Babylon only as an adjunct to Old Testament history is misleading. A Short History of Babylon explores the ever-changing city that shaped world history for two millennia.

- by Karen Radner
- •
- Ancient History, Ancient Near East, Babylon, Old Babylonian period

The history of the city of Amadiya goes back as far as ancient Assyria and it has probably existed even prior to that due to its strategic place on the flat top of a mountain. It was an Assyrian city known as Amedi from the 25th century... more

- by David Vanderper
- •
- History, Ancient History, Geography, Geology

العدد 317 من مجلة الثقافة الجديدة التي تصدر في بغداد. صدر اول اعدادها عام 1953.
Journal of (The New Culture), Iraq, Issue 317

- by Emad Abdel Azeem
- •
- Ancient History, Iraqi History, Mesopotamian Archaeology, Mesopotamia History

Cambridge 1970 Ph.D. Dissertation

- by julian E reade
- •
- Ancient History, Art History, Assyriology, Assyrian archaeology

This paper examines the systematic efforts to dismantle or destroy the symbolic dimension of the Baathist regime in Iraq since 2003. It argues that while the Baath were undeniably cruel and oppressive, they did undertake one of the twentieth century’s most robust attempts to utilise the political power of historical memory to create a unified Iraqi national identity. However, while many have examined the militaristic or bureaucratic dimensions of de-Baathification, no such attempts have been made to examine the destruction of the symbols and monuments of the Baathist state and the consequences it has had for Iraqi national identity. This paper addresses this paucity and concludes that with the symbolic destruction of the Baathist state has come a near complete erosion of the Iraqi brand of nationalism that the Baath had managed to promulgate to varying degrees of success since the late 1960s.

- by Benjamin Isakhan
- •
- History, Military History, Cultural History, Cultural Studies

This is the publication of a PhD thesis that was successfully submitted in 1979. The works aims to be a comprehensive study of Late Assyrian metalwork (9th-7th centuries BC) mainly from the sites of Nimrud, Nineveh, Khorsabad and Ashur. It includes much previously unpublished Assyrian metalwork, mostly from the excavations of Sir Henry Layard (1845-51) and the British School of Archaeology in Iraq (1949-1963) at Nimrud. Most of this metalwork is now either in the British Museum or in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad. This study has not been updated since 1979, but it is published here in its original form in order to put a large amount of previously unpublished data into the public domain. The book has an appendix by Matthew Ponting giving the results of metallographic examination and analysis.

In late antiquity and early-Islamic times al-Ḥīra was one of the major urban and cultural centres of Mesopotamia. Located at the interface of several cultural spheres, the historical site of al-Ḥīra offers a prime example to study the processes of acculturation and transfer that shaped Late Antique and early Islamic material culture, architecture, and urbanism. The present paper gives a brief outline of the research questions, preparatory investigations and methodology of the survey project and presents the first results of the field campaign conducted in October 2015.

- by Ulrike Siegel
- •
- Early Islamic Archaeology, archaeology in Iraq

NB: Second proofs, which differ from the published versions in small details (mainly typos). -- A key find from the 2018 excavations at the settlement mound of Gird-e Rūstam (Gird-i Rostam) in the easternmost part of the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq, directly on the border with Iran, is an inscribed pottery sherd that can be assigned to the Neo-Assyrian period, more specifically the late 8th or 7th century BC. Albeit small, the sherd certainly belongs to a "carinated bowl", which is a typical wine-drinking vessel of that time, and preserves a few signs of a cuneiform inscription in Akkadian language and Neo-Assyrian script. It is suggested that the reconstructed text contains mention of the local toponym Birtu-ša-Adad-remanni "Fortress of Adad-remanni". This place is located in the border region between the Assyrian Empire and the kingdom of Mannea, which raises the possibility that Gird-e Rūstam could be identified with Birtu-ša-Adad-remanni.

The paper is based on the results of the third excavation campaigns carried out in 2017, covering areas A and B in the central region of the site. In particular, it preliminarily presents the architectural features and findings from current excavations: Area B, on the top of Mound B and Area A, at the southern base of Mound A. The excavations of the Italian Archaeological Expedition showed that the site was first settled during the Ubaid Period; evidence from the Late Uruk, Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic I periods has also been discovered in the Lower City, while on the top of Mound A, evidence of remains of the last phase of occupation of the city dated to the Neo-Sumerian Period (Gudea’s kingdom) is registered.

- by Davide Nadali and +1
- •
- Near Eastern Archaeology, Near Eastern Studies, Mesopotamian Archaeology, Ancient Near East

Not only the transformation processes prompted by various regions' integration into the Assyrian Empire, but also the makeup of the local Early Iron Age societies prior to the Assyrian presence, have found much attention from archaeologists in recent decades. However, the initial focus of such research was firmly on the northern provinces of the Assyrian Empire in present day south-eastern Turkey and the western provinces in modern Syria, where great advances had been achieved through increased field research, especially from the 1990s onwards. On the other hand, the situation in the eastern provinces remained virtually unknown as no significant field research could be carried out in the Zagros Mountains on Iraqi territory since the 1960s, due to regional and international armed conflict, including the Iran-Iraq War and the three Gulf Wars. As a result, only very limited archaeological data was available on the eastern provinces and the indigenous Early Iron Age societies of the Zagros Mountains.
Field research in the Autonomous Region of Kurdistan in north-eastern Iraq, as it has been undertaken since 2009, can help decisively here. Since 2015, excavations and geophysical prospections conducted by the Peshdar Plain Project in the so-called Bora Plain, located about 3 km south of the modern town of Qaladze, have revealed an extended Iron Age settlement of around 60 ha (judging by the spread of the surface Iron Age pottery), for which the available radiocarbon dates indicates a settlement development from the last quarter of the 13th to the 6th century BC. Since the ancient name of the settlement is currently unknown and its extent encompasses two previously identified archaeological sites, Gird-i Bazar and Qalat-i Dinka, we call it the Dinka Settlement Complex (DSC) after the larger of the two sites. This paper uses data from DSC to explore the Iron Age in the northern Zagros before and during the Assyrian occupation of the region.

- by Karen Radner and +2
- •
- Iranian Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Assyrian Empire, Neo-Assyrian studies

Republik Irak dengan ibukota Baghdad adalah negara Arab merdeka, yang terletak di ujung timurlaut Teluk Arab. Luas wilayahnya mencapai 437.072 kilometer persegi. Irak berbatasan dengan Turki di sebelah utara, dengan Iran di sebelah timur, dengan Suriah dan Yordania di sebelah barat, dan dengan Arab Saudi dan Kuwait di sebelah selatan. Bisa dibilang, Irak tak punya laut, kecuali sebuah celah sempit di ujung tenggara, dekat Kuwait dan Iran. Dari tempat inilah, ekspor minyak Irak dikapalkan. Berlokasi di bagian timur dari wilayah Bulan Sabit Subur (Fertile Crescent), kawasan Irak ini secara historis dikenal sebagai Mesopotamia, yang artinya "tanah di antara dua sungai." Sebutan ini mengisyaratkan dua aspek fisik utama dari negeri tersebut, yakni lembah Sungai Tigris dan Eufrat. Wilayah Irak dapat dibagi menjadi tiga kawasan. Yakni, daerah pegunungan Kurdistan di utara; kawasan tengah, antara Sungai Tigris dan Eufrat, yang sistem pertanian dan irigasinya sudah maju; serta kawasan gersang dan gurun pasir di bagian barat dan baratdaya. Cuaca di Irak umumnya kering dan sangat jarang turun hujan. Suhu udaranya sangat bervariasi. Pada musim panas, suhu udara bisa mencapai 34 derajat Celcius di bulan Juli.

- by Satrio Arismunandar
- •
- History, Ottoman History, Assyriology, Middle East Studies
- by Karen Radner
- •
- Iron Age (Archaeology), Archaeomagnetism, Iron Age, archaeology in Iraq

ISBN 978-1-78969-607-3 ISBN 978-1-78969-608-0 (e-Pdf)

- by D.T. Potts
- •
- Classical Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Ottoman History, Assyriology

The University of Tübingen and the Directorate of Antiquities Dohuk launched excavations in the frame of a joint project at the Bronze Age urban site of Bassetki, which is famous for the accidental discovery of the copper basis of the Akkadian ruler Naram-Sin. The major aim of the excavations is to investigate the importance and urban development of the site from the Early through the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. During the first two seasons of 2015 and 2016 the stratigraphy and chronology of the upper town were explored, as well as the settlement organisation of the extended lower town, and an extra-urban area to the south of the city, where a street and several cremation burials of the Middle Bronze Age were found.

- by Peter Pfälzner
- •
- Iraqi History, Ancient Near East, Akkadian, Kurdistan

The Tappeh Garan consists of several mounds and the mounds are separated from
each other by a network of depressions, the largest mound at the site is surrounded by a
deeper, wider depression in comparison with other depressions. We named it the moat of
Garan. During the first excavation and survey season led by Mohsen Zeynivand, a test pit
inside this moat was dug by Jaafar Jotheri to reveal its geoarchaeology. As a result, 12
recognisable beds of sediment have been identified up to a total of 6 m. in depth. These beds
are mostly silty clay with some pottery fragments, pebbles, and plant roots. The bottom bed of
the test pit has a considerably greater amount of sand and pottery fragments than other beds.
It is highly likely that this moat was used for defensive purposes and was filled with water
several times.

- by Jaafar Jotheri and +1
- •
- History, Near Eastern Archaeology, Geology, Geoarchaeology

This chapter and the larger body of work on which it builds focuses on what I characterize as the environmental, spatial, and visual bases of Iranian iden- tity and royal power: that is, landscape, architecture, the built environment, and the ritual activities they hosted. These, I argue, played a complementary, and no less central role in establishing and changing Iranian identity as that of textual or oral discourse. I have argued in several places that royal engage- ment with natural, urban and architectonic space was not merely a reflection or trapping of imperial power, but a fundamental tool by which sovereigns created and transformed royal identity and continually instantiated it with ritual practice.

One highly prominent aspect of ISIS’s program of destruction in Syria and Iraq that has come to the media attention recently is their program of cultural heritage destruction that took the form of smashing artifacts in archaeological museums, iconoclastic breaking and bulldozing of archaeological sites, dynamiting of shrines, tombs, and other holy sites of local communities, and burning of libraries and archives. In this paper, I focus on ISIS’s destruction of archaeological heritage. I argue that this destruction can be seen as a form of place-based violence that aims to annihilate the local sense of belonging, and the collective sense of memory among local communities to whom the heritage belongs. Therefore, heritage destruction can be seen as part and parcel of this scorched-earth strategy described above. I also argue that the Islamic State coordinates and choreographs these destructions as mediatic spectacles of violence aimed at objects and sites of heritage, and these spectacles take place as re-enactments or historical performances that are continuously and carefully communicated to us through ISIS’s own image-making and dissemination apparatus that increasingly utilizes the most advanced technologies of visualization and communication. I will also pose questions about the relatively weak responses from the archaeological community around the world that rarely went beyond the stereotypical expression of “dismay” to ISIS’s heritage destruction. At the same time, I will try to answer the why and how of ISIS’s dislike of archaeological heritage in the context of late capitalism.

- by Ömür Harmansah
- •
- Critical Theory, Landscape Ecology, Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology

Over the past several years, we have been thinking of publishing a book about the Sulaymaniyah Museum’s masterpieces in order to address our visitors' needs. Eventually, in collaboration with The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, we have been able to produce this trilingual guidebook, in Kurdish, Arabic, and English. The Slemani Museum is an archaeological museum located within the heart of the city of Sulaymaniyah’s Salim Street. The Museum houses, preserves, and displays the cultural heritage of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, as well as the Republic of Iraq, from the prehistorical eras to the late Islamic period. It is the largest museum in Iraqi Kurdistan and the second largest museum in Iraq (after the Iraq Museum in Baghdad). The Museum’s content and collections have been gradually and steadily increasing over the past six period. It was somewhat challenging mission for our curators to select objects for this guidebook. After careful consideration, we have chosen twenty-four masterpieces to highlight. The objective of this guidebook is to draw our visitors’ attention to the most important objects reflecting the long history of the region and to educate the public about our cultural heritage.

All contributions, manuscripts and books for review should be addressed to director of editing SUMER (recently) Jacob Jawdat State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad. The preferred method of submission is an MS Word attachment with accompanying PDF file in an email to the editor as contact information below. Articles may be written in Arabic, English, French or German. The maximum length of the manuscript is 10,000 words, excluding the figures and bibliography, font size 12 for text and 10 for footnote (Times New Roman). The article should be consist on abstract, introduction and conclusions in addition to keywords. As well the figures should be suitable for length of article with resolution at least (300 dpi). Concerning in the cuneiform studies, all fonts used should be included. For the transliteration of cuneiform characters, please use the system established in Rykle Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. Sumerian words in English context should be set in capitalized and Akkadian should be italicized wherever it appears, depending on the font used. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively and should appear at the end of the page. Each author will receive a pdf of his or her article. The responsibility for the views expressed rests with the individual author(s). Abbreviations Standard abbreviations should follow the usage of AHw, CAD or CDLI; any other abbreviations should be explained in the first footnote. When citing a specific text in an edition, abbreviated journal, book, or series titles (e.g., MAD, MSL, OIP) should be italicized; catalog numbers (e.g., Msk, RS, TM) are set in roman. Full citations must be provided, even for well-known works. Authors may use author-date citations (e.g., Smith 2009: 83), in which case a reference list (including publisher and city) must be appended to the article. Alternatively. References The bibliography at the end of the article should include all the publications and websites referred to in the article. The Social Sciences format may be used for footnotes and bibliography thus: For footnotes, Smith 2015: 75, and then full details in bibliography.

- by Çiğdem Maner and +1
- •
- Islamic Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Mesopotamian Archaeology, Abbasid History

This book is the first-ever comprehensive study of the history and culture of these three little-known countries of Northern Mesopotamia (3rd century BCE – 7th century CE). The book gives an overview of the historical geography, material culture, and political history of each of these countries. Furthermore, the summary offers a regional perspective by describing the history of this area as a subject of the political and cultural competition of great powers.
This book answers both a recent growth of interest in ancient Mesopotamia as the frontier area, as well as the urgent need for documentation of the cultural heritage of a region that has recently become subject to the destructive influence of sectarian violence.

This paper focuses on the impact of the war and subsequent occupation (2003–2011) on Iraq’s heritage, documenting the most significant and devastating instances of heritage damage and destruction that occurred. Moving forward, this chapter continues with a discussion of the grave challenges facing Iraqi heritage beyond the withdrawal of US military forces in the form of various groups - from jihadist networks such as the 'Islamic State' through to various sectarian actors. It also discusses the threat to heritage sites from development, neglect, and inexpert and haphazard excavation, preservation, protection, and restoration. Despite this troubling scenario, this chapter also examines the extent to which the Iraq conflict was a turning point for major Western military operations and the development of CPP programs which aim to better prepare military personnel for protecting cultural property in future conflicts.

- by Benjamin Isakhan
- •
- Military History, Military Science, Military Ethics, Military Intelligence

Imagery-based desk study and literature review, preparatory to commencement of a field-validated environmental impact assessment.

The article presents the preliminary results of the
Italian-Kurdish excavation project carried out by the
University of Udine and the Directorate of Antiquities
of Duhok at the site of Gir-e Gomel (Kurdistan
Region of Iraq). From at least the mid-3rd millennium
BC onwards, Gomel was the central site of the entire
Navkur Plain, a very fertile and well-watered region
on the route linking Arbail and the Greater Zab Valley
with the Upper Tigris region to the north of Nineveh.
The Eastern Tigris plains between the modern
city of Duhok and the Greater Zab have never been
the object of a target-oriented archaeological excavation
aimed at establishing a stratigraphic reference
sequence for this still under-explored archaeological
landscape and investigating diachronically the development
of the region’s material culture. With this
purpose – and the aim of exploring the character and
function of this important site on a local and regional
scale, investigating the role it played in the region’s
cultural and socio-economic processes – Gir-e Gomel
has become the subject of extensive archaeological
excavations as from 2017 and 2018. The main results
of the first excavation seasons are discussed in the
following article.

- by Mohammed Alkhalid
- •
- Iraqi History, Syria, Nomadic Peoples, Nomadism

The two settlements of Muqable I and III, located 5 km to the south-east of Bassetki in the Dohuk province of Iraq-Kurdistan, are being excavated since 2015 in the frame of the cooperation project KUGAMID of the University of Tübingen and die Directorate of Antiquities at Dohuk. The aim of the excavations is, on the one hand, to investigate the pre-stages in the Late Chalcolithic period of the Northern Mesopotamian urbanisation and, on the other hand, to study a subordinate settlement in the environs of a Bronze Age urban centre. During the first season of 2015, the stratigraphy of both sites could be determined, and well-dated chronological-stratigraphic units of the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age could be defined on the basis of pottery repertories and connected C14 datings, in one instance complemented by a group of sealings of the Ninevite V period. They are important components of a detailed chronology of the region in the mentioned periods.

- by Paola Sconzo and +3
- •
- Ancient Near East, Prehistory of Kurdistan, Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East

Marines sulla scalinata della Ziqqurat di Ur •Un iracheno che voglia avvicinarsi all'archeologia non può prescindere dall'ingombrante ricordo delle manie passatiste di Saddam. Colpisce, in questo senso, la serie di banconote da 5 dinars PERIPEZIE DELLA STORIA IL SACCHEGGIO INFINITO Una città sumera, finora ignota, è riemersa dalle sabbie di un tell (collina), vicino a Nasiriyah e Ur. A capo del team di esperti, c'è l'assiriologo italiano Franco D'Agostino, che abbiamo intervistato L'ARCHEOLOGIA AL TEMPO DEL CONFLITTO, UN RESOCONTO E UNA SCOPERTA, DIECI ANNI DOPO LA SECONDA GUERRA DEL GOLFO (3) ALIAS 9 FEBBRAIO 2013 (5) ALIAS 9 FEBBRAIO 2013

- by Federico Gurgone
- •
- Iraqi History, archaeology in Iraq