The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary (original) (raw)

The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Biographical Dictionary Pope Benedict XIV (1740-1758) Consistory of September 9, 1743 (I) Celebrated in Rome

(1) 1. BAYERN, Johann Theodor von (1703-1763)

Birth. September 3, 1703, Münich. Of the family of the dukes of Bavaria. Eighth child of Prince Maximilian II Emanuel, elector of Bavaria and Stattholder in Holland, and his second wife Princess Theresia Kunigunde Sobieska, daughter of the King Jan III Sobieski of Poland. The other children were Maria Anna von Bayern (1696-1750); Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor from 1742 (1697-1745); Prince Philipp Moritz von Bayern (1698-1719); Prince Ferdinand Maria Innozenz von Bayern (1699-1738); Clemens August von Bayern (1700-1761); Prince Wilhelm von Bayern (1701-1704); Prince Alois Johann Adolf von Bayern (1702-1705); and Prince Maximilian Emanuel Thomas von Bayern (1704-1709). He is also listed as Ioannes Theodorus de Bavaria; and his first name as Gianteodoro.

Education. Studied at the University of Ingolstadt, Bavaria, from 1719 until 1721; and at the University of Siena from 1721 to 1723. Received the clerical tonsure.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ratisbon (Regensburg) by its cathedral chapter, July 29, 1719; preconized by the pope, October 14, 1721; was not consecrated until 1730. The dean of Ratisbon, Franziskus Wolfgang von Neuhaus, was named coadministrator for temporal affairs, November 13, 1721. Two days later, November 15, 1721, Godfried Johannes Lanwert von Simmern, titular bishop of Germanicopoli, was named administrator for spiritual affairs. Granted permission to be elected bishop of Freising, May 26, 1723. Elected coadjutor bishop of Freising by its cathedral chapter, November 5, 1723. Granted permission to be elected bishop of Hildesheim, December 9, 1723. Received the subdiaconate in 1724. Granted permission to be elected bishop of Eischtätt, January 12, 1725. Preconized bishop coadjutor of Freising, with right of succession, while retaining the diocese of Ratisbon, April 12, 1726. Administrator of the temporal affairs of the diocese of Freising, March 8, 1727. Two days later, March 10, 1727, Johannes Sigmund Zeller von Leibersdor, titular bishop of Belle and suffragan of Freising, and Johannes Ludwig Joseph von Welden, canon of the cathedral chapter of Freising, were appointed administrators for spiritual affairs of the diocese of Freising. At this time he was only a subdeacon and the father of an illegitimate daughter. Sole administrator of the temporal affairs of the see of Ratisbon, September 4, 1727. Granted dispensation to receive the diaconate and the presbyterate outside of Ember days, December 17, 1728.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 8, 1730. Granted dispensation, due to age, to receive the episcopal consecration (he would be 27 then), August 4, 1730. Consecrated bishop on October 1, 1730, in the cathedral of Münster, by his brother Clemens August Maria von Bayern, archbishop of Cologne, assisted by Johann Adolf von Horde, titular bishop of Flaviopoli, and by Ferdinand Oesterhof, titular bishop of Agatonice. Administrator of the spiritual affairs of the sees of Ratisbon and Freising, December 14, 1730. Granted dispensation to be elected to the provostal college of Ellwangen. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Liège, 1738.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of September 9, 1743; published in the consistory of January 17, 1746; the pope sent him the red biretta with Ablegato apostolic Lazzaro Opizio Pallavicini, future cardinal, with an apostolic brief of April 27, 1746; received the red hat and the title of S. Lorenzo in Pansiperna, April 27, 1746. Granted permission to be elected bishop of Speyer, September 23, 1743. Granted dispensation to be elected bishop of Liège, December 27, 1743. Elected bishop of Liège by its cathedral chapter, January 23, 1744; preconized by the pope, February 12, 1744, retaining the dioceses of Ratisbon and Freising as administrator. Did not participate in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. Opted for the title of S. Maria in Aracoeli, February 12, 1759. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, July 13, 1761. Cardinal protoprete.

Death. January 27, 1763, Liège. Exposed and buried in Saint-Lambert cathedral, Liège; his heart, after an old custom of the Bavarian Wittelsbacher, was deposited in Grace Chapel, Altöettinger.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 1-2; Greipl, Egon Johannes, "Johan Theodor, Herzog von Bayern" in Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, 1648 bis 1803 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz, unter Mitwirkung von Stephan M. Janker. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1990, p. 205-208; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, p. 205 and 328; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 15, 44, 45, 46 and 258; Rottmanner, Max. Der Cardinal von Baiern. München : 1877; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 439-440; Weitlauff, Manfred. Kardinal Johann Theodor von Bayern (1703-1763), Fürstbischof von Regensburg, Freising und Lüttich. Ein Bischofsleben im Schatten der kurbayerischen Reichskirchenpolitik. Regensburg : 1970. (Beiträge zur Geschichte des Bistums Regensburg 4).

Webgraphy. Biography by Manfred Weitlauff, in German, Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon; portraits and biography, in German, Wikipdia; his portrait and biography, in French, La Principauté de Liège; his portrait, hunting on a horse, by Paul Joseph Delcloche, Musée de l'Art wallon, Institut royal du Patrimoine artistique, Brussels; his portrait by the School of Paul Joseph Delcloche, La Gazette de l'Hôtel Drouot; his portrait by Jacques Theodore Plumier, Palais de Justice, Institut royal du Patrimoine artistique, Brussels; his portrait by an anonymous artist, castle of Augustusburg, Bildarchiv Foto Marburg; his engraving by Johann Christoph Sysang, Deutsche Fotothek; his engraving by Johann Christoph Sysang, Deutsches Historisches Museum; his bust on a medallion, Musée Curtius, Institut royal du Patrimoine artistique, Brussels; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving and portraits, Araldica Vaticana; his genealogy, A2, B1 D10, Geneaolgy.EU; personal data and genealogy, WeRelate.org; his arms on a coin, Numista; Fürstbistum Lüttich, Prince-Evêque de Liège 1600-1794, European Heraldry; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(2) 2. FERNÁNDEZ DE PORTOCARRERO, Joaquín (1681-1760)

Birth. March 27, 1681, Madrid, Spain. Fourth of the seven children of Luis Antonio Tomás Fernández de Portocarrero y Moscoso, fifth count of Palma del Río, and María Leonor de Moscoso, of the counts of Altamira. The other siblings were Pedro, an Augustinian monk; Antonia de las Reyes, a nun; María Ignacia de Monferrate, a nun; José Antonio, a priest; Gaspar; and Agustín. Grand-nephew of Cardinal Luis Manuel Fernández Portocarrero (1669). He inherited the title of marquis of Almenara and ceded it to his brother in 1728 before entering the ecclesiastical life. Some sources list him as Joaquín Fernando Portocarrero; as Joaquín Portocarrero; as Joaquín Fernández Portocarrero y Moscoso; as Joaquín Fernández de Portocarrero Mendoza; and as Francisco Joaquín Fernández de Portocarrero y Mendoza.

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Marquis of Monteclaro and of Almenara. Grande de España. Knight of the Order of Santiago in 1700. Entered the service of King Carlos II of Spain as page of honor. When the king died, in the War of the Spanish Succession, he followed the party of Karl III, archduke of Austria, as filed master of a tercio of infantry, cavalry general, gentleman of the Chamber and privy counselor of State. After the peace between Karl III and King Felipe V of Spain, Archduke Karl was elected Emperor Karl VI of Austria. Military commander in Sardinia. In 1716, he joined the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, of which he later was bailiff, grand cross, and general of galleys. Ambassador of the order before Emperor Karl VI, who appointed him viceroy of Sicily, 1722-1728. Viceroy of Naples, August 1 to December 9, 1728. Entered the ecclesiastical estate, January 5, 1730; received the insignias of the clerical character and the minor orders; the subdiaconate on January 10, 1730; and the diaconate on January 15, 1730.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 17, 1730.

Episcopate. Elected titular Latin patriarch of Antioch, May 25, 1735. Consecrated, Monday of Pentecost May 30, 1735, church of S. Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, by Cardinal Álvaro Cienfuegos, S.J., archbishop of Monreale, assisted by Tommaso Cervini, titular Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, and by Mihály Frigyes von Althan, archbishop of Bari. Cardinal Annibale Albani named him his vicar for the patriarchal Vatican basilica in June 1735. Prelate of the S.C. Consistorial in June 1735. Prelate of the S.C. of Ecclesiastical Immunity in July 1735. Inquisitor of the S.C. of Rites in July 1735. Vicar of the patriarchal Vatican basilica in January 1738. In July 1742, he was charged with the affairs of the Order of Malta in Rome.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of Ss. Quattro Coronati, September 23, 1743. On May 22, 1744, he was named protector of the Congregation of Coimbra of the Order of the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine. On November 17, 1744, he was named protector of the Syro-Maronite Congregation of Mount Lebanon of the Order of St. Anthony abbot. Opted for the title of S. Cecilia, April 10, 1747. Protector of Spain in July 1747. Prefect of the S.C. of Indulgences and Sacred Relics, March 1748. Plenipotentiary minister of the King of Spain before the Holy See from December 1748. In 1748, he inherited the title of count of Palma del Río, because of the death without successors of his brothers. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 19, 1750 to February 1, 1751. On March 22, 1753, he was named protector of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity (Trinitarians); and of the Bethlemite Brothers in the West Indies. Protector of the Order of Our Lady of Mercy (Mercedarians). Opted for the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, retaining in commendam the title of S. Cecilia, April 9, 1753. On July 24, 1753, he was named protector of the Congregation of the Brothers of Charity of St. Hypolitus in the West Indies. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Sabina, September 20, 1756. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. He was a book collector and protector of writers, scientists and artists. The donation of his book collection of 5,570 volumes to the Order of Malta made him de facto co-founder of the Library of Malta, today's National Library.

Death. June 22, 1760, Rome. Exposed with solemn pomp in the church of S. Andrea delle Fratte, his parish, in Rome, where the funeral took place. He was buried in the church of S. Basilio Magno al Monte Aventino, of the priorate of his order in Rome. In 1763, by decree of his order, a fine marble monument with his portrait in mosaic was erected in his memory in that church (1).

Bibliography. Dauber, Robert L. Bailiff fra Joaquin de Portocarrero (1681 -1760) : knight and ambassador of Malta; general and lieutenant fieldmarshal; austrian viceroy of Sicily; priest, patriarch, cardinal, bishop; ambassador of Spain at the Holy See; co-founder of the Library of Malta; a biography. Valletta, Malta : Publishers Enterprises Group (PEG), Ltd., 2003; Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en españa, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 55; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12, 41, 42, 43, 47, 56 87; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 399-402.

Webgraphy. Biography by Miguel C. Vivancos Gómez, OSB, in Spanish, Diccionario Biográfico Español, DB~e; his arms, portrait and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; his portrait and biography, in English Wikipedia; his portrait, arms and biography, in Polish, Bogdan Pietrzyk, wladcy.myslenice.net.pl; his portrait by Antoine de Favray (copy after), Museum of the Order of St. John, London, The Public Catalogue Foundation, BBC; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; Diccionario Biográfico Español; his prosopography, in German, Requiem Datenbank; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank; Das Fürstbistum Regensburg, Bayern und die Wittelsbachische Kirchenpolitik by Heribert Raab, heimatforschung-regensburg.de.

(1) This is the text of the inscription in his funeral monument, taken from Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 401:

CINERIBUS ET QUIETI AETERNAE FR. lOACHIMI FERDIN. PORTOCARRERO S.R.E. CARDINALIS EPISCOPI SABINENSIS OMNIBUS APUD REGES HONORIBUS PER ITALIAM GERNIANIAM HISPANIAMQUE RARA FELICITATE PERFUNCTI ANTIQUIS MORIBUS PIETATEQUE IN DEUM SPECTATISSIMI QUOD SACR. EQU. ORDINEM HIEROSOLYMITANUM SINGOLARI STUDIO CULTUQUE SIT PROSEQUUTUS HAEREDEM EX ASSE RENUNCIAVERIT CERTOSQUE PROVENTUS A SEPTEM LEGIONIBUS VICISSIM OBTINENDOS TESTAMENTO CAVERIT FR. LAURUS DE TONELLIER DE BRETEUIL AD PONT. MAX. CLEMENTEM XIII ORATOR MONUMENTUM HOC EX ORDINIS CONSULTO PONI CURAVIT. VITA CESSIT X KAL. IUL. MDCCLX AETAT. SUAE LXXIX

(3) 3. PAOLUCCI, Camillo (1692-1763)

Birth. December 9, 1692, Forlì. Of a noble family. Son of Marchis Pietro Martire Merlini and Angiola Guerriera Paolucci. He was adopted into the Paolucci household and took its last name. He is also listed as Camillo Paolucci de' Calboli. Nephew of Cardinal Fabrizio Paolucci (1697).

Education. Studied at the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, from 1709 (diplomacy); and at La Sapienza University, Rome, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on November 4, 1718.

Early life. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, July 1, 1714. Entered the Roman prelature and was named secretary of the Cipher and referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, December 15, 1718. Domestic prelate of His Holiness.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 23, 1719. Lieutenant of the vicariate of Rome in the pontificate of Pope Innocent XIII. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government. Vicar general of Cardinal Fabrizio Paolucci, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, 1724-1725.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Iconio, June 26, 1724. Consecrated, July 2, 1724, church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, by Cardinal Fabrizio Paolucci, assisted by Prospero Marefoschi, titular archbishop of Cesarea, and by Tommaso Cervini, titular archbishop of Nicomedia. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, October 6, 1724. Secretary of the Cipher, 1725-1727. Nuncio extraordinary in Poland, June 1727. Nuncio in Poland, August 2, 1728 until May 1738. Nuncio in Austria, May 20, 1738 until October 20, 1745.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; the pope sent him the red biretta with an apostolic brief of September 20, 1743. He could not go to Rome until 1746 because of the war in Germany for the election of the new emperor. Received the red hat on March 31, 1746; and the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, April 18, 1746. Legate in Ferrara, September 19, 1746 until December 7, 1750. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, February 1, 1751 until January 24, 1752. Opted for the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, retaining in commendam the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, September 20, 1756. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII, whose election he openly opposed. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Frascati, retaining his titles in commendam, November 22, 1758. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, retaining his titles in commendam, July 13, 1761. Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.

Death. June 11, 1763, around 6 p.m., Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Marcello, Rome, where the funeral took place, with the assistance of twenty two cardinals; and buried on the right side of the chapel of S. Pellegrino Laziosi, over the door to the sacristy, in that same church (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 3-4; Forcella, Vincenzo. Iscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri. 14 v. in 7. Roma : Tip. delle scienze matematiche e fisiche, 1869-1884, 323, no. 1000; Karttunen, Liisi. Les nonciatures apostoliques permanentes de 1650 à 1800. Genève : E. Chaulmontet, 1912, p. 250; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, p. 226; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12-13, 40, 41, 44, 47 and 56; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 445-447; Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, p. 165-167; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7) pp. 255 and 824.

Webgraphy. Biography by Antonio Menniti Ippolito, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 81 (2014), Treccani; biography, in Italian, diocese of Frascati; his engraving and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his bust by an anonymous artist, Istituto per i beni artistici culturali e naturali della Regione Emilia-Romagna; his portrait, secolo XVIII (1700-1749), ambito bolognese, regione ecclesiastica Emilia Romagna, diocesi Bologna, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); tomb, Requiem Datenbank; his tomb in S. Marcello al Corso, Rome, ArtServe, The Australian National University.

(1) This is the text of the inscription in his tomb, taken from Requiem Datenbank, linked above:

D O M CAMILLO PAVLVCCIO S · R · E · CARDINALI EPISC PORTVENSI PRIMVM APVD POLONOS DEINDE IN GERMANIA APOSTOLICIS LEGATIONIBVS FVNCTO DEMVM A BENEDICTO XIV · IN SACRVM COLLEGIVM COOPTATO DVCATVM FERRARIENSEM CVM SVMMA LEGATI A LATERE POTESTATE MISSO QVO EXIMIO ANIMI CANDORE FORTITVDINE LIBERTATEQ · CONSILII REBVS PVBLICIS DOMI FORISQ · PRAECLARE GESTIS SIBI ET GENTI SVAE IMMORTALEM GLORIAM COMPARAVERIT MARCHIO COSMAS PAVLVCCIVS FOROLIVIEN · FR · M · P · OB · ROMAE DECANTATVS ANNO E BECVSAT · V · EID · IV · IAS AN · SAL · CIƆIƆCCLXIII · AET · SVAE · LXXI.

(4) 4. GIROLAMI, Raffaele Cosimo de' (1670-1748)

Birth. September 10, 1670, Florence. He was the youngest of the two children of Piero Zanobi de' Girolami, balì of S. Stefano, and Maria Csterina Canigiani.

Education. Studied at the University of Pisa, where he doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on June 9, 1695; and later, at the University of Florence, where he earned the title of magister in theology on November 24, 1699.

Early Life. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Florence, 1688-1699. Resigned his canonship and went to Rome. Cardinal Renato Imperiali named him his ajutante di studio. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Siganture of Justice and of Grace, December 4, 1710. Consultor of the Supreme SS.CC. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition and of Rites. Voter of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice. Episcopal examiner.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 25, 1726. Secretary of the S.C. of Indulgences and Sacred Relics from 1721.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Damiata, March 8, 1728. Consecrated, April 11, 1728, church of S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, Rome, by Pope Benedict XIII, assisted by Francesco Borghese, titular archbishop of Trajanopoli, and by Nicola Saverio Santamaria, titular bishop of Cirene. Assesor of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition from May 1728 until April 1737. Secretary of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars from April 1737. He was a famous theologian.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Marcello on September 23, 1743. Prefect of the S.C. of Indulgences and Sacred Relics, September 23, 1743. Prefect of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, November 10, 1744 until his death. He founded an Academy of Theology in the Archgymnasium of Rome and donated ten thousand scudi as a prize for the best students.

Death. February 21, 1748, at almost 12:30 a.m., Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Marcello, Rome, where the capella papalis, with the participation of Pope Benedict XIV, took place on February 23, 1743; and buried in the middle of that same church (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 4-5; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, p. 181; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13 and 45; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 278-279; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), 620; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 505, no. 669.

Webgraphy. Biography by Stefano Tabacchi, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 56 (2001), Treccani;his engraving and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of the inscription in his tomb, taken from Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts 1730-1777), p, 279:

D. O. M. HIC RAPHAEL COSMAS EX PATRICIA HIERONYMORUM GENTE FLORENTINA PRESB. CARD. HUIUS TIT. PIETATE AC DOCTRINA CONSPICUUS SS. CONGG. TUM EPISCOP. ET REG. TUM INDULGENTIARUM PRAFFECTUS MRITISSIMUS ACCADEMIAE THEOLOG. IN ROM. ARCHIGYMNASIO MUNIFICENTISS. INSTITUTOR OBUT X. KAL. MARTIJ MDCCXLVIII AET. ANN. LXXVII M. IV DIES IV.

(5) 5. GUIDOBONO CAVALCHINI, Carlo Alberto (1683-1774)

Birth. July 26, 1683, Tortona. Son of (Pietro) Antonio Guidobono Cavalchini, baron of the Sacred Roman Empire, and Lucrezia Passalacqua. His first name is also listed as Carlo Alberto Guidoboni; his last name as Cavalchini Guidoboni; and as Guidoboni only. Grand-uncle of Cardinal Francesco Guidobono Cavalchini (1807).

Education. Initial studies at home; later, he attended the Jesuit school in Tortona; then, he studied at the University of Pavia, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on July 24, 1702. His father sent him to Rome to perfect his legal formation under the most accredited lawyers of the time, among them the famous advocate Del Corno.

Early life. Because of his fame as a lawyer, he was admitted to the Collegio of advocates of Milan and granted the citizenship of the city in 1702. The Milanese senate designated him consistorial lawyer for that city in July 1716. Voter of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, September 15, 1724.

Priesthood. Ordained, February 24, 1727.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Filippi, May 10, 1728. Consecrated, June 6, 1728, patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome, by Pope Benedict XIII, assisted by Giuseppe Maria Feroni, titular archbishop of Damasco, and by Bernardo Pizzella, titular bishop of Constantina. Promotor of the Faith, May 19, 1728. Secretary of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, March 1734. Shortly after, consultor of the SS. CC. of Rites and of the Holy Office. Canonist and corrector of the Apostolic Penitentiary.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12. 1743; and the title of S. Maria della Pace on September 23, 1743. Prefect of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, March 2, 1748 until his death. Protector of the Order of the Celestine monks in November 1752; and of the Capuchin friars in March 1753. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 24, 1752 until January 29, 1753. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII; King Louis XV of France presented the veto against his election (1). Datary of His Holiness, July 15, 1758 until his death. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, February 12, 1759. Abbot commendatario of San Michele della Chiusa, 1759. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Ostia e Velletri, May 16, 1763. Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He visited the diocese, eradicated abuses, restored the ecclesiastical discipline, worked for the public good and was generous with the poor. Participated in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV.

Death. March 7, 1774, at 3 a.m., of catarrh, high fever, and old age, after receving the last rites and the viaticum; in Rome. Exposed in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, where the funeral took place with the participation of the pope and the Sacred College of Cardinals; the pope imparted the final absolution; and the late cardinal was buried, temporarily, in that same basilica. Later, his remains were transferred to Tortona.

Bibliography. Beltrami, Giuseppe. Notizie su prefetti e referendari della Segnatura Apostolica desunte dai brevi di nomina. Città del Vaticano, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1972, p. 131; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 5-7; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, p. 313-314; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13, 39, 46 and 56; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 565-569.

Webgraphy. Biographyby Francesco Raco, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 22 (1979), Treccani; his engraving by Giovanni Domenico Campiglia and Antonio Pazzi, Antiquariat Hille, Berlin; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his portrait, secolo XVIII (1740-1760), scuola lombarda, Regione ecclesiastica Liguria, Diocesi Tortona, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) Some sources indicate that he was elected pope in that conclave but had to resign because of the French veto.

(6) 6. BARNI, Giovanni Battista (1676-1754)

Birth. October 28,1676, Lodi. Of the family of the counts of Roncadello. Son of Antonio and Giolanda Barni. His first name is also listed as Giambattista; and his last name as Barnus.

Education. When he was very young, he was sent to Piacenza under the care of his paternal uncle, Giorgio Barni, bishop of that see, who assigned Fr. Giulio Alberoni, future cardinal and prime minister of Spain, as his teacher; he later studied at the University of Pavia, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on September 4, 1700.

Early life. He went to Rome, entered the prelature on July 7, 1707, and on that date, he was named referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Governor of Narni, April 30, 1708. Governor of Orvieto, September 25, 1710. Governor of Iesi, October 15, 1712. Governor of Fabriano, 1716-1717. Governor of Perugia, July 11, 1721. Governor of the Marche Anconitana, January 27, 1725. Apostolic visitator and governor of Loreto for three months in 1730. Relator of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 14, 1731.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Edessa in Osröene, January 22, 1731. Consecrated, April 1, 1731, at the Basilica of Loreto (no further information found). Nuncio in Switzerland, February 22, 1731. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, April 1, 1731. Nuncio in Spain, April 1, 1739.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; the pope sent him the red biretta with an apostolic brief of September 20, 1743; received the red hat on December 3, 1746; and the title of S. Tommaso in Parione, December 19, 1746. Legate in Ferrara, July 22, 1750; legation extended for another triennium, January 14, 1754.

Death. January 24, 1754, Ferrara. Exposed in the archiepiscopal cathedral of Ferrara; buried, temporarily, in the chapel of S. Giorgio, in that cathedral; on the following September 12, his remains were transferred to the chapel of the Blessed Virgin, also in that cathedral (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 7-8; Finch, Urban. Die Luzerner Nuntiatur 1586-1873 : Zur Behördengeschichte und Quellenkunde der päpstlichen Diplomatie in der Schweiz. Luzern ; Stuttgart : Rex Verlag, 1997. (Collectanea Archivi Vaticani ; Bd. 40) (Luzerner Historische Veröffentlichungen ; Bd. 32); Karttunen, Liisi. Les nonciatures apostoliques permanentes de 1650 à 1800. Genève : E. Chaulmontet, 1912, p. 233; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13, 49 and 205; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 309-310; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 255, 277, 283, 299, 307, 323, 335, and 479.

Webgraphy. His engraving and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his vault, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

D.O.M. IOANNES BAPTISTA BARNIU S.R.ECCL. PRESB. CARD. QUI TRIENNUM ALTERUM FERRARIEN LEGATIONIS VIX INGRESSUS PIISSIME DECESSIT AMANTISSIMUS OPTATISSIMUS VII. K. FEBR. A. MDCCLIV NON SINE PUBLICO LUCTU HIC COMPOSITUS QUIESCIT IX. A. LXXVII. M. II. D. XXVII.

(7) 7. ODDI, Giacomo (1679-1770)

Birth. November 11, 1679, Perugia. Youngest of the five children of Francesco (or Pietro) Oddi, count of Antognolla, and Vittoria Biancheri. The other children were Ercole, Cornelio, Marcantonio and Grifone. His first name is also listed as Jacopo; and his last name as Oddus; and as degli Oddi. Nephew on his mother's side of Cardinal Antonio Banchieri (1726). Cousin of Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Banchieri (1753). Uncle of Cardinal Niccolò Oddi, S.J. (1766).

Education. Studied at the University of Perugia from 1702 until 1709; he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on December 21, 1709.

Early life. Went to Rome, entered the prelature and became referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, July 1, 1706. Protonotary apostolic participantium. Governor of Rimini, March 31, 1708. Governor of Sabina, February 27, 1709. Governor of Fabriano, September 12, 1710. Governor of Ascoli, April 17, 1717. Governor of Ancona, April 6, 1718. Governor of Civitavecchia, Tolfa and Corneto, February 4, 1721. Governor of Viterbo, July 18, 1721. As commisary apostolic, he solved the difference between the Holy See and the court of Parma. Governor of Macerata, October 1730. Governor of Viterbo again, 1731? to June 1732.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 30, 1732.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Laodicea, June 9, 1732. Consecrated, June 24, 1732, church of the Benedictine nuns at Campo Marzio, Rome, by Cardinal Giorgio Spinola, assisted by Giuseppe Peroni, titular archbishop of Damasco, and by Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini, titular archbishop of Filippi. Nuncio in Cologne, June 28, 1732. Nuncio in Venice, February 7, 1735. Nuncio in Portugal, February 25, 1739.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; the pope sent him the red biretta with an apostolic brief dated September 20, 1743; received the red hat on March 11, 1745; and the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, April 5, 1745. Legate in Urbino, September 23, 1743. Legate in Romagna, September 19, 1746. Transferred to the see of Viterbo e Toscanella, with personal title of archbishop, September 22, 1749; he granted rich benefices to the hospital for orphans; founded a house for spiritual exercises for the clergy; built a palace, outside the city, for the future bishops called "La Palenzana"; spent large sums of money for sacred objects for the churches of the diocese; conducted diocesan visitations; emphasized the correct celebration of the sacred rites and ecclesiastical ceremonies; in 1762, convoked a diocesan synod, which caused disagreements in Rome, but after an examination by a Congregation appointed by Pope Clement XIII, the cardinal was declared to be correct. Opted for the title of S. Anastasia, January 12, 1756. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. Opted for the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, November 22, 1758. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, February 12, 1759. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, March 21, 1763. Cardinal protoprete. Did not participate in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Father Egidio Mingarelli, a priest of the diocese of Bologna, was named apostolic vicar of Viterbo e Toscanella, March 22, 1770, because of the advanced age and fragility of the cardinal. Trying to improve his condition, he moved to Perugia but it was to no avail.

Death. May 2, 1770, in his family's house in Perugia. Exposed in the church of the Society of Jesus in Perugia, where the funeral took place; and buried on the right side of the altar of SS. Crocifissi, in that same church; he was always a great admirer and supporter of the Society of Jesus.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 8-9; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 25, 41-42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 251 and 444; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 534-535; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 670; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 118, 125, 220, 226, 356, 371, 377, 420, 434 and 619; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p.505-506, no. 671.

Webgraphy. Biography by Antonio Menniti Ippolito, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 79 (2013), Treccani; his engraving, portrait and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his engraving, Istituto pr i beni artistici, culturali e naturali della Regione Emilia-Romagna; his seal, secolo XIX (1800-1899), bottega italiana, regione ecclesiastica Lazio, diocesi Vierbo, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(8) 8. LANTE, Federico Marcello (1695-1773)

Birth. April 18, 1695, Rome. Son of Antonio Lante, second duke of Bomarzo, and Louise Angelique Charlotte de La Tremouille, of the dukes of Noirmoustier. His last name is also listed as Lante della Rovere; and as Lante Montefeltro della Rovere. Nephew of Cardinal Joseph-Emmanuel de la Trémoille (1706). Grand-nephew of Cardinal Marcello Lante (1606). Grand-uncle of Cardinals Filippo Lancellotti (1794); Alessandro Lante (1816); and Antonio Lante (1816).

Education. Studied at Seminario Romano, run by the Jesuits; and later, at La Sapienza University, Rome, where he obtained doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on September 23, 1719.

Early life. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, December 7, 1719. Domestic prelate of Pope Clement XI. Governor of the city and port of Ancona, May 5, 1728, where he became a friend of the bishop of that see, Cardinal Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, future Pope Benedict XIV. Received the minor orders on December 11, 1728; the subdiaconate on December 18, 1728; an the diaconate on December 21, 1728.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 25, 1728. On September 4, 1729, he was named ablegato to bring the blessed fascie to the newly born dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV. President of Urbino, June 18, 1732.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Petra in Palestina, October 1, 1732. Consecrated, October 19, 1732, in the metropolitan cathedral of Urbino, by Cardinal Annibale Albani, bishop of Sabina, assisted by Eustachio Palma, bishop of Fossombrone, and by Bartolomeo Castelli, bishop of Senigallia. Governor of Bagnaia, March 27, 1737.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; the pope sent him the red biretta with the apostolic brief of September 20, 1743; received the red hat on March 11, 1745; and the title of S. Pancrazio on April 5, 1745. Abbot commendatario of Farfa from 1744. Protector of England and of the Order of the Carmelites from 1745. Governorship of Bagnaia extended for six years, September 1, 1745. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 29, 1753 until January 14, 1754. Opted for the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, April 9, 1753. Governorship extended for another sexennial, August 30, 1757. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. Prefect of the S.C. of Good Government, February 13, 1759. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, July 13, 1759. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, July 18, 1763; he cared specially for its Seminary of S. Salvatore Maggiore. Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Governorship prorogued for another sexennial, September 20, 1763. Participated in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. He was protector and patron of erudite and literary men.

Death. March 3, 1773, at 2:15 a.m., of high fever, paralysis and erysipelas, after receiving the last sacraments, in Rome. Exposed in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, where the funeral also took place; the body was transferred privately to the church of S. Nicola da Tolentino, Rome, and buried in the chapel of his family. In his will, he left a fund to provide for his family with the disposition that at their death, it would go to the Hospice for the Poor of S. Michele a Ripa.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 9-11; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13, 47, 40, 49 and 334; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 555-558; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 552; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 118, 420 and 732; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 684.

Webgraphy. His arms, engraving and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; biography, in German, Wikipedia; his genealogy, A1, B1, C1, D1, E5, F3, G1, H5, Genealogy.EU; his episcopal lineage by Charles N. Bransom, Jr., Apostolic Succession & Episcopal Lineages in the Roman Catholic Church; his engraving by Carlo Gregori, Istituto per i beni artistici, culturali e naturali della Regione Emilia-Romagna; his engraving and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his prosopography, in German, Requiem Datenbank; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(9) 9. CRESCENZI, Marcello
(1694-1768)

Birth. October 27, 1694, Rome. From an ancient and illustrious family. Second child of Marquis Giovanni Battista Crescenzi, signore of Castel Montorio, and Ortensia Serlupi

Education. Initial education at home; later, he studied at La Sapienza University, Rome, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on May 17, 1721.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 16, 1720. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome, January 5, 1721. Domestic prelate of Pope Innocent XIII. Referendary of the Supreme Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, August 21, 1721. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government. President of the Apostolic Chamber, September 13, 1724. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government, 1725. Vicar of the basilica of S. Maria in Trastevere, Rome. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, October 1726; took possession, May 16, 1727.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Nazianzo, July 14, 1739. Named nuncio in France, July 30, 1739. Consecrated, August 10, 1739, church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, by Cardinal Antonio Saverio Gentili, assisted by Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cavalchini, titular archbishop of Filippi, and by Cristoforo Almeida, titular archbishop of Perga. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, August 10, 1739. Vicelegate in Avignon, September 8 to 18, 1739.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; the pope sent him the red biretta with an apostolic brief dated September 20, 1743; received the red hat on December 5, 1743; and the title of S. Maria in Traspontina, December 16, 1743. Legate in Ferrara, September 23, 1743;took possession, January 30, 1744; the legation was prorogued for a triennium on June 27, 1746. Transferred to the see of Ferrara, August 22, 1746. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. Legate in Ferrara for a triennium, July 13, 1761; the legation was prorogued for another triennium to 1766; occupied the post until Cardinal Girolamo Spinola replaced him in January 1768.

Death. August 24, 1768, at 2 a.m., of high fever and pneumonia, after receiving the last sacraments, in Ferrara. His body was embalmed and exposed in the archiepiscopal cathedral of Ferrara, where the solemn funeral took place on August 28; and buried in that cathedral (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 11-12; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13, 46, 215 and 303; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 511-515; Turrini, Miriam. Penitenza e devozione : l'episcopato del card. Marcello Crescenzi a Ferrara (1746-1768). Brescia : Paideia, 1989. (Testi e ricerche di scienze religiose ; 24; Variation: Testi e ricerche di scienze religiose (Istituto per le scienze religiose di Bologna) ; 24). Note: Includes bibliography of M. Crescenzi's library.--p. 265-286; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 135, 255 and 604; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 574.

Webgraphy. Biography by Luisa Bertoni, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 30 (1984), Treccani; his portrait, flickr; his engraving, arms and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his portrait, secolo XVIII (1700-1749), ambito italiano, regione ecclesiastica Emilia Romagna, diocesi Faenza-Modigliana, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his chalice by Vincenzo I, Belli, secolo XVIII (1753), ambito romano, regione ecclesiastica Abruzzo Molise, diocesi Teramo-Atri, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his tombstone, secolo XVIII (1768), ambito emiliano, regione ecclesiastica Emilia Romagna, diocesi Ferrara-Comacchio, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of his epitaph, taken from Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 515:

D. O. M. MARCELLUS TIT. S. MARIAE TRANSPONTINAE S.R.E. PRESBYTFR CARDINALIS CRESCENTIUS FERRARIAE ARCHIEPISCOPUS ET ITERUM LEGATUS HEIC SITUS EST QUI EXIMIA IN DEUM VIGILANTIA IN POPULUM MUNIFICENTIAM IN PAUPERES OMNES OMNI AEVO CELEBRANDUS UT CLERUS POPULUSQUE SEPUCHRUM SUUM INSPECTURI PRO ANIMAE SUAE EXPIATIONE DEUM ORIENT MONUMENTUM PONI MANDAVIT OBIIT ULTIMUS INCLITAE FAMILIAE SUAE IX. KAL. SEPT. MDCCLXVIII. VIXIT ANN. LXXIII M. X D. IV.

(10) 10. DORIA, Giorgio (1708-1759)

Birth. December 4, 1708, Genoa. From a family that possessed numerous fiefdoms. Son of Andrea Doria, marquis of Torriglia, and Livia Centurione. He is also listed as Georgius ab Auria. Great-grand-nephew of Cardinal Giovanni Doria (1604). Other cardinals of the family were Girolamo Doria (1529); Sinibaldo Doria (1731); Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphilj (1785);Antonio Maria Doria Pamphilj (1785); andGiorgio Doria Pamphilj (1816).

Education. Studied at La Sapienza University, Rome, where he earned a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Early life. Referendary of the Supreme Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, September 1734. Vice-legate in Bologna, September 1734 until October 16, 1737. Governor of the city of Ascoli, February 8, 1738. Received the minor orders, November 13, 1740; the subdiaconate, November 27, 1740; and the diaconate, November 30, 1740.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 4, 1740.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Calcedonia, December 5, 1740. Consecrated, December 8, 1740, chapel of S. Sisto, Quirinale palace, Rome, by Pope Benedict XIV, assisted by Joseph Guyon de Crochans, bishop of Cavaillon, and by Paul Alpheran de Bussan, bishop of Malta. In the same ceremony was consecrated Ludovico Merlini, titular archbishop of Atena, future cardinal. Procurator of the Apostolic See and nuncio extraordinary to the Diet of Frankfort for the election of Emperor Charles VII; and stayed in the Imperial court as ordinary nuncio from 1742 until 1744.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on March 5, 1744; and the title of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna, March 16, 1744. Legate in Bologna, September 23, 1743 until October 17, 1754. Protector of the Order of the Eremites of St. Augustine, June 26, 1745. Opted for the title of S. Agostino, December 15, 1745. Legation prorogued for a triennium, June 25, 1746. Protector of the Reipublicae Augustanae, January 10, 1747. Prefect of the S.C. of Good Government, May 6, 1754. Opted for the title of S. Cecilia, retaining in commendam the title of S. Agostino, January 3, 1757. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII.

Death. January 31, 1759, Rome. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Cecilia, Rome (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 12-13; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13, 42, 45 and 161; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 394; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 125, 159, 160 and 646; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 590.

Webgraphy. Biography by Matteo Sanfilippo, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Treccani; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; another engraving, from the same source; his tomb in S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome, ArtServe, The Australian National University; his engraving, arms and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; arms of the Doria Family, Wikipedia; his prosopography, in German, Requiem Datenbank; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of the inscription in his tomb, taken from Requiem Datenbank, linked above:

D . O . M . GIORGIVS . AB . AVRIA S . R . E . RESBYTER . CARDINALIS HVIVS . ECCLESIF . TITVLARIS MORVM . SVAVITATE . PRVDENTIA BONIQ . PVBLICO . AC . REGILIGONIS . STVDIO . CONSPICVVS PRIMO . BONONIF . PROLEGATUS DEINDE . FRANCOFVRTVM . AD . MŒNVM EXTRA . ORDINEM . LEGATVS AD . COMITIA . IMPERATORIA . MISSVS DIFFICILLIMVM . MVNVS SPLENDIDE . BENE . FELICITERQVE . GESSIT A . BENEDICTO . XIV . PVRPVRA . DECORATVS PROVINCIAM . BONONIENSEM GRAVITATE . FIDE . LIBERALITATE PER . ANNOS . DECEM . ADMINISTRAVIT TANDEM . MAGNVM . DESIDERIVM . SVI . RELINQVENS OBIJT . ROMF . III . KALENDAS . FEBRVARIAS S. CONGREGATIONIS . BONI . REGIMINIS . PRFFECTVS ANNO . SALVTIS . MDCCLIX. VIXIT . ANN . L . MEN . I . D . XXVI.

(11) 11. LANDI, Francesco (1682-1757)

Birth. July 9, 1682, Piacenza. From a patrician family. Fourth child of Count Odoardo Landi and Elisabetta Lampugnani. His last name is also listed as Landus; and as Landi Pietra because of the adoption of his father by Count Cesare Pietra di Roncarolo. The other children were Luigi, Ottaviano and Geltrude.

Education. Studied at the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1703; and at La Sapienza University, Rome, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on February 10, 1733.

Early life. Cardinal Renato Imperiali named him his ajutante de studio. Shortly after, Duke Francesco of Parma ordered him to go to Paris as his ambassador before the French court. He found favor in the duke of Orléans, regent of that kingdom, and became his counselor in important and delicate matters. He decided to go back to Rome and entered the prelature as referendary of the Supreme Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace and domestic prelate of His Holiness on March 26, 1733. Secretary of the S.C. for the Discipline of Regulars and consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition in 1736. Examiner of the prelates promoted to the episcopacy. Received the minor orders, August 20, 1741; the subdiaconate, August 27, 1741; and the diaconate, September 3, 1741.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 8, 1741.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Benevento, September 18, 1741. Consecrated, November 12, 1741, Pauline chapel, Quirinale palace, Rome, by Pope Benedict XIV, assisted by Nicola Saverio Santamaria, titular bishop of Cirene, and by Nicola de Simone, titular bishop of Marciana. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, December 3, 1741. He conducted frequent visitations to the archdiocese, and each year he celebrated a synod. Also, he reestablished the ecclesiastical discipline and reformed the customs. He spent a considerable amount of money embellishing and ornamenting the cathedral.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; the pope sent him the red biretta with an apostolic brief of September 20, 1743, with Monsignor Filippo Maria Pirelli, ablegato apostolic and future cardinal; received the red hat on May 21, 1744; and the title of S. Onofrio, June 15, 1744. Opted for the title of S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, September 13, 1745. Resigned the government of the archdiocese of Benevento on January 17, 1752; and returned to Rome. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 14, 1754 until February 17, 1755. Prefect of the S.C. of the Index, January 1755 until his death. Protector of the Congregation of the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God; he efficiently promoted the cause of Venerable Father Giovanni Leonardi, founder of that congregation.

Death. February 11, 1757, around noon, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria in Portico, Rome, where the solemn exequies took place on February 13, 1757; and buried in the middle of that same church (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 13-14; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, pp. 13, 44, 56 and 120-121; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 366-367; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 549; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 506-507, no. 675; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 683.

Webgraphy. Biography by Daniela Morsia, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Treccani; his family's arms and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia;his genealogy, A1 F1 J3 K4, Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea; his engraving and portraits, Araldica Vaticana; his portrait by Sebastiano Ceccarini, farnese.net; his portrait by Sebastiano Ceccarini; also attributed to Raphael Mengs, Musei Civici di Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza; his engraving by Giovanni Domenico Campiglia, 1692/1775, inventore; and Baldassarre Gabbugiani sec. XVIII, incisore; localizzazione Macerata, Marche Beni Culturali; his portrait, pinterest.com; his tomb in S. Maria in Portico (Campitelli), Rome, ArtServe, The Australian National University; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his tomb, which dates from 1858, when the pavement of the church was renovated, taken from the site linked above:

D . O . M FRANCISCO · LANDO · PLACENTINO S. R. E. PR. CARD. TIT. IOANN. APOST.PORT. LAT. S. CONS. LIBROR. NOTANDO. PRAEF. VITA · FUNCT . D. XI · FEB. A MDCCLVII PHILIPPVS · LANDVS · COMES PATRVO DESSIDERATISS . P .

MEMORIA · A . CVRAT . ECCL . CVM · PAVIMENTO · RENOV. A . S . MDCCCLVII

This is the text in Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), as given by Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti, a contemporary of the cardinal:

D. . O. . M. FRANCISCO TIT. S. JOANNIS. ANTE PORTAM LATTNAM S.R.E. PRESE. CARD. LANDO PLACENTINO SAC. INDICIS CONGREG. PRAEFECTO ET OLTM ARCHIEP. BENEVENTANO MORIBUS LITERIS PRUDENTLA ORNATISSIMO COMES PHILIPPUS LANDUS PATRUO AMANTISSIMO AC DE SE OPTINO MERITO M. P. AB AN. SAL. MDCCCLVII DIE XI FEBR. AETAT. SUAE ANN. LXXIII M. VIII D. II

(12) 12. POZZOBONELLI, Giuseppe (1696-1783)

Birth. August 11, 1696, Milan. From a patrician family. Son of Marchis Francesco Pozzobonelli and Camilla Dardanoni, of a noble family. He was baptized in the church of S. Giorgio al Palazzo, where the tomb of his brother Gerolamo is still preserved. He had three sister; one of them was a nun at the monastery of S. Maria alla Vetabbia. His mother died when he was a child. His last name is also listed as Puteobonellus; and as Pozzo Bonelli.

Education. Initial studies at the Jesuit Collegio dei Nobili, Milan; then, at Almo Collegio Borromeo, Milan; and later, at the University of Pavia, where he earned a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on January 5, 1722.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 23, 1730. In the archdiocese of Milan, he was prefect of its clergy; visitator to monasteries; inspector of studies of its seminary; conservator of the Ambrosian Library; canon and dean of its metropolitan cathedral chapter. Vicar capitular at the death of Cardinal Gaetano Stampa, archbishop of Milan, occurred on December 23, 1742

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Milan, July 15, 1743. Consecrated, July 21, 1743, church of S. Carlo al Corso, Rome, by Pope Benedict XIV, assisted by Antonio Maria Pallavicini, titular archbishop of Naupactus, and by Carlo Alberto Guidoboni Cavalchini, titular archbishop of Filippi.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Maria in Via, September 23, 1743. He solemnly entered the archdiocese on June 21, 1744, after having taken the oath of loyalty to the emperor. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. Opted for the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, August 2, 1758. In 1769, he tried to resign the see of Milan but Pope Clement XIII asked him to stay and not expose the archdiocese to the great hardship of a succession which would fall under the arbitrariness of the government of Vienna. Participated in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, May 28, 1770. Cardinal protoprete. In 1770, he again presented his resignation, this time to Empress Maria Therese of Austria, suggesting Milanese Giovanni Archinto, titular archbishop of Filippi, papal majordome and prefect of the Apostolic Palace, as his successor, but the monarch, who had a great esteem for the cardinal, did not accept. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1771. Did not participate in the conclave of 1774-1775, which elected Pope Pius VI.

Death. April 27, 1783, of a grave illness, Milan. Having been previously embalmed, he was laid out in state for twenty days in the archbishopric of Milan prior to the obsequies; and buried in the left lateral nave, in the pavement in front of the altar of S. Giuseppe, in that cathedral (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 14-15; Cazzani, Eugenio. Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano. Nuova ed./ a cura di Angelo Majo, 2. ed. Milano : Massimo : NED, 1996. Note: Originally published 1955, now enlarged and updated, p. 253-257; Majo, Angelo. Storia della chiesa ambrosiana. 5 vols. 2nd ed. Milano : NED, 1983-1986; III, 107-115, 117, 118, 121-126, 132, 134, 137; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, LV, 20-21; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13, 45, 46, 47 and 284; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 778; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 507, no. 676.

Webgraphy. His portrait, arms, tomb and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his portrait and biography, in Italian, Franco Maria Boschetto; his portrait by Giacomo Antonio Bergomi, Regione Lombardia - Università degli Studi di Pavia; his portrait, Diocesan Museum of Milan, Wikimedia; his portrait by Pompeo Girolamo Batoni, Museo Malaspina, Pavia, Arte Antíca.eu; his engraving, by Antonio Pazzi based on a portrait by Giovanni Domenico Campiglia, CalcoGRAFICA - Istituto Nazionale della Grafica, Italy; his engraving by Marco dal Re, Regione Lombardia - Università degli Studi di Pavia; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving by Pietro Perfetti, Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal; Serie cronologica dei vescovi di Milano (III-XXI secolo), in Italian, archdiocese of Milan; Nelle Solenni Esequie dell'Emo, e Revmo Sig. Cardinale Giuseppe Pozzobonelli, Arcivescovo di Milano Gran Croce del Real Ordine di Santo Stefano Re d'Ungheria Celebrate il dì XVI. Giugno MDCCLXXXIII. nella Chiesa Collegiata, e Parrocchiale di S. Giorgio al Palazzo Orazione Recitata dal M. R. Sig. Giiuseppe Zanoja Dottore di Sacra Teologia. Milano. MDCCLXXXII. Appresso Giuseppe Galeazzi Regio Stampatore. Con Approvazione, Internet Archive.

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his tomb, taken from the photograph in Wikipedia, linked above:

JOSEPHVS PVTEOBONELLVS PATRICIVS NOBILIT.

PRESBYTER CARDINALIS S. R. E. TIT. S. LAVRENTII IN LUCINA ARCHIEPISCOPVS MEDIOL. VIXIT ANN. LXXXVI DECESSIT V KAL. MAIAS ANN. MDCCLXXXIII

(13) 13. RICCI, Francesco (1679-1755)

Birth. February 1, 1679, Rome. From a noble family from Montepulciano and Rome. Son of Miniato Ricci and Maria Maddalena Capodifierro. He is also listed as Franciscus Riccius. Another cardinal of the family was Giovanni Ricci (1551).

Education. Studied law.

Early life. Entered the Roman prelature as referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace on November 19, 1705. Auditor of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, January. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, April 30, 1717, post which he occupied for thirty years. He also was governor of Castelnuovo e Montone. President delle Zecche, 1719. President delle Carceri. President delle Ripa, 1722. President delle Strade, 1724. Dean of the clerics of the Apostolic Chamber, 1729. During the vacancy of the Holy See, the Sacred College of Cardinals entrusted him the commissariat della armi; he was confirmed in the post by the new Pope Clement XII. Treasurer general, 1740. After the death of Msgr. Filippo Buondelmonte on June 19, 1741, Pope Benedict XIV named him governor of Rome and vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church on June 27, 1741; he occupied the post until September 9, 1743.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Maria del Popolo on September 23, 1743.

Sacred orders. Received the minor orders on January 26, 1744; the subdiaconate on February 1, 1744; and the diaconate on May 3, 1744.

Death. January 8, 1755, about 8:30 a.m., Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria del Popolo, Rome, where the capella papalis took place on January 10, 1755; and buried in his family's tomb in the chapel of S. Giovanni Battista in the church of S. Pietro in Montorio, of the Reformed Franciscans, in Rome, with a magnificent eulogy placed by Fray Miniato Ricci, his nephew (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 15-16; Del Re, Niccolò. Monsignor governatore di Roma. Rome : Istituto di Studi Romani Editore, 1972, p. 115; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13 and 46; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 315-316; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 61 and 864; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 507, no. 677.

Webgraphy. His engraving and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb in the church of S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his tomb taken from Requien Datenbank, linked above:

FRANCISCO S · R · E · CARDINALIS RICCIO PRUDENTIA ET RELIGIONE SPECTATISSIMO VITA FUNCTO VIII · JD · JAN · MDCCLV · ÆT · LXXVI · FR · MINIATUS · S · O · HIER · BAJULIVUS · RICCIUS ARCIS S · ANGELI V · PRÆFECTUS PATRUO AMANTISSIMO P · C · M · DCCLXXXVI ·

(14) 14. RUFFO, Antonio Maria (1687-1753)

Birth. June 11, 1687, Bagnara Calabra, principal fiefdom of his family, archdiocese of Naples. From one of the most important families of the kingdom of Naples, especially, Calabria. Naepolitan patrician. Fourth child of Francesco Ruffo, fourth duke of Bagnara, and Giovanna Lanza y Moncada. The other siblings were Giovanna Costanza, Carlo, Guiomara, Domenico and Giuseppe. He is also listed as Antonius Ruffus; and his first name as Antonio only. Nephew of Cardinal Tommaso Ruffo (1706). Uncle of Cardinal Giovanni Costanzo Caracciolo (1759); Second-cousin of Cardinal Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo (1791). Another cardinal of the family was Luigi Ruffo Scilla (1801).

Education. Studied with the Capuchin Friars of Naples; then, went to Rome to live his uncle the future cardinal in 1699; and attended Collegio Clementino from 1701.

Early life. Founder of the congregation delle stimmate di S. Francesco, Bagnara Calabra, 1710. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, March 14, 1716. Vice-legate in Ravenna, April 1717. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. Inquisitor in Malta, March 1720 to May 1728. Negotiated the peace between the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem and the Republic of Genoa; his uncle had tried to solve the conflict several years earlier. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, 1729. President of the Tribunal della Grascia, February 2, 1730. Auditor general of the Apostolic Chamber, March 9, 1739.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, September 23, 1743. Granted dispensation to be a cardinal without having received minor and major orders (major orders were required for cardinal priests), and having an uncle who was a cardinal, September 30, 1743.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 28, 1744, Rome, by Pope Benedict XIV. Founder of the church of S. Maria degli Angeli or of the Immaculate Conception, Bagnara Calabra, 1750. Affected by gout, which at the time was incurable; his doctors advised him to return to Bagnara Calabra where he arrived on July 22, 1752.

Death. February 22, 1753, Bagnara Calabra, archdiocese of Reggio Calabria. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Maria degli Angeli, dei Cappuccini, Bagnara Calabra, without any funeral memorial.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 16; Gioffrè, Domenico. "Potenza e mecenatismo dei Cardinali della Gran Casa dei Ruffo di Bagnara : Tommaso e Antonio Maria Ruffo". Calabria sconosciuta, 37 (2014), 143/144, 53-57; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 13-14 and 49; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 305; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 370 and 880-881; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 507, no. 678.

Webgraphy. His engraving, arms and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; biography, in French, Wikipédia; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(15) 15. BOLOGNETTI, Mario (1690-1756)

Birth. February 2, 1691, Rome. Son of Count Ferdinando Bolognetti, prince of Vicovaro, and Flavia Theodoli, of the marquises of San Vito, one of the leading Roman families since the 16th century. He is also listed as Marius Bolognettus. Another cardinal of the family was Alberto Bolognetti (1583). The Bolognetti were distantly related to the Signora Cicilia Bargellini Boncompagni, sister of Pope Gregory XIII.

Education. When he was very young he entered the ecclesiastical state and studied at Seminario Romano, directed by the Society of Jesus.

Early life. Protonotary apostolic participante, January 2, 1714. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Signatures of Grace and of Justice, January 13, 1718. Relator of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, July 21, 1721. Relator of the S.C. Consistorial, July 1721. Vicar of S. Maria in Via Lata, December 1721. President of the Zecca, 1721 to 1730/1731. President delle Ripe, 1723. Governor of Cesi, 1727. Governor delle Terre Arnolfe, 1729. President of the Archives, July 1730-1733. Prefect of the Annona, May 31, 1732 to September 13, 1739. Commissary apostolic for the supplies of the Spanish troops, April 1736. Abbot comendatario de S. Firmano, 1737. Treasurer general of the Apostolic Chamber, superintendent of the fleet and prefect of Castello Sant'Angelo, Rome, October 2, 1739.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano on September 23, 1743. Received the subdiaconate on December 8, 1743; and the diaconate on December 13, 1743.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 15, 1743. Opted for the deaconry of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano, May 15, 1747. Legate in Romandiola, July 22, 1750; entered his legation, July 7, 1751; ceased as legate, December 1754. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres (della Rotonda), February 1, 1751.

Death. February 12, 1756, of a serious pectoral catarrh, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Marcello in Via Lata, Rome, where the capella papalis took place on February 14, 1756; privately transported and buried in the tomb of his family in the Discalced Augustinian church of Gesù e Maria al Corso, in Rome, without any funeral memorial.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 23; Marchesi Buonaccorsi, Giorgio Viviano. Antichità ed eccellenza del Protonotariato appostolico partecipante, colle più scelte notizie de' santi, sommi pontefici, cardinali, e prelati che ne sono stati insigniti sino al presente, opera di Monsignor Giorgio Viviano Marchesi Buonaccorsi forlivese. Faenza : pel Benedetti, 1751. Note: Book; Computer File; Internet Resource, p. 500-501; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12, 14, 51 and 52; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 326; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), I, 110; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 371 and 506; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 460; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 507, no. 679.

Webgraphy. Biography, in French, Wikipédia; his engraving, arms and portrait Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank; In morte dell'eminentissimo, e reverendissimo signor cardinale Mario Bolognetti, Elegia consecrata al sublimissimo merito di Sua Eccellenza il Sig. Conte Giacomo Bolognetti Patrizio Senatore Bolognese, Principe de Viscovaro, etc. e Fratello dignissimo del Porporato Defonto. In Bologna MDCCLVI. Per Girolamo Corciolani, ed Eredi Colli a S. Tommaso d'Aquino. Con licenza de' Superiori.

(16) 16. COLONNA, Girolamo (1708-1763)

Birth. May 8, 1708, Rome. Son of Francesco Colonna, contestabile of the kingdom of Naples, and Vittoria Salviati. Some sources list his last name as Colonna di Sciarra. Other cardinals from the different branches of the family were Giovanni Colonna (1212); Giacomo Colonna (1278); Pietro Colonna (1288); Giovanni Colonna (1327); Agapito Colonna (1378); Stefano Colonna (1378); Oddone Colonna (1405; later Pope Martin V); Prospero Colonna (1426); Giovanni Colonna (1480); Marco Antonio Colonna, seniore (1565); Ascanio Colonna (1586); Girolamo Colonna (1627); Carlo Colonna (1706); Prospero Colonna (1739); Prospero Colonna (1743); Marcantonio Colonna, iuniore (1759); Pietro Colonna (1766), who took the last name Pamphili; and Nicola Colonna, 1785.

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Entered the Roman prelature in the pontificate of Pope Clemnt XI, who soon named him protonotary apostolic. Prefect of the Apostolic Palace from October 1732; occupied the post until 1743, when he was elevated to the cardinalate and was succeeded by his nephew Monsignor Marcantonio Colonna, future cardinal; the uncle kept the jurisdiction of the post until 1758 and then became pro-governor. Governor of the conclave of 1740. Named prelate of the S.C. Consistorial by Pope Benedict XIV.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, December 2, 1743. Granted dispenation for not having received the minor orders at the time of his cardinalitial creation, September 14, 1743. Granted dispensation to be a cardinal deacon without having received the minor orders, September 16, 1743. Grand prior in Rome of the Sovereign Order of Malta, September 1743. Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, September 1743. Protector of the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, 1744 to 1764; and of the Order of the Friars Minor Observant.

Sacred orders. Received the minor orders on September 18, 1746; the subdiaconate on September 21, 1746; and the diaconate on September 25, 1746. Legate a latere for the opening of the Holy Door of the Jubilar Year in the patriarchal Liberian basilica, December 1, 1749; and for its closing, December 7, 1750. Vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, March 12, 1753 to September 20, 1756. Transferred to the title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, proper of the vice-chancellor, retaining his deaconry in commendam from March 12, 1753 until September 20, 1756. Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, September 20, 1756 until his death. Opted for the deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, September 20, 1756. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. Opted for the deaconry of S. Agata in Suburra, September 22, 1760. Grand prior in Rome of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.

Death. January 18, 1763, of kidney disorders, in Rome, without having made a testament; his enormous wealth passed to his blood relatives. Exposed in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, where the funeral took place; and buried in the patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 23-24; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12, 14, 44, 50, and 51; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 438-439.

Webgraphy. His portrait, arms and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia;his engraving by Antonio Pazzi based on a portrait by Giovanni Domenico Campiglia, Antiquariat Hille, Berlin; his engraving by Antonio Pazzi based on a portrait by Giovanni Domenico Campiglia, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his genealogy, K6, Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(17) 17. COLONNA, Prospero (1707-1765)

Birth. January 17, 1707, Rome. From the family of the dukes of Carbognano (also known as Sciarra). Son of Francesco Colonna, prince of Carbognano, of the branch of Palestrina, and Vittoria Salviati. Some sources list his last name as Colonna di Sciarra. Other cardinals from the different branches of the family were Giovanni Colonna (1212); Giacomo Colonna (1278); Pietro Colonna (1288); Giovanni Colonna (1327); Agapito Colonna (1378); Stefano Colonna (1378); Oddone Colonna (1405; later Pope Martin V); Prospero Colonna (1426); Giovanni Colonna (1480); Marco Antonio Colonna, seniore (1565); Ascanio Colonna (1586); Girolamo Colonna (1627); Carlo Colonna (1706); Prospero Colonna (1739); Girolamo Colonna (1743); Marcantonio Colonna, iuniore (1759); Pietro Colonna (1766), who took the last name Pamphili; and Nicola Colonna, 1785.

Education. Initially, he studied in Rome; then, at the University of Parma; and later, at the University of Padua, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Early life. After finishing his studies, returned to Rome and entered the prelature. Protonotary apostolic, November 1730. Consultor of the S.C. of Rites in 1733. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, 1739. President della Grascia. Named master of chamber by Pope Benedict XIV in August 1740. Abbot comendatario of Tre Fontane in August 1743.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the deaconry of S. Giorgio in Velabro, December 2, 1743. Granted dispensation to be a cardinal deacon without having received the minor orders, September 18, 1743. Granted dispensation for not having received the minor orders at the time of his cardinalitial creation, September 19, 1743. Prefect of the Economy of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, January 1744; occupied the post until March 1763. Prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signaturef Grace, October 1744 until his death.

Sacred orders. Received the minor orders on March 28, 1745; the subdiaconate on April 4, 1745; and the diaconate on April 12, 1745. Co-protector of the Order of the Cistercian monks, March 1747; later, its protector. Protector of the Order of the Friars Minor Conventual, February 1755. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres, February 16, 1756. Protector of the Canons Regular Lateranense. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. Protector of the kingdom of France, granted by King Louis XV in June 1758, during the conclave; as such, he received in commendam the abbey of Cercamp, in Amiens. Opted for the deaconry of S. Agata in Suburra, January 24, 1763.

Death. April 20, 1765, of kidney disorders, in his villa in Porta Pia, in Rome, without having made his testament. Exposed in the church of S. Marcello, Rome, where the funeral took place; and buried in the in the tomb of his family, situated in the chapel of the choir, in the patriarchal Liberian basilica, without any funeral memorial.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 24-25; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12, 14, 44, 50 and 51; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 464-470.

Webgraphy. Biographyby Luisa Bertoni, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 27 (1982), Treccani; his portrait, arms and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his genealogy, K5, Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea; his portrait by Pompeo Girolamo Batoni, The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland; his engraving by Johann Georg Wille, based on the portrait by Pompeo Girolamo Batoni, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(18) 18. CALCAGNINI, Carlo Leopoldo (1679-1746)

Birth. February 19, 1679, Ravenna. Of a patrician family from Ferrara. Fifth of the seven children of Palatine Count Francesco Maria Calcagnini, second marquis of Formigine, and Violante degli Albizzi. Five of the siblings were Ercole, Giovanni Battista, Mario, Rinaldo and Vittoria. He is also listed as Carolus Calcagninus; and his last name as Calcagnino. Great-grandson on his mother's side, of Cardinal Francesco Albizzi (1654) (1). Relative of Cardinal Guido Calcagnini (1776).

Education. Initial studies in law, canons and ecclesiastical history in Rome; then, studied at the University of Cesena, where he obtained a doctorate in law.

Early life. Became a member of the Sovereign Order of Malta, entered the ecclesiastical state and went to Rome to study law. Named auditor of the legation in Avignon in 1701. Entered the Roman prelatura on December 14, 1719 as referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Voter of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice. Consistorial lawyer in Rome from 1720. Ambassador ad interim of Ferrara in Rome from 1722. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota for Ferrara, October 13, 1721; became its dean in 1734. Consultor of the S.C. of Rites, 1733. Apostolic examiner of bishops, 1734. Consultor of the Holy Office, 1737. He was a renowned jurisconsult and left ten volumes of manuscripts with his judicial resolutions as well as several published works; he was the top expert in matters of testaments and successions of his time. Arcade of the Colonia Romana under the name of "Liso Paterniano."

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Maria in Aracoeli, September 23, 1743.

Death. August 27, 1746, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Andrea delle Fratte, Rome, where the capella papalis took place on August 29, 1746, in the presence of Pope Benedict XIV; and buried in that same church. His nephew, Teofilo Calcagnini, had a magnificent monument erected to his memory, on the right side of the main door of that church (2).

Bibliography. Calcagnini, Carlo Leopoldo. Caroli Leopoldi Calcagnini patritii Ferrariensis S.R.E. Cardinalis De variatione ultimae voluntatis, Trebellianica, variisque, etiam ad feudalem materiam, observationibus : opus in tres tomos distributum, cum argumentis, summariis, & locupletissimo indice ad calcem cujusque voluminis. Romae : Ex typographia Hieronymi Mainardi, MDCCXLV-MDCCXLVII; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 17; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12, 14 and 46; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 264-265; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), III, 163; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 508, no. 682 Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 495.

Webgraphy. Biography by Raffaele Feola, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 16 (1973), Treccani; his portrait by Raimondo Ghelli. Biblioteca Ariostea, Ferrara; his engraving, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, picryl.com; his engraving and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his arms and prosopography, in German, Requiem Datenbank; his tomb in the church of S. Andrea delle Fratte, Rome, ArtServe, The Australian National University; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) Cardinal Francesco Albizzi had been married before entering rhe ecclesiastical state after his wife died. One of his sons, Giovanni Battista, was the father of Violante, the mother of Cardinal Carlo Leopoldo Calcagnani.
(2) This is the text of the incription in his monument, taken from Requiem Datenbank, linked above:

D . O . M . CAROLO LEOPOLDO S. R . E . TIT . S . MARIÆ ARACŒ LI PRESBYT . CARDINALI CALCAGNINO PATRITIO FERRARIENSI IURIS UTRIUSQUE SCIENTIA QUA PER ANNOS VIGINTI TRES ROTÆ AUDITOR ET DECANUS SUMMOPERE CLARUIT ROMÆ CURIÆ SPECTATISSIMO THEOPHILUS MARCHIO CLACAGNINUS FRATRIS FILIUS HÆRES PATRUO OPTIMO POSUIT VIXIT A . LXVII . M . VI . OBIIT XXVII . AUGUSTI . A . MDCCXLVI

(19) 19. TANARA, Alessandro (1680-1754)

Birth. November 14, 1680, Bologna. From a senatorial family. Second of the four children of Marquis Franchiotto Tanara, senator and gonfaloniere, and Vittoria Malvezzi; the other siblings were Giovanni Niccolo, Luigi and Lucrezia. He is also listed as Alexander Tanarius; and his last name as Tanari. Grand-nephew of Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna (1633). Nephew of Cardinal Sebastiano Antonio Tanara (1695).

Education. When he was an adolescent, he was sent to Rome and placed under the tutelage of his uncle the cardinal to pursue his education. He met Cardinal Prospero Lambertini, future Pope Benedict XIV, who shared the same residence with Cardinal Tanara.

Early life. He entered the Arcadia with the name Orisbo Boreatico. Relator of the S.C. the Immunity, October 1712. Relator of the SS.CC. of Good Government and of the Apostolic Visitation. Adscribed as a voter of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice in December 1714. Vicar of S. Maria in Via Lata. In 1715, he obtained a canonship in the patriarchal Lateran basilica; became its vicar in 1721. Secretary of the S.C. Consistorial. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota for Bologna in September 1733; took possession in February 1734. His judicial resolutions were published in Rome in two volumes (1).

Sacred orders. Received the subdiaconate on October 24, 1734; and the diaconate on October 28, 1734. Named secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide on February 18, 1735. In 1741 he was named member of the special congregation to restore the S.C. of Propaganda Fide's superintendence on pontifical seminaries and collegios. He also promoted the birth of the Egyptian Coptic Unionist Church.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the deaconry of S. Maria in Aquiro, September 23, 1743. Member of the SS. CC. of Bishops and Regulars, Tridentine Council, Good Government, and Rites. Protector of the Order of the Friars Mínimos of S. Francesco di Paola from November 1751; and of the Congregation of Blessed Pietro of Pisa.

Death. April 29, 1754, at about 2:00 p.m., Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome, where the capella papalis took place on May 2, 1754; and buried in the chapel of S. Maria Maddalena, in that same church.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 25-26; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp.12, 14 and 51; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 312; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 928; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 508, no. 683.

Webgraphy.His portrait and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; his engraving by Antonio Pazzi based on a portrait by Giovanni Domenico Campiglia, Antiquariat Hille, Berlinhis engraving and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) Tanara, Alessandro. Decisiones Sacrae Rotae Romanae coram Alexandro Tanario Bononiensi eiusdem Sacrae Rotae auditore, nunc S.R.E. Diacono Cardinali tit. S. Mariae in Aquiro : in duas partes distributae. 2 vols. Uniform title: Decisiones (Tanara, Alessandro). Romae : Sumptibus Jo. Laurentii Barbiellini in Foro Pasquini ; typis Generosi Salomonii in Platea S. Ignatii, 1747-1748. Note: Contains 277 decisions dating from June 1734 to June 1743 (v. 1 decisions I-CXLIX; v. 2, CL-CCLXXVII). Edited by Filippo Maria Pirelli.

(20) 20. MONTI, Filippo Maria (1675-1754)

Birth. March 23, 1675, Bologna. Second child of Ferdinando Monti and Camilla Moscardini. The father was a merchant and later obtained the title of marquis. His brother Francesco became a senator in 1719. Uncle of Cardinal Cornelio Caprara (1761). A friend since childhood and classmate of Prospero Lambertini, future Pope Benedict XIV.

Education. Studied at Collegio dei Nobili «del Porto»; and at the University of Bologna; he studied the canons, the Holy Scriptures and ecclesiastical history.

Early life. After completing his studies in Bologna, he went to Rome and entered the service of Cardinal Enrico Noris. Sent by the pope to solve the differences between the Holy See and the Republic of Venice; returned to Rome in 1710. Named domestic prelate of His Holiness Pope Clement XI in 1710. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Liberian basilica from December 1715 to 1731. Secretary of the S.C. Consistorial and of the Sacred College of Cardinals, July 24, 1730. Protonoatry apostolic de numero participanti. Secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide in February 1735; he wrote the history of the mission in Tibet. In 1741, he was named member of the Congregation for the Reform of the Breviary. He authored a work on the cardinals. He was famous for his wisdom.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Agnese fuori le Mura, September 23, 1743. Opted for the title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, April 10, 1747. Member, among others, of the SS. CC. of Propaganda Fide, of the Holy Office and of the Index. He prepared his testament on January 26, 1749. In his last years he became deaf.

Death. January 17, 1754, around 3:15 a.m., Rome. Exposed in the church of Ss. Biagio e Carlo ai Catinari, Rome, his parish, where the capella papalis took place on January 20, 1754; and in the afternoon, transferred and buried in the tomb he had built in the church of the Discalced Carmelites of S. Maria della Vittoria, Rome (1). At the insinuation of Pope Benedict XIV, he left his personal library of 11,000 volumes to the "Istituto delle Scienzee delle Arti" of Bologna. The volumes, mostly printed, included works on theology, philosophy, canon law and bibliography. He also left to the "Istituto" in his testament, executed in 1754, 403 paintings, portraits of cardinals, theologians, scientists and illustrious literary men contemporary and older. Pope Benedict XIV also donated his collection of 25,000 volumes to the same institution.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 17-19; Gandolfi, Giulia. "La collezione del cardinale Filippo Maria Monti", in Imagines illustrium virorum : la collezione dei ritratti dell'Università e della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna. Bologna : CLUEB, 2010, (Pubblicazioni dell'Archivio Storico / Università degli Studi di Bologna, 6), 60-187; Gandolfi, Giulia. "La collezione di ritratti del cardinale Filippo Maria Monti", in Imagines illustrium virorum : la collezione dei ritratti dell'Università e della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna. Bologna : CLUEB, 2010, (Pubblicazioni dell'Archivio Storico / Università degli Studi di Bologna, 6), 11-38; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12, 14, 41 and 49; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 308-309; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 633.

Webgraphy. Biography by Maria Pia Donato, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 76 (2012), Treccani; his engraving and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; his engraving and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank; Elogia S.R.E. cardinalium pietate, doctrina, legationibus ac rebus pro Ecclesia gestis illustrium a pontificatu Alexandri III ad Benedictum XIII, apposita eorum imaginibus quae in pinacotheca Philippi cardinalis de Montibus spectantur. Romae : Typis Antonij de Rubeis apud Pantheon, 1751. Superiorum permissu, Google Books.

(1) This is the text of the inscription, which he composed, in his tomb, taken from Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 309:

D. O. M. PHILIPPUS MARIA TIT. [S.] STEPHANI IN MONTE COELI S.R E. PRESBYTER CARDINALIS DE MONTIBUS AD EXPECTANDAM BEATAM SPEM ET ADVENTUM GLORIAE MAGNI DEI ET SALVATORIS NOSTRI JESU CHRISTI SACRUM HOC REGULARIUM CONDITORIUM SIBI VIVENS ELEGIT. VIX. ANN. LXXVIII MENS. VIII DIES XXV OBIIT AN. REP. SAL. MDCCLIV MENS JANUARIO. COMMISSA MEA PAVESCO ET ANTE TE ERUBESCO DUM VENERIS JUDICARE, NOLI ME CONDEMNARE AMEN.

There is an error in the transcription of the epitaph concerning the numer of months he lived, whcih should be nine (IX).

(21) 21. BARDI, Girolamo (1685-1761)

Birth. January 31, 1685, Florence. From the family of the counts of Vernio. Eldest of the four children of Flaminio Bardi and Lucrezia Carnesecchi. The other siblings were Camillo, Orazio and Sestilia. His last name is also listed as de' Bardi. His parents obtained for him the membership in the Sovereign Order of Malta and they sent him to study in Bologna. Related to Pope Clement XII, on his sister's side.

Education. Stuided in the Jesuit school of S. Francesco Zaverio, Bologna; and then at the University of Pisa, where he obtained a doctorate in law.

Early life. He went to Rome under the patronage of Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini, future Pope Clement XI. Entered the Roman Prelature in 1715. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, August 8, 1715. Governor of Faenza, April 1717. Vice-legate in Ferrara from 1718 until 1722. Recalled to Rome by Pope Innocent XIII, he was named relator of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta in May 1722. Protonotary apostolic supernumerario. Civil lieutenant of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Chamber, September 29, 1728 until 1733. Secretary of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta, March 3, 1733. Famous for his piety, rectitude and charity, he donated 30,000 scudi for the establishment of a hospital for the poor.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the deaconry of S. Adriano, September 23, 1743. Received the minor orders on November 24, 1743; the subdiaconate on December 8, 1743; and the diaconate on December 13, 1743.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 15, 1743. Opted for the title of S. Maria degli Angeli in Terme, May 28, 1753. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 12, 1756 until January 3, 1757. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII; he had to leave the conclave because of illness on June 24, 1758; he recovered and returned to the conclave during the adorazione, after the new pope had been elected.

Death. March 11, 1761, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Marcello, Rome; and buried in front of the main altar of the church of S. Maria degli Angeli in Terme, his title (1). In his will, he left thirty thousand scudi for the foundation of hospital.

Bibliography. Bardi, Girolamo. Lezione sul cioccolato, del Cardinale Girolamo Bardi dei Conti di Vernio. A cura di Alessandro Magini, Centro Bardi. Prato : La Biblioteca dell'Orso, 2006; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 26-27; Forcella, Vincenzo. Iscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri. 14 v. in 7. Roma : Tip. delle scienze matematiche e fisiche, 1869-1884, IX, 166, no. 334; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12, 14, 45 and 50; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 405-406; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), I, 96; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 254 and 477; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 438-439; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 440; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 508, no. 684.

Webgraphy. His engraving and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; his engraving by Carlo Gregori, Araldica Vaticana; his prosopography, in German, Requiem Datenbank; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the inscription in his tomb, taken from Forcella, Iscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri, IX, 166, no. 334

HIERONYMVS · S · R · E · PRESBYTER · CARDINALS · DE · BARDIIS VERNIJ · COMITIBUS · FLORENTINUS OB · VITAE · INTEGRITATEM · MORUMQUE · SUAVITATEM NEMINI · NON · CARISSIMUS POST · VARIOS · IN · REPUBLICA · MAGISTRATUS SANTE · ET · SINE · AMBITIONE · GESTOS OBIJT · ROMAE · AN · SAL · MDCCLXI · AETATIS · SUAE · LXXVI

(22) 22. LUCINI, O.P., Luigi Maria (1665-1745)

Birth. July 25, 1665, Milan. Of a family from Como (1). His first name is also listed as Aloysius Maria; and as Aloisio Maria; and his last name as Lucinus and as Lucino.

Education. When he was quite young, he entered the Order of the Preachers (Dominicans).

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). He soon became one of the best theologians, occupying the professorial chairs in Dominican houses of study in Lombardy. Called to Rome by the master general of the order, Father Antoine Cloche, he was assigned first as socius and later as coadjutor to the commissary of the Supreme Tribunal of the Holy Office. Later, he was sent as inquisitor to Novara. Pope Clement XI recalled Father Lucini to Rome and named him commissary general of the Holy Roman Inquisition in 1714; he spent thirty years in that post.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Sisto, September 23, 1743 (2). During his cardinalate, he diligently observed the rule of his religious order. He published numerous works in theology, which were very appreciated by the public.

Death. January 17, 1745, placidamente, from asthma, other illnesses and advanced age, in Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome, where the capella papalis took place on January 19, 1745; and buried, according to his will, in the church of S. Sisto, his title (3).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 19-20; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 14 and 49; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 259-260.

Webgraphy. His engraving, arms and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, church of S. Sisto, Rome, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is according to Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, IX, 19. Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 259, says that he was born in Como from a noble Milanese family.
(2) Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 259, relates that when Cardinal Lucini, then seventy seven years old, received the red hat from Pope Benedict XIV, he addressed the pontiff saying that from all the new cardinals, he was going to be the first one to return the hat to the pope. He was right as he died a year and four months later.
(3) This is the text of his epitaph, taken from Requiem Datenbank, linked above:

D · O · M · FR · ALOYSIO M (æ) · LUCINI MEDIOLANENSI EX ORD · FRATR · PRAEDIC · DIVINARUM HUMANARUMQ · SCHIENTIAR · CLARO NOVARIÆ HFRETICÆ PRAVIT · INQUISITORI A · CLEM · XI · P · M · EODEM MUNERE IN URBE GENERALI ADMINISTRO RENUNCIATO ATQ · A · BENEDICTO XIV · PONT · MAX · OB PROBITATEM EIUS · PIETATEMQ · SINGULAREM IN CARDINALIUM COL · COOPTATO TIT · S · XYSTI VIXIT ANN· LXXIX · MENS · V · DIES XVII · OB · XVI · KAL · FEBRU · ANN · SAL · MDCCXLV JOSEPH LUCATELLI MEDIOL · ROM · ECCL · PROTHO AC IN FERRARIEN · PROVIN · PROLEGATUS GRATI ANIMI MON · P ·

(23) 23. TAMBURINI, O.S.B.Cas., Fortunato (1683-1761)

Birth. February 2, 1683, Modena. Son of Simone Tamburini, governor of Reggio and counselor and secretary of State to Rinaldo II, duke of Modena, and Vinceza di Vigaranis. He was baptized in the church of S. Lorenzo, in Modena. He had two brothers, Ercole, a diocesan priest; and Carlo, also a Benedictine; and four sisters, Lucrezia Matilde, Laura Teresa, Alma Tersa and Francesca; all the sisters entered religious orders. Nephew of Father Michelangelo Tamburini, fifteenth superior general of the Society of Jesus. His last name is also listed as Tamburinus.

Education. He received his intial education at home, where his father was his first teacher; and then, under the guidance of his uncle Father Michelangelo. When he was sixteen years old, he entered the Order of St. Benedict Cassinese, in the monastery of S. Pietro in Modena; he was sent to the novitiate in the monastery of S. Giovanni Evangelista in Parma; he made his solemn monastic profession on May 21, 1699; then returned to Modena under the tutelage of Abbot Becchini; later, he went back to the monastery in Parma, where he gained the esteem of the monks and of Bishop Camillo Marazzani of Parma, who benefitted from his ability, doctrine and counsel in grave affairs of his diocese. He knew Latin and Greek with expertise; spoke and wrote Spanish and French; and cultivated the study of Hebrew.

Priesthood. Ordained, between 1706 and 1709. In 1709, he was in his monastery in Modena. Lector of philosophy in the monastery of S. Giovanni Evangelista of Parma at the beginning of October 1710; remained in the post until October 1713; then, he taught theology from October 1713 until July 1719. In 1717, he was elected dean of the monastery; and in 1722, co-procurator general. Called to Rome to the monastery of S. Anselmo; he taught canon law for nine years; and theology from 1720 to 1726; and from 1729 to 1732. In 1725, he was named prior of the monastery of of S. Spirito in Pavia. From 1726 to 1729, he was prior of the monastery of S. Paolo fuori le mura, Rome. In 1729, while he was lector in S. Anselmo, he was also named chancellor of the entire congregation. On April 15, 1731, the general chapter elected him abbot of S. Placido, ouside Messina. Ascribed to the S.C. of the Index and named qualificatore of the Holy Office. Theologian of the Roman council celebrated during the pontificate of Pope Benedict XIII. Consultor of the S.C. of Rites in the pontificate of Pope Clement XII. On May 12, 1737, he was elected abbot of the monastery of Fonte Vivo, near Parma. Abbot of the monastery of S. Pietro in Modena, April 27, 1738 until 1741. On April 30, 1741, the general chapter nominated him abbot of S. Paolo fuori le mura in Rome. He participated in the Controversia di Crema, which lasted from 1732 to 1752, concerning the divine right of the people to receive communion during the mass; the controversy agitated the entire Italian ecclesiastical world.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Matteo in Via Merulana, September 23, 1743. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites and Ceremonies from January 21, 1747 until his death. Opted for the title of S. Callisto, which belonged to the monastery of S. Paolo fuori le mura, April 9, 1753. Prefect of the S.C. for the Correction of the Books of the Oriental Church from September 1743 until his death. Named one of the protector of the Pontifical Collegio Greco, March 19, 1753. On May 10, 1753, he was named prefect of studies of the Urbanian College of Propaganda Fide. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, February 17, 1755 until January 12, 1756. In 1755, he was named a member of the cardinalitial congregation which dealt with the application of the papal bull Unigenitus Dei Filius in France and the problems created by the "appellant" Jansenists concerning the administration of the sacraments. Protector of the Order of St. Benedict Cassinese, September 5, 1756. Protector of the Congregation of the Blessed Peter of Pisa, December 5, 1757. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. As a cardinal, he continued residing in his monastery with the simplicity of a monk. Three times he refused the rich benefice of S. Maria Pomposa offered by the duke of Modena; he accepted it only after the express order of obedience from the pope; he used the funds to subsidize the poor and the hospital of Modena.

Death. August 9, 1761, of renal disorders, Rome. Exposed in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, where the funeral took place, with the participation of Pope Clement XIII and the Sacred College of Cardinals; and buried in his titular church of S. Callisto, at the entrance to the choir, under a simple tombstone, with a magnificent eulogy placed by the Benedictines (1). He left his relatives his personal furnishings but none of his ecclesiastical pensions.

Bibliography. Bernabei, Nicola. Vita del Cardinale Giovanni Morone, vescovo di Modena e biografie dei cardinali modenesi e di Casa d'Este, dei cardinali vescovi di Modena e di quelli educati in questo Collegio di San Carlo. Modena : Tipografica Rossi, 1885, pp. 206-211; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 20-21; Elli, Pietro. Il Cardinale Fortunato Tamburini da Modena e il suo De Conscientia. Roma : Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le mura, 1979. (Serie monografica di "Benedictina". Sezione monastica ; 2; Variation: Serie monografica di "Benedictina"; Sezione monastica ; 2); Elli, Pietro. La partecipazione di benedettini cassinesi alla controversia di Crema (1732-1752). Montecassino : [s.n.], 1993, p. 99-113; Muratori, Lodovico Antonio ; Valenti, Filippo ; Tamburini, Fortunato. Carteggi con Fortunato Tamburini. Firenze : Leo S. Olschki, 1975. (Edizione nazionale del carteggio di L. A. Muratori ; vol. 42); Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 14, 43, 47 and 56; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 426-427.

Webgraphy. His engraving, arms and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; engravings, arms and biography, in Italian, Araldica Vaticana; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of the inscription in his tomb, taken from Elli, Il Cardinale Fortunato Tamburini da Modena e il suo De Conscientia, p. 34:

FORTUNATO TAMBURINO MUTINENSI EX ABBATE S. PAULI IN VIA OSTIENSI PRESE. CARDINALI TIT. S. CALLISTI IN ORDINEM SACRATISSIMUM GENERALIUM INQUISITORUM FIDEI ADLECTO CONGREGATIONIS SACRORUM RITUUM PRAEFECTURA ALIISQUE HONORIBUS. AC MAGISTRATIB. AUCTO ET NUMOUAM NON DILIGENTER AC INNOCENTER PERFUNCTO OB PROBATAM IN SACRIS DISCIPLINIS PRAESTANTIAE A LAUDATIS VIRIS CONSTANTER LAUDATO COMITATE SIMPLICITATE MODESTIA MORIBUS SUIS PLANE ANTIQUIS LIBERALITATE IN PAUPERES RELIGIONE IN DEUM SPECTATISSIMO QUI VIX. AN. LXXVIII. M. VI. D. VIII. IN CARDINALATU AN. XVII. M. XI. OB. IN OSCULO DMNI. V. ID. SEXTIL. A. S. MDCCLXI ET POST TRIDUUM DEP. HIC EST EX TEST. CONGREGATIO CASINENS. ORD. S. BENEDICTI ALUMNO CARIS. ET PROTECTORI OPTIMO OB MERITA ET IN COMMUNE SOLATIUM M. P. C.

(24) 24. BESOZZI, O.Cist., Gioacchino (1679-1755)

Birth. December 23, 1679, Milan. From the noble family of the counts Cormano (1). His last name is also listed as Besotius; and as Besutio.

Education. Entred the Order of the Cistercians in the province of Lombardy when he was sixteen years old; he studied Greek and Latin.

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Lector of theology at the monastery of Chiaravalle; and later, at the monastery of S. Ambrogio, in Milan. In 1720, by papal brief, he was elected abbot of the monastery of Venice. Procurator general of his order, 1724. Lector of theology at the monastery of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome; in 1724, he was elected its abbot. Named confessor of the conclave of 1740, with the satisfaction of the Sacred College of Cardinals.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of September 9, 1743; received the red hat on September 12, 1743; and the title of S. Pancrazio, September 23, 1743. Opted for the title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme in December 7, 1744. Grand penitentiary, March 25, 1747 until his death. In 1755, he was named a member of the cardinalitial congregation which dealt with the application of the papal bull Unigenitus Dei Filius in France and the problems created by the "appellant" Jansenists concerning the administration of the sacraments.

Death. June 18, 1755, Tivoli, where, for its climate, he had traveled trying to improve his health. His body was privately transported to Rome on that same evening and exposed on the following day in the church of S. Marcello, where the funeral took place; and buried in a superb mausoleum made by the Cistercian monks in the church of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome (2).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 21-23; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 14, 43 and 47; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 322-323.

Webgraphy. Biography by Giuseppe Pignatelli, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 9 (1967), Treccani; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; engravings, Araldica Vaticana; Cronotassi dei Cardinali Penitenzieri Maggiori, Penitenziaria Apostolica; his tomb in S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is according to Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, p. 21; and his biography in Italian, linked above. Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 322, says that he was from poor, honest and pious parents, who were originally from Angera, a small city situated near Lago Maggiore, 26 miles from Milan.
(2) This is the text of his epitaph, taken from Requiem Datenbank:

Α XP Ω JOACHIMO BESUTIO MEDIOLANENSI ORD CISTERCIENSIUM INSUBRIAE OLIM PROC. GENLI PIETATE DOCTRINA PRUDENTIA INTEGRITATE MORUM SUAVITATE CLARISSIMO QUE SR INQUISITIONIS CONSULTOR A BENEDICTO XIII DESIGNATUS [UNINTELLIGIBLE] SEDE VACANTE ANNO MDCCXL CARDINALIBUS IN COMITIIS A SAC CONFESSIONIBUS ELECTUS BENEDICTO XIV PM SRE PRESBITER CARDINALIS CREATUS ET MAJORIS POENITENTIARII MUNERE ELECTUS GRAVISS EXPEDIENDIS NEGOTIIS FUIT FREQUENTER ADHIBITUS QUOD HOC COENOBIUM CUI ABBAS PRAEFUIT HAEREDEUM EX ASSE INSTITUERIT QUE LIBRIS RARISSIMIS BIBLIOTHECA FUNDAVERIT LINGUARUM GRAECAE ATQE HEBRAICAE LANGOBARDICA CISTERCIENSIUM MONACHORUM CONGREGATIO GRATI ANIMI MONUM OBIIT XIV KALENDS IUL An MDCCLV AETAT LXXV M IV D XIV

(25) 25. ORSINI D'ARAGONA, Domenico (1719-1789)

Birth. June 5, 1719, Naples. Son of Ferdinando Bernualdo (or Beroaldo) Filippo Orsini, 14th duke of Gravina, and his second wife, Giacinta Marescotti-Ruspoli. Grand-nephew of Pope Benedict XIII. The family gave the church another two popes and several cardinals: Celestine III (1191-1198); Nicholas III (1277-1280); Matteo Orsini (1262); Latino Malabranca Orsini, O.P. (1278); Giordano Orsini (1278); Napoleone Orsini (1288); Francesco Napoleone Orsini (1295); Giovanni Gaetano Orsini (1316); Matteo Orsini, O.P. (1327); Rinaldo Orsini (1350); Giacomo Orsini (1371); Poncello Orsini (1378); Tommaso Orsini (1383?); Giordano Orsini, iuniore (1405); Latino Orsini (1448); Cosma Orsini, O.S.B. (1480); Giovanni Battista Orsini (1483); Franciotto Orsini (1517); Flavio Orsini (1565); Alessandro Orsini (1615); and Virginio Orsini, O.S.Io.Hieros. (1641).

Education. (No information found).

Early life. He succeeded his father as the fifteenth duke of Gravina in 1734. He was also sixth prince of Solofra; fifth prince of Vallata; second prince of Roccagorga; prince of the Holy Roman Empire; count of Muro Lucano; patrician of Naples, Genoa, Ancona, and Venice; noble of Corneto; count Palatino; second prince assistant at the Pontifical Throne in 1735, and Roman noble. Knight perpetuo della stola d'oro. Ambassador of the Queen Maria Amalia of Naples before Pope Clement XIII. In 1738, he married Princess Anna Paola Flaminia Odescalchi, of the dukes of Bracciano, and had four children: Maria Maddalena, Giacinta, Filippo and Filippo Bernualdo (baptized Amedeo). After she died in 1742, he was created cardinal (1).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of September 9, 1743; the pope sent him the red biretta with an apostolic brief dated September 20, 1743, with Monsignor Filippo Maria Pirelli, ablegato apostolic and future cardinal; received the red hat on May 21, 1744; and the deaconry of Ss. Vito e Modesto, June 15, 1744. Ascribed to the SS. CC. of the Tridentine Council, Immunity, Proaganda Fide, Sacred Consulta, Good Government, and others. Granted dispensation to be a cardinal without having received the minor orders, March 16, 1744. He was granted rich benefices by King Carlos III of Naples; and on the occasion of the assumption to the crown of Spain, that king ascribed Cardinal Orsini to the royal family and named him Grande de España. Opted for the deaconry of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano, November 26, 1753. Participated in the conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres, January 24, 1763. Received the subdiaconate, March 6, 1768; diaconate, March 20, 1768. Protector of the Two Sicilies since 1748; and ambassador before the Holy See of of King Ferdinando IV of Naples.

Priesthood. Ordained, November 6, 1768. Participated in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Participated in the conclave of 1774-1775, which elected Pope Pius VI. Opted for the deaconry of S. Agata in Suburra, February 17, 1777. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, December 13, 1779. Cardinal protodeacon. He was always generous with the poor, religious and munificent with the churches under his care.

Death. January 10, 1789, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, where the funeral took place; privately transferred to the patriarchal Lateran basilica, and buried there in his family's tomb in the chapel of S. Barbato, bishop, according to his will (2). Only his name and his arms were inscribed on his tombstone.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1797, IX, 27; Forcella, Vincenzo. Iscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri. 14 v. in 7. Roma : Tip. delle scienze matematiche e fisiche, 1869-1884, VIII, 94, no. 259; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 12, 14-15, 50, 51 and 52; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 509, no. 687.

Webgraphy. Biography by Emanuele Colombo, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 79 (2013), Treccani;his engraving and biography, in Italian, Cathopedia; portrait and biography, in French, Wikipédia; his genealogy, A3 D1 E6 F8 G3 H2 I4 J2, Libro d'Oro della Nobilità Mediterranea;his engraving by Pietro Antonio Pazzi, secolo XVIII (1743), ambito florentino, regione ecclesiastica Triveneto, diocesi Trento, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his portrait by Vincenzo Milione, Wikimedia; his engraving, arms and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb in the patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) According to contemporary sources, his promotion to the cardinalate was a surprise because it was expected that his uncle Mondillo (Raimondo) Orsini, who was archbishop of Capua and patriarch of Constantinople, was the one to receive the red hat.
(2) This is the text of his epitaph taken from Requiem Datenbank, linked above:

D . O . M. DOMINICVS CARDINALIS URSINVS OBIIT DIE XIX . JANVARII ANN . MDCCLXXXIX. ÆTATIS SVÆ ANNORVM LXIX . MENS . VII . DIER [sic!] . XV HIC RESVRRECTIONEM EXPECTAT ORATE PRO EO

PALLAVICINI, Lazzaro (1686-1744)

Birth. June 13, 1684, Genoa. Second of the seven children of Senator Gianfrancesco Pallavicini and Aurelia Spinola. The other siblings were Paologirolamo, Livia, Giovanna, Maddalena and two nuns. His first name is also listed as Lazaro Opizio. Nephew of Cardinal Opizio Pallavicini (1686). Uncle of Cardinal Lazzaro Opizzo Pallavicini (1766).

Education. Studied at La Sapienza University, Rome, and obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, on October 10, 1701.

Early life. Abbreviatore di parco maggiore of the Apostolic Chancery. Protonotary apostolic participantium, September 28, 1706. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, June 9, 1707. Governor of Tivoli, April 18, 1709. Governor of Città di Castello, January 16, 1710. Governor of Spoleto, 1714. Governor of Ancona, April 17, 1717. Commissary general of the Marche. Inquisitor in Malta, May 5, 1718 until 1720.

Sacred orders. Received the minor orders on November 23, 1720; the subdiaconate on November 24, 1720; and the diaconate on December 1, 1720.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 8, 1720.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tebe, January 20, 1721. Consecrated (no information found). Nuncio in Florence, March 5, 1721 until June 1731. Prefect of the Cubiculi of His Holiness, June 25, 1731; occupied the post until 1740. Pope Clement XII offered him the archdiocese of Benevento; and the governorship of Rome in 1734, but he declined.

Cardinalate. Declined the promotion to the cardinalate offered by Pope Benedict XIV in 1740 (1).

Death. June 28, 1744, Rome. Buried in the church of S. Franceso di Paola a i Monti, Rome (2).

Bibliography. Marchesi Buonaccorsi, Giorgio Viviano. Antichità ed eccellenza del Protonotariato appostolico partecipante, colle più scelte notizie de' santi, sommi pontefici, cardinali, e prelati che ne sono stati insigniti sino al presente, opera di Monsignor Giorgio Viviano Marchesi Buonaccorsi forlivese. Faenza : pel Benedetti, 1751. Note: Book; Computer File; Internet Resource, p. 497-499; Karttunen, Liisi. Les nonciatures apostoliques permanentes de 1650 à 1800. Genève : E. Chaulmontet, 1912, p. 254; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, p. 374; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 705; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), III, 118, 210, 405 and 787; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), III, 787.

(1) This is according to Marchesi Buonaccorsi, Antichità ed eccellenza del Protonotariato appostolico partecipante, p. 498; Weber, Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809, III, 787; Diario Romano, January 2, 1745, p.12; Suite de la Clef, ou Journal historique sur les matières du tems. Contenant quelques nouvelles de littérature, & autres remarques curieuses. LIV (Juillet 1743), 360; and L'ami de la religion et du roi : journal ecclésiastique, politique et littéraire, C (1743), 21, in an article about cardinals dimissionary, listing his first name as Antonio Maria.
(2) This is the text of his epitaph, taken from Diario Romano, January 2, 1745, p.12:

Lazzaro Pallavicino Thebarum Archiespiscopo In summa rei frumentariae Caritate Annonae per Picenum Curatori Apud Melitenses & Florentinos A.S. Apocrisiario Clementis XII Pont. Max. Admissionum Magistro Viro integerrimo Et innocentissimo BENEDICTUS XIV Pont.Max. Amico Optimo Cardinali ab se designato Quos honores vivens recusavit Mortuo dedit Vixit Ann, LX dies XXV

BUONDELMONTE, Filippo (1691-1741)

Birth. May 24, 1691, Florence. Of a patrician and senatorial family. Son of Giuseppe Buondelmonte and Virginia de Braccio-Compagni.

Education. (No information found).

Early life. While still very young, he was invested with the habit of the Knights of Malta because of a commanderie that his family possessed in S. Maria all'Imbrunetta. When he became an adult, he went to Rome, where he was named referendary of the Tribunals of the Signature of Justice and of Grace on April 4, 1715. Governor of Tivoli, April 9, 1717 until 1721. Governor of Città di Castello, January 11, 1721 until 1722. Governor of Orvieto, August 19, 1722 until 1725. Governor of Ascoli, Ferbuary 5, 1525 until 1730. Apostolic commissary in Benevento in 1730. In 1730, he was charged by Pope Clement XII with preparing the process against Cardinal Niccolò Coscia, at the conclusion of which he was named vice-legate in Avignon on April 2, 1731 until 1739. Refused by the French court for the nunciature in Paris, he was named governor of Rome and vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church on September 29, 1739, remaining in that post until his death.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Died alla vigilia of his promotion to the cardinalate (1)

Death. June 19, 1741, Rome. Buried, church of S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, Rome.

Bibliography. Del Re, Niccolò, Monsignor governatore di Roma. Rome : Istituto di Studi Romani Editore, 1972, p. 115; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 315, note 198; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7) pp. 125, 135, 144, 210, 324, 361, 405, and 529; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3), II, 480-481.

(1) This is according to Del Re, Monsignor governatore di Roma, p. 115, which cites as the source of the information concerning the impending promotion the manuscript report of the obsequies celebrated in his honor in the church of S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, that exists in the Archivio delle ceremonie pontificie, vol. 56, n. 15, pp. 322-324.

©1998-2022 Salvador Miranda.