| dbo:abstract |
الصحوة الوطنية الألبانية، والمعروفة باسم النهضة الألبانية، أو الانتعاش الألباني هي حركة ثقافية وسياسية واجتماعية في التاريخ الألباني استمرت طوال فترة القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين، إذ تجمّع الشعب الألباني وأسّس حياة ثقافية وسياسية مستقلة، وشكّلوا ألبانيا كبلد واحد. قبل ظهور القومية، كانت ألبانيا تحت حكم الإمبراطورية العثمانية لخمسة قرون تقريبًا، وقمعت السلطات العثمانية أي تعبير عن الوحدة الوطنية أو الوعي الوطني من قبل الشعب الألباني. يوجد بعض النقاش بين الخبراء حول وقت بدء الحركة القومية الألبانية. تُرجع بعض المصادر أصولها إلى الثورات التي قامت ضد المركزية في ثلاثينيات القرن التاسع عشر، ومصادر أخرى تشير إلى بدئها مع أول محاولة لنشر أبجدية موحدة للألبانية في عام 1844 من قبل نعوم فيلكهارشي، أو إلى انهيار عصبة بريزرين خلال الأزمة الشرقية في عام 1881، وظهرت أيضًا آراء وسطية بين الأطروحات الثلاث السابقة، مثل الرأي الذي افترض أن القومية الألبانية ذات أسس موجودة مسبقًا، لكنها توطّدت كحركة خلال الأزمة الشرقية (1878-1881). يوجد رأي آخر اقترح أن الوطنية الألبانية تبرعمت أثناء الإصلاحات التي حدثت في العقود الأولى من القرن التاسع عشر، لكن القومية الألبانية ظهرت بشكل صريح في ثلاثينيات وثمانينيات القرن التاسع عشر كحركة رومانسية للإصلاح الاجتماعي، وكان محرّكها الأساسي مجموعة من الألبان الذين نشروا أفكارهم من خارج ألبانيا، ثم تحولت إلى حركة وطنية علنية في سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر، وفي 20 ديسمبر عام 1912 اعترف مؤتمر منظمة السفراء في لندن بألبانيا المستقلة بحدودها الحالية. (ar) Mit Rilindja wird die albanische Nationalbewegung und Nationsbildung in der Zeit zwischen etwa 1870 und der Unabhängigkeitserklärung Albaniens am 28. November 1912 bezeichnet. Rilindja Kombëtare bedeutet nationale Wiedergeburt, andere Bezeichnungen sind nationale Renaissance und nationales Erwachen. Ihre Unterstützer werden als Revivalisten (albanisch Rilindas) bezeichnet. (de) The Albanian National Awakening (Albanian: Rilindja or Rilindja Kombëtare), commonly known as the Albanian Renaissance or Albanian Revival, is a period throughout the 19th and 20th century of a cultural, political and social movement in the Albanian history where the Albanian people gathered strength to establish an independent cultural and political life as well as the country of Albania. Prior to the rise of nationalism, Albania remained under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for almost five centuries and the Ottoman authorities suppressed any expression of national unity or national conscience by the Albanian people. There is some debate among experts regarding when the Albanian nationalist movement should be considered to have started. Some sources attribute its origins to the revolts against centralisation in the 1830s, others to the publication of the first attempt by Naum Veqilharxhi at a standardized alphabet for Albanian in 1844, or to the collapse of the League of Prizren during the Eastern Crisis in 1881. Various compromise positions between these three theses have also emerged, such as one view positing that Albanian nationalism had foundations that dated earlier but "consolidated" as a movement during the Eastern Crisis (1878–1881). Another view is that Albanian nationalism's roots "sprouted" in the reforms of the first decades of the 19th century but Albanian nationalism emerged properly in the 1830s and 1840s as a romantic movement for societal reform that was initially mainly driven by Albanians publishing from abroad, and it transformed into an overt political national movement in the 1870s. On December 20, 1912, the Conference of Ambassadors in London recognized an independent Albania within its present-day borders. (en) Kebangkitan Nasional Albania (bahasa Albania: Rilindja Kombëtare) (juga dikenal sebagai Renaisans Nasional atau Kebangunan Nasional), mengacu kepada periode dalam Albania dari tahun 1870 hingga deklarasi kemerdekaan pada tahun 1912. Para aktivisnya disebut Revivalis (bahasa Albania: Rilindas). Kebangkitan Nasional dimulai pada pertengahan abad ke-19 dan berlangsung hingga tahun 1912, ketika bangsa Albania menyatakan pembentukan sebuah negara Albania merdeka, yang mencakup wilayah Albania sekarang dan wilayah sekitarnya. Pada 20 Desember 1912, di London mengakui sebuah negara Albania merdeka dengan batas-batasnya yang sekarang. (in) O Despertar Nacional ou o Renascimento Nacional da Albânia (em albanês: Rilindja Kombëtare) refere-se ao período da história da Albânia de 1870 até a Declaração de Independência da Albânia em 1912. Seus ativistas são chamados Reavivalistas (albanês: Rilindas) . Em 1912, com a eclosão da Primeira Guerra Balcânica, os albaneses se revoltaram e declararam a criação de uma Albânia independente, que incluiu os atuais territórios da Albânia e Kosovo. Em 20 de dezembro de 1912 a Conferência dos Embaixadores em Londres reconheceu uma Albânia independente dentro de suas atuais fronteiras. (pt) Албанское национальное возрождение (алб. Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare) — название движения, которое привело к формированию национального самосознания албанцев, и в конечном счете, к созданию современного албанского народа. (ru) Албанське національне відродження (алб. Rilindja Kombëtare) — назва руху, який призвів до формування національної самосвідомості албанців, і у кінцевому рахунку, до створення сучасного албанського народу. (uk) |
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https://balkanologie.revues.org/575%7Cjournal=Balkanologie%7Cvolume=IX%7Cissue=1%E2%80%932%7Cyear=2005 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/altoc.html https://archive.org/details/balkansshorthist00mazo https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&q=The+Albanian+National+Awakening&pg=PR15%7Cisbn=9781400847761 https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=NatgAQAAQBAJ&q=Kristo+Negovani&pg=PT195%7Cisbn=9780230119086 https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=haFlGXIg8uoC https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=umotBF3KFWgC&q=Aux+origines+du+nationalisme+albanais:+La+naissance+d%E2%80%99une+nation+majoritairement+musulmane+en+Europe%7Cisbn=9782845868168 https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=wPOtzk-unJgC&q=The+crescent+and+the+eagle:+Ottoman+rule,+Islam+and+the+Albanians,+1874-1913+lexicon%7Cisbn=9781845112875 |
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Mit Rilindja wird die albanische Nationalbewegung und Nationsbildung in der Zeit zwischen etwa 1870 und der Unabhängigkeitserklärung Albaniens am 28. November 1912 bezeichnet. Rilindja Kombëtare bedeutet nationale Wiedergeburt, andere Bezeichnungen sind nationale Renaissance und nationales Erwachen. Ihre Unterstützer werden als Revivalisten (albanisch Rilindas) bezeichnet. (de) O Despertar Nacional ou o Renascimento Nacional da Albânia (em albanês: Rilindja Kombëtare) refere-se ao período da história da Albânia de 1870 até a Declaração de Independência da Albânia em 1912. Seus ativistas são chamados Reavivalistas (albanês: Rilindas) . Em 1912, com a eclosão da Primeira Guerra Balcânica, os albaneses se revoltaram e declararam a criação de uma Albânia independente, que incluiu os atuais territórios da Albânia e Kosovo. Em 20 de dezembro de 1912 a Conferência dos Embaixadores em Londres reconheceu uma Albânia independente dentro de suas atuais fronteiras. (pt) Албанское национальное возрождение (алб. Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare) — название движения, которое привело к формированию национального самосознания албанцев, и в конечном счете, к созданию современного албанского народа. (ru) Албанське національне відродження (алб. Rilindja Kombëtare) — назва руху, який призвів до формування національної самосвідомості албанців, і у кінцевому рахунку, до створення сучасного албанського народу. (uk) الصحوة الوطنية الألبانية، والمعروفة باسم النهضة الألبانية، أو الانتعاش الألباني هي حركة ثقافية وسياسية واجتماعية في التاريخ الألباني استمرت طوال فترة القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين، إذ تجمّع الشعب الألباني وأسّس حياة ثقافية وسياسية مستقلة، وشكّلوا ألبانيا كبلد واحد. قبل ظهور القومية، كانت ألبانيا تحت حكم الإمبراطورية العثمانية لخمسة قرون تقريبًا، وقمعت السلطات العثمانية أي تعبير عن الوحدة الوطنية أو الوعي الوطني من قبل الشعب الألباني. (ar) The Albanian National Awakening (Albanian: Rilindja or Rilindja Kombëtare), commonly known as the Albanian Renaissance or Albanian Revival, is a period throughout the 19th and 20th century of a cultural, political and social movement in the Albanian history where the Albanian people gathered strength to establish an independent cultural and political life as well as the country of Albania. (en) Kebangkitan Nasional Albania (bahasa Albania: Rilindja Kombëtare) (juga dikenal sebagai Renaisans Nasional atau Kebangunan Nasional), mengacu kepada periode dalam Albania dari tahun 1870 hingga deklarasi kemerdekaan pada tahun 1912. Para aktivisnya disebut Revivalis (bahasa Albania: Rilindas). (in) |
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