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Alexander Spotswood (né vers 1676 - 6 juin 1740) était un lieutenant-colonel dans l'armée britannique et un gouverneur de la colonie de Virginie en Amérique du Nord. Il est célèbre pour avoir organisé une expédition d'exploration à l'ouest des Blue Ridge Mountains. Il négocia le avec les Iroquois de la région de New York. Il fut nommé lieutenant-gouverneur de Virginie en 1710.

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dbo:abstract Alexander Spotswood (12 December 1676 – 7 June 1740) was a British Army officer, explorer and lieutenant governor of Colonial Virginia; he is regarded as one of the most significant historical figures in British North American colonial history. After a brilliant but unsatisfactory military career, in 1710 he was nominated colonial governor of Virginia, a post which he held for twelve years. During that period, Spotswood engaged in the exploration of the territories beyond the western border, of which he was the first to see the economic potentials. In 1716 he organised and led an expedition west of the mountains, known as Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition, with which he established the Crown's dominion over the territory between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Shenandoah Valley, thus taking a decisive step for the future British expansion to the West. As the governor of Virginia, Spotswood's first preoccupation was to make sea routes safe and fight against the pirates. After a long effort, the famous pirate Blackbeard was hunted down and killed in 1718. In addition, Spotswood promoted the economic growth of the colony by founding the metallurgical settlements of Germanna; introduced the juridical instrument of habeas corpus; and introduced the rules for the commercial relations with Native Americans and those for the tobacco export trade. His tenure was characterised by a growing conflict with the Virginian political classes, which ended with his removal from office. Years later, between 1730 and 1739, Spotswood was Postmaster General for British America and, with his young friend Benjamin Franklin, extended the postal service network north of Williamsburg and improved its efficiency. At the outbreak of the War of Jenkins' Ear, Spotswood was called back into army service. Promoted to major general, he was put in command of the colonial troops stationed in America with the task of preparing a military action against the Spanish stronghold of Cartagena de Indias, but, in Annapolis, where he was to consult with the local governors, he died suddenly in 1740. (en) Alexander Spotswood (né vers 1676 - 6 juin 1740) était un lieutenant-colonel dans l'armée britannique et un gouverneur de la colonie de Virginie en Amérique du Nord. Il est célèbre pour avoir organisé une expédition d'exploration à l'ouest des Blue Ridge Mountains. Il négocia le avec les Iroquois de la région de New York. Il fut nommé lieutenant-gouverneur de Virginie en 1710. (fr) Alexander Spotswood (Tangeri, 12 dicembre 1676 – Annapolis, 7 giugno 1740) è stato un politico, militare ed esploratore britannico. Nel 1710, dopo una carriera militare brillante ma priva di prospettive, fu nominato vice governatore della Virginia. Nei successivi dodici anni si impegnò nell'esplorazione dei territori oltre il confine occidentale, di cui per primo intravide le potenzialità economiche. Nel 1716, a coronamento delle esplorazioni, organizzò e guidò la cosiddetta spedizione oltramontana, con cui sancì ufficialmente il dominio della Corona sulle terre comprese tra i monti Blue Ridge e la valle dello Shenandoah, aprendo la strada al futuro espansionismo britannico verso ovest. Da governatore Spotswood mirò alla difesa dei mari dalla pirateria, culminata nella lunga caccia al celebre pirata Barbanera, che fu ucciso nel 1718. Introdusse inoltre il principio giuridico dell'habeas corpus e promosse lo sviluppo economico della colonia, con la fondazione degli insediamenti metallurgici di Germanna. Discostandosi dalla precedente propensione da parte dei governatori a lasciare ampie autonomie ai cittadini coloniali nel commercio, Spotswood cercò di regolamentare le relazioni commerciali con i nativi americani e l'esportazione di tabacco. Questo programma, però, lo fece entrare progressivamente in contrasto con i potenti proprietari terrieri virginiani, i cui interessi erano colpiti dalle regolamentazioni, finché Giorgio I lo rimosse dall'incarico nel 1722. Ritiratosi a vita privata, Spotswood continuò a gestire gli stabilimenti metallurgici di Germanna. Nel 1730 accettò l'incarico di mastro generale delle poste per l'America britannica, estendendo la rete postale a sud fino a Williamsburg e migliorandone l'efficienza. Allo scoppio della guerra anglo-spagnola del 1739, richiamato sotto le armi e promosso maggior generale, Spotswood ottenne il comando delle truppe coloniali di stanza in America, con l'incarico di preparare un assedio della roccaforte spagnola di Cartagena de Indias. Mentre però si trovava ad Annapolis per consultarsi con i governatori locali, morì improvvisamente il 7 giugno 1740. (it) Alexander Spotswood (Tânger, cerca de 1676 — Annapolis, 7 de junho de 1740) foi um militar e político, tenente governador da Colônia britânica da Virgínia de 1710 até 1722. Spotswood saiu do Marrocos com sua mãe em direção à Inglaterra no ano de 1683. Iniciou a carreira militar em 1693. Spotswood foi nomeado tenente governador da Virgínia em 1710. Criou duas leis que não foram apoiados pelo Império da Grã-Bretanha: o Indian Trade Act que regulamentou o comércio com os índios norte-americanos; e o Tobacco Inspection Act que determinou a inspenção do tabaco antes de ser comercializado na Europa. Spotswood combateu fortemente a pirataria, e de tal modo, ajudou a organizar a operação militar que matou o pirata Barba Negra. O tenente governador desprezava publicamente a (assembleia legislativa da colônia) e o por discordar das políticas adotadas por estes. No final de sua administração, parou de impor a vontade do Império Britânico para se tornar um cidadão pleno da Virgínia. Construiu várias siderurgias no Condado de Spotsylvania, o que fez da colônia a maior produtora de ferro nas Treze Colônias. Spotswood influencoiu a arquitetura da colônia, construindo a Igreja Paroquial de Bruton (Bruton Parish Church, uma Igreja Episcopal) e o Palácio do Governador (residência oficial). Além dessas obras, construiu um depósito de pólvora em Williamsburg. Foi Diretor-geral dos Correios da América do Norte de 1730 a 1739. Em 1739, ao eclodir a Guerra da Orelha de Jenkins, foi nomeado general de brigada a fim de participar do conflito, mas morreu em 1740 em Annapolis (Maryland) ao levantar tropas para uma campanha militar britânica contra os espanhóis na América do Sul. (pt) Александр Спотсвуд (англ. Alexander Spotswood; 1676—1740) — британский колониальный политический деятель и промышленник. Лейтенант-губернатор Виргинии (1710—1722) при формальном губернаторе, графе Оркни. Известен открытием долины Шенандоа и борьбой с пиратами, в ходе которой был убит Тич-Чёрная-Борода. (ru) 亚历山大·斯波茨伍德(Alexander Spotswood,约1676年 – 1740年6月6日)是一位英国陆军中校,曾担任弗吉尼亚殖民地总督。他曾在北美大陆上进行探险,开拓了蓝岭山脉以外的殖民地。此外也因筹划逮捕黑胡子而知名。 (zh)
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rdfs:comment Alexander Spotswood (né vers 1676 - 6 juin 1740) était un lieutenant-colonel dans l'armée britannique et un gouverneur de la colonie de Virginie en Amérique du Nord. Il est célèbre pour avoir organisé une expédition d'exploration à l'ouest des Blue Ridge Mountains. Il négocia le avec les Iroquois de la région de New York. Il fut nommé lieutenant-gouverneur de Virginie en 1710. (fr) Александр Спотсвуд (англ. Alexander Spotswood; 1676—1740) — британский колониальный политический деятель и промышленник. Лейтенант-губернатор Виргинии (1710—1722) при формальном губернаторе, графе Оркни. Известен открытием долины Шенандоа и борьбой с пиратами, в ходе которой был убит Тич-Чёрная-Борода. (ru) 亚历山大·斯波茨伍德(Alexander Spotswood,约1676年 – 1740年6月6日)是一位英国陆军中校,曾担任弗吉尼亚殖民地总督。他曾在北美大陆上进行探险,开拓了蓝岭山脉以外的殖民地。此外也因筹划逮捕黑胡子而知名。 (zh) Alexander Spotswood (12 December 1676 – 7 June 1740) was a British Army officer, explorer and lieutenant governor of Colonial Virginia; he is regarded as one of the most significant historical figures in British North American colonial history. Years later, between 1730 and 1739, Spotswood was Postmaster General for British America and, with his young friend Benjamin Franklin, extended the postal service network north of Williamsburg and improved its efficiency. (en) Alexander Spotswood (Tangeri, 12 dicembre 1676 – Annapolis, 7 giugno 1740) è stato un politico, militare ed esploratore britannico. Nel 1710, dopo una carriera militare brillante ma priva di prospettive, fu nominato vice governatore della Virginia. Nei successivi dodici anni si impegnò nell'esplorazione dei territori oltre il confine occidentale, di cui per primo intravide le potenzialità economiche. Nel 1716, a coronamento delle esplorazioni, organizzò e guidò la cosiddetta spedizione oltramontana, con cui sancì ufficialmente il dominio della Corona sulle terre comprese tra i monti Blue Ridge e la valle dello Shenandoah, aprendo la strada al futuro espansionismo britannico verso ovest. (it) Alexander Spotswood (Tânger, cerca de 1676 — Annapolis, 7 de junho de 1740) foi um militar e político, tenente governador da Colônia britânica da Virgínia de 1710 até 1722. Spotswood saiu do Marrocos com sua mãe em direção à Inglaterra no ano de 1683. Iniciou a carreira militar em 1693. Spotswood foi nomeado tenente governador da Virgínia em 1710. (pt)
rdfs:label Alexander Spotswood (en) Alexander Spotswood (fr) Alexander Spotswood (it) Alexander Spotswood (pt) Спотсвуд, Александр (ru) 亚历山大·斯波茨伍德 (zh)
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