Baal teshuva (original) (raw)
Ba'alej tšuva (hebrejsky בעלי תשובה, sg. m. בעל תשובה, ba'al tšuva, sg. f. בעל תשובה, ba'alat tšuva) je hebrejský výraz označující původně sekulární židy, kteří se vrátili k náboženské praxi judaismu.
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| dbo:abstract | Ba'alej tšuva (hebrejsky בעלי תשובה, sg. m. בעל תשובה, ba'al tšuva, sg. f. בעל תשובה, ba'alat tšuva) je hebrejský výraz označující původně sekulární židy, kteří se vrátili k náboženské praxi judaismu. (cs) In Judaism, a ba'al teshuvah (Hebrew: בעל תשובה; for a woman, בעלת תשובה, baalat teshuva or baalas teshuva; plural, בעלי תשובה, baalei teshuva, 'master of return [to God]') is a Jew who adopts some form of traditional religious observance after having previously followed a secular lifestyle or a less stringent form of Judaism. Originally, the term referred to a Jew who transgressed the halakhah (Jewish law) knowingly or unknowingly and completed a process of introspection to "return" to the full observance of God's mitzvot. According to the Mishneh Torah of Maimonides, the Talmud says that a true ba'al teshuvah stands higher in shamayim (lit. 'heaven') than a "frum from birth", even higher than a tzadik: The sages said: "The place whereon the penitent stand the wholly righteous could not stand;" as if saying: "their degree is above the degree of those who ever did not sin, because it is more difficult for them to subdue their passion than for the others. In modern times, the phrase is primarily used to refer to a Jew from a non-Orthodox background who becomes religiously observant in an Orthodox fashion. However, there is no strict definition of a ba'al teshuva and so the concept can also encompass Orthodox-leaning Jews who become stricter in their observance, such as those who go from keeping kosher only at home to also avoiding non-kosher restaurants.The alternative term, chozer b'teshuvah (חוזר בתשובה), plural chozrim b’teshuvah, is more commonly used in Israel. In Hebrew, chozer b'teshuvah translates to 'returning to return' or 'returning to repentance'. According to the teachings of the Torah, "whoever judges himself will not be judged"; however, in the described history of Talmudic times and early Hasidism, many tzadikim were able to "see" the transgressions of others. Mar b. R. Ashi said: I am disqualified to judge in a scholar’s lawsuit. What is the reason? Because I love him as much as I love myself, and a person is unable to find fault with himself. For the most part, the stature and the preparation of these Tzadikim presuppose a balance that allows a peaceful coexistence even with those who have committed serious transgressions because otherwise, the intent to rage against them and, worse, to obtain advantages from them would certainly prevail. (en) Un baal techouva (hébreu : בעל תשובה baʿal teshouva « celui qui revient (à la « voie droite ») » ; féminin : baalat techouva, pluriel : baalei techouva) est une personne se repentant de ses fautes passées. Dans le sens originel de l’expression, le terme désigne un pécheur réconcilié avec la Loi juive. Actuellement, il décrit une personne éduquée en dehors du judaïsme orthodoxe ou s’en étant éloignée (car il est improbable que, vivant sans connaissance des lois juives, elle n’en ait pas transgressé), qui choisit d’adopter ou revenir à ses pratiques. L’expression est alors interchangeable avec celle quelque peu redondante de hazara bitshouva (hébreu : חזרה בתשובה « retour à la teshouva »). (fr) Ba'al teshuvah' (in ebraico: בעל תשובה?; per le donne Baalat teshuva in ebraico: בעלת תשובה?; al plurale Baalei teshuva in ebraico: בעלי תשובה?, letteralmente "colui che ritorna a Dio") è un termine usato per indicare un ebreo laico che decide di abbracciare l'ebraismo ortodosso. In origine il termine indicava coloro che hanno violato l'halakhah (la legge ebraica) e che in seguito sono tornati a seguire tutte le mitzvòt. Secondo il Talmud, un Ba'al teshuva ha una considerazione più elevata rispetto a un ebreo nato in una famiglia ortodossa. (it) Een Ba'al tesjoewa (Engels: baal teshuva, komt uit het Hebreeuws: בעל תשובה, letterlijk iemand die tot inkeer is gekomen), is een niet-religieuze Jood die orthodox joods wordt. De term kan ook betrekking hebben op iemand die in het verleden orthodox was, dat pad verlaten heeft en er later weer naar terugkeert, maar wordt meestal gebruikt als aanduiding voor joden die niet orthodox zijn opgegroeid en pas op latere leeftijd voor het eerst met het orthodox jodendom in aanraking komen. Er zijn met name in Israël en de Verenigde Staten veel instituten die zich erop richten niet-orthodoxe joden te motiveren orthodox te worden. De chassidische beweging Chabad-Lubavitch doet wereldwijd veel werk in deze richting. In Israël zijn er verschillende instituten, zoals Ohr Somayach en Aish HaTorah, die vanuit een Litwish-chareedi achtergrond werken. (nl) Ba'al Teshuva (algumas vezes abreviado para "BT"; hebraico: בעל תשובה; feminino: בעלת תשובה, ba'alat/ba'alas teshuvah; plural: בעלי תשובה, ba'alei teshuvah; em Israel é mais utilizado khozer b'teshuvah - חוזר בתשובה) é um termo hebraico utilizado pelos judeus para se referir a um outro judeu, que não era praticante, mas agora segue as práticas do judaísmo. Ba'al Teshuvah pode ser traduzido como "aquele que se arrependeu" ou "senhor do arrependimento". O termo é mais utilizado nas comunidades de judeus ortodoxos que o aplicam tanto para judeus que seguiam como para aqueles que não praticavam a religião ou nunca tiveram uma formação religiosa. O termo Ba'al Teshuvah contrasta com "Frum" que se refere aos judeus que nasceram em famílias religiosas e que nunca deixaram de praticar o judaísmo desde que nasceram. Este último termo é mais utilizado por judeus ortodoxos. Historicamente o termo Ba'al Teshuvah refere-se a um judeu que não seguiu a Halakhah ("a Lei Judaica") e através de um processo de introspecção e arrependimento retornou para o caminho correto. O Talmud mostra grande respeito por estas pessoas e diz que "a posição que os Ba'alei Teshuvah atingem, até os Tsadikim Gemurim (aqueles que sempre foram justos e corretos) não podem atingir". Várias comunidades de judeus ortodoxos proíbem que seus membros perguntem ao Baal Teshuva sobre sua vida anterior da qual se arrependeu. Deve-se notar que, segundo o Talmud, um Ba'al Teshuvah deve ser julgado do mesmo modo que o filho pródigo da parábola cristã escrita em Lc 11.32. Há numerosos movimentos e organizações que procuram fazer com que os judeus não praticantes ou que tenham se convertido a outras religiões retornem ao judaísmo ortodoxo. Umas das mais atuantes é a organização Chabad Lubavitch, também conhecida como Beit Chabad. (pt) |
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| rdfs:comment | Ba'alej tšuva (hebrejsky בעלי תשובה, sg. m. בעל תשובה, ba'al tšuva, sg. f. בעל תשובה, ba'alat tšuva) je hebrejský výraz označující původně sekulární židy, kteří se vrátili k náboženské praxi judaismu. (cs) Ba'al teshuvah' (in ebraico: בעל תשובה?; per le donne Baalat teshuva in ebraico: בעלת תשובה?; al plurale Baalei teshuva in ebraico: בעלי תשובה?, letteralmente "colui che ritorna a Dio") è un termine usato per indicare un ebreo laico che decide di abbracciare l'ebraismo ortodosso. In origine il termine indicava coloro che hanno violato l'halakhah (la legge ebraica) e che in seguito sono tornati a seguire tutte le mitzvòt. Secondo il Talmud, un Ba'al teshuva ha una considerazione più elevata rispetto a un ebreo nato in una famiglia ortodossa. (it) In Judaism, a ba'al teshuvah (Hebrew: בעל תשובה; for a woman, בעלת תשובה, baalat teshuva or baalas teshuva; plural, בעלי תשובה, baalei teshuva, 'master of return [to God]') is a Jew who adopts some form of traditional religious observance after having previously followed a secular lifestyle or a less stringent form of Judaism. The sages said: "The place whereon the penitent stand the wholly righteous could not stand;" as if saying: "their degree is above the degree of those who ever did not sin, because it is more difficult for them to subdue their passion than for the others. (en) Un baal techouva (hébreu : בעל תשובה baʿal teshouva « celui qui revient (à la « voie droite ») » ; féminin : baalat techouva, pluriel : baalei techouva) est une personne se repentant de ses fautes passées. (fr) Een Ba'al tesjoewa (Engels: baal teshuva, komt uit het Hebreeuws: בעל תשובה, letterlijk iemand die tot inkeer is gekomen), is een niet-religieuze Jood die orthodox joods wordt. De term kan ook betrekking hebben op iemand die in het verleden orthodox was, dat pad verlaten heeft en er later weer naar terugkeert, maar wordt meestal gebruikt als aanduiding voor joden die niet orthodox zijn opgegroeid en pas op latere leeftijd voor het eerst met het orthodox jodendom in aanraking komen. (nl) Ba'al Teshuva (algumas vezes abreviado para "BT"; hebraico: בעל תשובה; feminino: בעלת תשובה, ba'alat/ba'alas teshuvah; plural: בעלי תשובה, ba'alei teshuvah; em Israel é mais utilizado khozer b'teshuvah - חוזר בתשובה) é um termo hebraico utilizado pelos judeus para se referir a um outro judeu, que não era praticante, mas agora segue as práticas do judaísmo. Ba'al Teshuvah pode ser traduzido como "aquele que se arrependeu" ou "senhor do arrependimento". (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Ba'alej tšuva (cs) Baal teshuva (en) Baal Techouva (fr) Baal Teshuva (it) Ba'al tesjoewa (nl) Baal Teshuva (pt) |
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