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يُعد تاريخ مقاطعة بهار واحد من التواريخ الأكثر تنوعًا في الهند. تتألف بهار من ثلاث مناطق مستقلة، لكل منطقة منها تاريخها وثقافتها الخاصين. تلك المناطق هي ماجادها وميثيلا وبوجبور. تملك شيرناد، الواقعة على الضفة الشمالية لنهر الغانج، في مقاطعة ساران، سجلًا تاريخيًا من العصر الحجري الحديث (حوالي 2550-1345 قبل الميلاد). ذُكرت مناطق بهار، مثل ماجادها وميثيلا وأنغا، في النصوص الدينية والملاحم الهندية القديمة. يُعتقد أن ميثيلا مثلت مركز القوة الهندية في الفترة الفيدية المتأخرة (1100-500 قبل الميلاد). نالت ميثيلا التميز بدايةً بعد تأسيس مملكة فيدا. كان يُطلق على ملوك مملكة فيدا لقب جاناكاس. ذُكرت بنت أحد الجاناكاس من ميثيلا، وهي سيتا، بصفتها قرينة اللورد راما في ملحمة الهند الكبرى الرامايانا التي كتبها فالميكي. أصبحت مملكة فيدا لاحقًا ضمن كونفدرالية فاجي وعاصمتها فيشالي والتي تقع أيضًا في ميثيلا. كانت ماجادها، وهي منطقة أخرى من مناطق بهار، مركزًا للقوة والتعليم والثقافة الهندية لأكثر ألف سنة. خرج من المنطقة التي تُدعى حاليًا بهار، إحدى الإمبراطوريات العظيمة في الهند، وهي إمبراطورية ماوريا، بالإضافة إلى دينين سلميين هما البوذية والجاينية. وحدت إمبراطوريات ماجادها، وبصورة خاصة إمبراطورية ماوريا وإمبراطورية غوبتا، أجزاء كبيرة من شبه القارة الهندية خلال فترة حكمها. كانت عاصمتهم باتاليبوترا، المتاخمة لمدينة بانتا حاليًا، مركزًا سياسيًا واقتصاديًا وعسكريًا مهمًا للحضارة الهندية خلال الفترات القديمة والكلاسيكية في التاريخ الهندي. كُتب الكثير من النصوص الهندية، بصرف النظر عن الملاحم الدينية، في بهار القديمة. كانت مسرحية أبهيجناناشكونتالام الأكثر بروزًا بين كل تلك النصوص. تتداخل منطقة بهار في الوقت الحالي مع عدة ممالك وجمهوريات ما قبل ماورية، بما في ذلك ماجادها وأنغا وكونفدرالية فاجي في ميثيلا. كانت كونفدرالية فاجي إحدى الجمهوريات الأقدم في التاريخ ووُجدت في المنطقة منذ ما قبل ولادة ماهافيرا (599 ما قبل الميلاد). تسيدت سلالة غوبتا الكلاسيكية في بهار فترةً ثقافية وتعليمية مزدهرة، معروفة حاليًا بالعصر الذهبي للهند. وضعت إمبراطورية بالا عاصمتها في باتاليبتورا خلال فترة حكم ديفابالا أيضًا. بعد فترة البالا، لعبت بهار دورًا صغيرًا جدًا في التاريخ الهندي حتى ظهور سلالة سوري خلال فترة العصور الوسطى في أربعينيات القرن السادس عشر. بعد سقوط سلالة سوري عام 1556، أصبحت بهار مرةً جديدة لاعبًا هامشيًا في الهند، وكانت محطة الانطلاق لرئاسة البنغال الاستعمارية البريطانية من خمسينيات القرن الثامن عشر حتى حرب عامي 1857-1858. في الثاني والعشرين من مارس عام 1912، اقتُطعت بهار بصفتها محافظة منفصلة في الإمبراطورية الهندية البريطانية. منذ استقلال عام 1947، أصبحت بهار ولايةً مُحدثة في الاتحاد الهندي. (ar) The history of Bihar is one of the most varied in India. Bihar consists of three distinct regions, each has its own distinct history and culture. They are Magadh, Mithila and Bhojpur.Chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age (about 2500–1345BC). Regions of Bihar—such as Magadha, Mithila and Anga—are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India. Mithila is believed to be the centre of Indian power in the Later Vedic period (c. 1100-500 BCE). Mithila first gained prominence after the establishment of the Videha kingdom. The Kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas. A daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila, Sita, is mentioned as consort of Lord Rama in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written by Valmiki. The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila. Magadha, another region of Bihar was the centre of Indian power, learning and culture for about a thousand years. One of India's greatest empires, the Maurya empire, as well as two major pacifist religions, Buddhism and Jainism, arose from the region that is now Bihar. Magadha empires, most notably the Maurya and Gupta empires, unified large parts of the Indian subcontinent under their rule. Their capital Pataliputra, adjacent to modern-day Patna, was an important political, military and economic centre of Indian civilisation during the ancient and classical periods of Indian history. Many ancient Indian texts, aside from religious epics, were written in ancient Bihar. The play Abhijñānaśākuntala was the most prominent. The present-day region of Bihar overlaps with several pre-Mauryan kingdoms and republics, including Magadha, Anga and the Vajjika League of Mithila. The latter was one of the world's earliest known republics and had existed in the region since before the birth of Mahavira (c. 599 BCE). The classical Gupta dynasty of Bihar presided over a period of cultural flourishing and learning, known today as the Golden Age of India. The Pala Empire also made their capital at Pataliputra once during Devapala's rule. After the Pala period, Bihar played a very small role in Indian history until the emergence of the Suri dynasty during the Medieval period in the 1540s. After the fall of the Suri dynasty in 1556, Bihar again became a marginal player in India and was the staging post for the British colonial Bengal Presidency from the 1750s and up to the war of 1857–58. On 22 March 1912, Bihar was carved out as a separate province in the British Indian Empire. Since 1947 independence, Bihar has been an original state of the Indian Union. (en) |
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https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=-tO1AAAAIAAJ&q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772&dq=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772&pgis=1 https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&dq=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy&dq=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy&pgis=1 https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=W_J-HgAACAAJ&dq=Patna+Through+The+Ages http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html https://archive.org/stream/cu31924072688025%23page/n7/mode/2up |
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1936 (xsd:integer) dbr:Bihar_Province dbr:Bihar_and_Orissa_Province dbr:Bihar_Jharkhand_bifurcation Bengal Presidency (en) (en) Bihar Jharkhand bifurcation (en) Bihar after (en) Bihar as part of (en) [Note 1] (en) post 2011 (en) Aryabhata came to Kusumapura for higher studies and lived here. (en) Gold coin of Chandragupta II with horse, British Museum. (en) Gold coins from the Gupta period, British Museum (en) The current structure of the Mahabodhi Temple dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE.Palas. (en) The Gupta Empire had their capital at Pataliputra (en) The Pala Empire and neighbourhoods in the 9th century CE. (en) Gold coin of depicting Kumaragupta I Mahendraditya fighting with lion. (en) Gold Coin of Samudragupta, with Garuda pillar, British Museum (en) Kalidasa's Sanskrit play Abhijñānaśākuntala is one of the legacies of the Gupta Empire. (en) Nalanda is considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. It was the centre of Buddhist learning and research in the world from 450 to 1193 CE. It reached its height under the (en) |
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October 2016 (en) |
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2008.0 [Note 1] : 1905 map of Bengal Presidency, British India (en) |
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Ashoka (en) |
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S. Dhammika, The Edicts of King Ashoka, Kandy, Buddhist Publications Society (en) |
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"Beloved-of-the-Gods [Ashoka], King Priyadarsi, conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation. 150000 were deported, 100000 were killed and much more died . After the Kalingas had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dhamma, a love for the Dhamma and for instruction in Dhamma. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas." (en) |
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يُعد تاريخ مقاطعة بهار واحد من التواريخ الأكثر تنوعًا في الهند. تتألف بهار من ثلاث مناطق مستقلة، لكل منطقة منها تاريخها وثقافتها الخاصين. تلك المناطق هي ماجادها وميثيلا وبوجبور. تملك شيرناد، الواقعة على الضفة الشمالية لنهر الغانج، في مقاطعة ساران، سجلًا تاريخيًا من العصر الحجري الحديث (حوالي 2550-1345 قبل الميلاد). ذُكرت مناطق بهار، مثل ماجادها وميثيلا وأنغا، في النصوص الدينية والملاحم الهندية القديمة. يُعتقد أن ميثيلا مثلت مركز القوة الهندية في الفترة الفيدية المتأخرة (1100-500 قبل الميلاد). نالت ميثيلا التميز بدايةً بعد تأسيس مملكة فيدا. كان يُطلق على ملوك مملكة فيدا لقب جاناكاس. ذُكرت بنت أحد الجاناكاس من ميثيلا، وهي سيتا، بصفتها قرينة اللورد راما في ملحمة الهند الكبرى الرامايانا التي كتبها فالميكي. أصبحت مملكة فيدا لاحقًا ضمن كونفدرالية فاجي وعاصمتها فيشالي والتي تقع أيضًا في ميثيلا. (ar) The history of Bihar is one of the most varied in India. Bihar consists of three distinct regions, each has its own distinct history and culture. They are Magadh, Mithila and Bhojpur.Chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age (about 2500–1345BC). Regions of Bihar—such as Magadha, Mithila and Anga—are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India. Mithila is believed to be the centre of Indian power in the Later Vedic period (c. 1100-500 BCE). Mithila first gained prominence after the establishment of the Videha kingdom. The Kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas. A daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila, Sita, is mentioned as consort of Lord Rama in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written by Valmiki (en) |
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History of Bihar (en) تاريخ بهار (ar) |
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