Covenanters (original) (raw)
Los Covenanters o Covenants eran los integrantes de un movimiento religioso nacido en el seno del presbiterianismo en la historia de Escocia y, de manera menos influyente, en las de Inglaterra e Irlanda del siglo XVII.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| dbo:abstract | Covenanters (Scottish Gaelic: Cùmhnantaich) were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. The name is derived from Covenant, a biblical term for a bond or agreement with God. The origins of the movement lay in disputes with James VI, and his son Charles I over church structure and doctrine. In 1638, thousands of Scots signed the National Covenant, pledging to resist changes imposed by Charles on the kirk; following victory in the 1639 and 1640 Bishops' Wars, the Covenanters took control of Scotland and the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant brought them into the First English Civil War on the side of Parliament. Following his defeat in May 1646 Charles I surrendered to the Scots Covenanters, rather than Parliament. By doing so, he hoped to exploit divisions between Presbyterians, and English Independents. As a result, the Scots supported Charles in the 1648 Second English Civil War. After his execution in 1649, the Covenanter government, in order to protect the Presbyterian polity and Calvinist doctrine of the Church of Scotland, signed the Treaty of Breda (1650) restoring his son to the Scottish throne and supporting him against the English Parliamentary forces as Charles II . Charles II was crowned King of Scots in Scone in January 1651, but by then the terms agreed at Breda were already a dead letter. The army associated with the Kirk Party under David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark was destroyed by Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Dunbar in September 1650 and the English Parliamentarian New Model Army had taken Edinburgh and much of Lowland Scotland. The resulting annexation of Scotland by the Commonwealth of England abolished Scotland's legislative institutions and dis-established Presbyterianism. There was freedom of religion under the Commonwealth, except for Roman Catholics, but the edicts of the Kirk's assemblies were no longer enforced by law, as previously. At his Restoration in 1660 the King reneged, renouncing the terms of the Treaty and his Oath of Covenant; the Scottish Covenanters saw this as a betrayal. The Rescissory Act 1661 repealed all laws made since 1633, effectively ejecting 400 Ministers from their livings, restoring patronage in the appointment of ministers to congregations and allowing the king to proclaim the restoration of bishops to the Church of Scotland. The Abjuration Act of 1662 was a formal rejection of the National Covenant of 1638 and the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643. These were declared to be against the fundamental laws of the kingdom. The Act required all persons taking public office to take the Oath of Abjuration not to take arms against the king, and rejecting the Covenants. This excluded most Presbyterians from holding official positions of trust. The resulting disappointment with Charles II's religious policy became civil unrest and erupted in violence during the early summer of 1679 with the assassination of Archbishop Sharp and the Battles of Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge. The Sanquhar Declaration of 1680 effectively declared the people could not accept the authority of a king who would not commit to his previous oaths, nor recognise their religion. In February 1685 the king died and was succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, the Duke of York, as King James VII. After the 1660 Restoration, the Covenanters lost control of the kirk and became a persecuted minority, leading to several armed rebellions and a period from 1679 to 1688 known as "The Killing Time". Following the 1688 Glorious Revolution in Scotland, the Church of Scotland was re-established as a wholly Presbyterian structure and most Covenanters readmitted. This marked the end of their existence as a significant movement, although dissident minorities persisted in Scotland, Ireland, and North America, and exist today as the Reformed Presbyterian communion of churches. (en) Als Covenanters (von englisch covenant – „Bundesschluss“) bezeichnet man diejenigen schottischen Gruppierungen, die sich am 28. Februar 1638 in einem Treueeid auf den verpflichteten, für ihre Kirche am Presbyterianismus festzuhalten. Der Eid gilt als direkte Reaktion auf den Versuch von Erzbischof William Laud, das anglikanisch geprägte Book of Common Prayer in der schottischen Staatskirche einzuführen. Ziel der Covenanters war, die reformierte Theologie und die presbyterianische Verfassung der Kirche zu stützen. Dazu setzten sie dem bestehenden Episkopat unter den englischen Stuart-Königen Widerstand entgegen. Dabei waren die Covenanters nicht nur durch den Aufstieg der Bundestheologie geprägt, sondern auch von einem demokratischen Impuls für religiöse Freiheit beseelt, der sich in einer nationalistischen Sehnsucht nach Freiheit von England ausdrückte. Der erste Covenant wurde im Dezember 1557 geschlossen. Eine große Bedeutung erlangte der Bund von 1581, der auf Initiative von für die Church of Scotland im Kampf gegen eine Rekatholisierung Schottlands formiert wurde. Das 1888 auf der Orkneyinsel Mainland errichtete „Covenanters Memorial“ markiert den Punkt, wo etwa 250 Covenanters, Gefangene der , im Jahre 1679 beim Untergang des Schiffes „Crown“ ertranken. Sie sollten von Edinburgh nach Amerika transportiert werden, um in den Plantagen als Sklaven zu arbeiten. Die Crown wurde an Land getrieben und die Crew erkletterte über den Großmast die Klippen. Der Kapitän hatte befohlen, die Luken geschlossen zu halten, doch einem Seemann war es gelungen, 50 Gefangene zu befreien. Diesen Überlebenden ist die Flucht nach Holland an Bord eines niederländischen Schiffes gelungen, das in Stromness lag. Ein zweites Covenanters Memorial steht auf dem Schlachtfeld. (de) Los Covenanters o Covenants eran los integrantes de un movimiento religioso nacido en el seno del presbiterianismo en la historia de Escocia y, de manera menos influyente, en las de Inglaterra e Irlanda del siglo XVII. (es) Les Covenantaires formèrent un important mouvement religieux et politique en Écosse au XVIIe siècle. Du point de vue religieux, ce mouvement s'attacha surtout à promouvoir et à développer le presbytérianisme, et à en faire une forme de gouvernement souhaitée par le peuple, en opposition avec l'épiscopalisme, qui avait les faveurs de la couronne. Du point de vue politique, ce mouvement vit d'importantes évolutions du caractère et du fonctionnement du Parlement écossais, qui commença à se démarquer progressivement de ses origines médiévales. Dans son ensemble, ce mouvement était essentiellement conservateur dans le ton, mais il amorça une révolution qui embrasa l'Écosse, l'Angleterre et l'Irlande, et qui fut appelée les guerres des Trois Royaumes. Le nom « Covenantaire » provient de « covenant », qui est un mot de l'ancien français, passé dans le moyen anglais, qui signifiait à l'origine « convention, chose convenue », et qui désigna, dans la loi anglaise, un accord formel, une promesse solennelle. En Écosse, le terme prit le sens biblique d'« Alliance » ou de « Promesse ». Le premier engagement de ce genre fut signé par les Écossais de toutes les classes, en 1588, lorsque l'Invincible Armada de Philippe II d'Espagne menaçait l'Angleterre et la Réforme. Il contenait une profession de foi protestante, une réprobation de l'Église romaine et un serment de défense mutuelle et d'union. L'échec de l'invasion espagnole rendit cette confédération sans objet. Au siècle suivant, le National Covenant de 1638, qui prit comme base des documents précédents du même genre, était surtout intéressé à préserver la Réforme écossaise de toute innovation issue de la couronne anglaise. Son document jumeau de 1643, Solemn League and Covenant, se préoccupait également de religion, même s'il s'agissait principalement d'un traité d'alliance entre les Covenantaires d'Écosse et le Parlement d'Angleterre, soucieux de se soutenir lors de leur opposition au roi Charles Ier pendant la Première Révolution anglaise. (fr) カヴェナンター（Covenanters）あるいは盟約者は、17世紀のスコットランドで長老派教会の支持を盟約した人々、あるいはスコットランドの長老派教会による宗教的な運動である。スコットランドの宗教史で重要な役割を果たし、イングランドとアイルランドにも影響を与えた。 21世紀現在でもカヴェナンターをルーツを持つ教派がある。名前の由来はスコットランドのcovenantであり、主教戦争と清教徒革命で2つの重要な盟約（国民盟約と厳粛な同盟と契約）が結ばれている。 殺戮時代に殺戮された。改革長老教会がその継承者である。 (ja) I covenanti (in inglese: covenanters) furono un movimento politico e religioso sorto in Scozia nel XVII secolo. Furono così chiamati, durante la Guerra civile inglese, gli Scozzesi seguaci del Covenant (alleanza, patto), una specie di professione di fede religiosa nazionale. (it) 언약도(Covenanters)는 스코틀랜드의 역사에서 17세기의 스코틀랜드 장로교 운동이다. 여기에서 언약이란 구약성경의 하나님과 이스라엘간의 계약, 약속의 개념에서 나온 말이다. 1637년에는 찰스 1세와 켄터베리의 주교인 윌리엄 로드가 만나 스코틀랜드의 예배의식에 대한 회의가 있었다. 알렉산더 헨더슨의 도움으로 1638년 2월 28일에 에딘버러에 있는 그레이프라이어 교회정원에서국가적 언약이 체결되었다. 이 언약은 찰스 1세와 윌리엄 로드가 스코틀랜드 교회를 영국의 예배형식과 교회 정치에 따르는 것을 거부한 것이다. 이 국가 언약은 왕의 고백(1581)과 알렉산더 헨더슨의 추가적 선언과 맹세가 포함되어 있다. 이 언약은 개혁주의 신앙과 장로교 정치를 재확인하고 그들에 의해 시도된 변화를 거부한 것이다. 웨스트민스터 총회에 참관인으로 참석했던 6명의 스코틀랜드 대표들은 많은 기여를 하였고, 그 이후,채택된 문서들을 공적 규범으로 삼았다. 또한 엄숙동맹과 언약으로 찰스 1세가 처형되고, 크롬웰의 통치를 이어 네덜란드에 있었던 찰스 2세를 초청하였으나, 그가 장로교 편에 서지 않고 배반하여 오히려 장로교를 탄압하자, 찰스 2세와 항전에 나선다. 이 언약도들은 왕의 권세는 무제한적이지 않고, 오직 하나님만이 무제한적인 권세를 갖는다는 계심을 믿었다. (ko) De covenanters waren een Schots presbyteriaanse beweging, die in de 17e eeuw een belangrijke rol in de geschiedenis van Schotland, en in mindere mate in die van Engeland en Ierland heeft gespeeld. De naam stamt van de term covenant naar het verbond dat door de Israëlieten in het Oude Testament wordt gezworen. Er waren twee belangrijke convenanten in de Schotse geschiedenis, de National Covenant van 1638 en de Solemn League and Covenant in 1643, het laatste was een verdrag tussen Schotland (de Kerk van Schotland) en het Lange Parlement van Engeland. Presbyteriaanse denominaties laten hun geschiedenis vaak met de covenanters beginnen. Zij gebruiken vaak de naam en houden zowel in Schotland als internationaal aan de ideeën en tradities van de covenanters vast. In Britse epicopaalse kringen werden, en worden, de covenanters ook wel Calvinist Wild Men genoemd, om de zogenaamde 'calvinistische opstandelingen' in Groot-Brittannië in de 17e eeuw mee aan te duiden. Men doelde dan op de calvinistische parlementariërs en radicalen in Engeland en Schotland en hun aanhang die oppositie voerden tegen de zeer totalitair ingestelde koning Karel I. Men zag deze 'Calvinist Wild Men' als een groep die de status quo op politiek en theologisch gebied in Engeland en Schotland bedreigde. (nl) Ковенантеры (англ. Covenanters) — сторонники «Национального ковенанта» 1638 года, манифеста шотландского национального движения в защиту пресвитерианской церкви. Движение ковенантеров быстро приобрело общешотландский характер, а в политическом отношении стало носителем идеи ограничения королевской власти. Ковенантеры являлись правящей партией в Шотландии в период 1639—1652 годов и противостояли роялистам. Позднее радикальная часть ковенантеров сотрудничала с режимом Оливера Кромвеля (1652—1660), а во времена Реставрации (1660—1688) ковенантеры находились в оппозиции правительству и жестоко страдали от преследований. (ru) Covenanter var en skotskt presbyteriansk rörelse som spelade en viktig roll i Skottlands historia och i mindre utsträckning i Englands och Irlands under 1600-talet. Covenant eller convenant (av latinets convenire, överenskomma) var namnet på de förbund, som de presbyterianska skottarna under 1500- och 1600-talen ingick dels med sina kungar och dels med varandra för att upprätthålla sin trosfrihet mot de romerska katolikerna och de episkopala. Speciellt gäller beteckningen förbunden av år 1581 och 1638. (sv) Ковенантори (англ. Covenanters) — прибічники «Національного ковенанту» 1638 року, маніфесту шотландського національного руху на захист пресвітеріанської церкви. Рух ковенанторів швидко набув загально шотландського характеру, а у політичному сенсі став носієм ідеї обмеження королівської влади. Ковенантори були правлячою партією в Шотландії у період 1639—1652 років та протистояли роялістам. Згодом радикальна частина ковенанторів співробітничала з режимом Олівера Кромвеля (1652—1660), а за часів Реставрації (1660—1688) ковенантори перебували в опозиції до уряду і жорстоко страждали від переслідувань. (uk) 誓约派（英語：Covenanters）是17世纪苏格兰宗教和政治运动成员，他们支持苏格兰长老会及其领导人在宗教事务中占据首要地位。该名称源自圣经中与上帝订立的“约”这一说法。该运动源自苏格兰人在教义和教会组织上与英国国王詹姆斯一世和查理一世的矛盾。 1638年，众多苏格兰人签订《民族誓约》以抵制查理一世对苏格兰教会所加的控制，主教战争后，誓约派取得了对苏格兰的控制。 1643年，英国内战期间，誓约派支持奧立佛·克倫威爾一方，但1648年又支持查理一世。查理一世被克倫威爾斬首之後，誓约派又支持查理二世，1651年被击败，苏格兰被并入英吉利共和國。 查理二世重祚后，誓约派失去了对苏格兰教会的控制，苏格兰之后多次爆发起义。 (zh) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | https://archive.org/details/lecturesonhistor01leej https://archive.org/details/reformedpresbyte00hutc http://stninianscastledouglas.org.uk/history/the-origins-of-the-scottish-episcopal-church/%7Cwebsite=St https://web.archive.org/web/20190407123926/http:/stninianscastledouglas.org.uk/history/the-origins-of-the-scottish-episcopal-church/%7Curl-status=dead https://archive.org/details/covenanters02hewi/page/n7 https://archive.org/details/lecturesonhistor02leej https://archive.org/details/covenanters01hewi/page/n11 https://archive.org/details/historyofsuffe01wodr https://archive.org/details/historyofsufferi03wodr%7Cauthor-link=Robert https://archive.org/details/historyofsufferi04wodr%7Cauthor-link=Robert https://archive.org/details/treasuryofscotti00john http://www.doctrine.org/history/HPv3b24.htm https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/1499 https://reformedpresbyterian.org/convictions https://www.covenanter.org/ https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/radical-objects-covenanter-gravestones-as-political-protest/ https://www.reformedpresbyterian.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20041211211230/http:/www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/scots-national-covenant.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20050625083640/http:/www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/covenanter.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20051104064145/http:/reformedpresbytery.org/index.html https://web.archive.org/web/20090805105652/http:/theroyalmile.org.uk/covenanters.html https://web.archive.org/web/20100430210804/http:/www.covenanter.org.uk/WhoWere/ https://web.archive.org/web/20120901020937/https:/reformedpresbyterian.org/convictions http://www.covenanter.org.uk/greyfriars_memorial.html http://www.thisday.pcahistory.org/ https://drmarkjardine.wordpress.com/2017/12/17/the-execution-of-richard-rumbold-in-edinburgh-1685-history-scotland/ http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php%3FmarkerId=1-A-36A https://archive.org/details/apologeticalnarr00scot https://archive.org/details/historyofsufferi02wodr%7Cauthor-link=Robert https://archive.org/details/pentlandrisingru00terr https://archive.org/details/politicsreligion01mathuoft https://archive.org/details/politicsreligion02mathuoft https://archive.org/details/scottish00mcri/ https://archive.org/details/scottish00mcri/page/330/mode/2up https://archive.org/stream/rschsv010p3mcmillan https://core.ac.uk/reader/37318952%7Caccess-date=4 https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19100 https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b1eefd9d-2eef-4ed4-a079-024bdd5047d8/datastreams/ATTACHMENT1 http://bcw-project.org/military/bishops-wars/first-bishops-war%7Caccess-date=27 |
| dbo:wikiPageID | 27238622 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageLength | 44929 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger) |
| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1115974682 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Calvinism dbr:Cameronian dbr:Presbytery_(church_polity) dbr:Project_Gutenberg dbr:Quakers dbr:Robert_Wodrow dbr:Scone,_Scotland dbr:Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms dbr:Elder_(Christianity) dbr:Episcopal_polity dbr:Privy_Council_of_Scotland dbr:Battle_of_Bothwell_Bridge dbr:Battle_of_Drumclog dbr:Battle_of_Dunbar_(1650) dbr:Battle_of_Dunkeld dbr:Battle_of_Rullion_Green dbr:Battle_of_Worcester dbr:Bishop dbr:Bishops'_Wars dbr:Book_of_Common_Prayer dbr:David_Leslie,_1st_Lord_Newark dbc:Scottish_Reformation dbc:17th-century_Calvinism dbc:Presbyterianism_in_Scotland dbr:Archbishop_of_St_Andrews dbr:Archibald_Campbell,_9th_Earl_of_Argyll dbr:List_of_wars_and_anthropogenic_disasters_by_death_toll dbr:Restoration_(Scotland) dbr:Robert_Hamilton_of_Preston dbr:Robert_Leighton_(bishop) dbr:Curate dbr:Ulster dbr:University_of_Glasgow dbr:Calvinist dbr:King_of_Scots dbr:Roman_Catholics dbc:17th_century_in_Scotland dbr:Commonwealth_of_England dbr:Congregationalist_polity dbr:General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland dbr:Church_of_England dbr:Church_of_Scotland dbr:Claim_of_Right_Act_1689 dbc:Covenanters dbr:Engagers dbr:Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland dbr:Glasgow dbr:Glencairn's_rising dbr:God dbr:Conventicle dbr:Convention_of_Estates_(1689) dbr:The_Protectorate dbr:Thirty_Years'_War dbr:Andrew_Melville dbr:Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon dbr:Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session dbr:Sir_Walter_Scott dbr:Commonwealth_of_England,_Scotland_and_Ireland dbr:Patrick_Gillespie_(minister) dbr:Mark_Kishlansky dbr:Murdoch_MacKenzie dbr:Banffshire dbr:Brixham dbr:Catholic_Church dbr:Cavalier dbr:Whiggamore_Raid dbr:William_III_of_England dbr:Doctrine dbr:James_Dalrymple,_1st_Viscount_of_Stair dbr:Log_College dbr:Presbyterian_polity dbr:Scots_Confession dbr:Aberdeenshire dbr:Alexander_Henderson_(theologian) dbr:Dutch_Republic dbr:First_English_Civil_War dbr:North_America dbr:Parliament_of_England dbr:Parliament_of_Scotland dbr:Bishop's_Wars dbr:Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland dbr:Solemn_League_and_Covenant dbr:Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland dbr:Richard_Cameron_(Covenanter) dbr:Habsburg_Spain dbr:Invitation_to_William dbr:Ireland dbr:Irish_Rebellion_of_1641 dbr:Jacobite_rising_of_1689 dbr:James_Francis_Edward_Stuart dbr:James_Graham,_1st_Marquess_of_Montrose dbr:James_Guthrie_(minister) dbr:James_II_of_England dbr:James_I_of_England dbr:James_Renwick_(Covenanter) dbr:James_Sharp_(bishop) dbr:Jenny_Geddes dbr:Covenant_(biblical) dbr:The_Killing_Time dbr:Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll dbr:Archibald_Johnston dbr:Argyll's_Rising dbr:Charles_II_of_England dbr:Charles_I_of_England dbr:John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee dbr:John_Knox dbr:John_Leslie,_1st_Duke_of_Rothes dbr:John_M'Millan dbr:John_Maitland,_1st_Duke_of_Lauderdale dbr:Bishop_of_Dunblane dbr:Bishop_of_Orkney dbr:George_Mackenzie_of_Rosehaugh dbr:Heritor dbr:Highlands_and_Islands dbr:Eighty_Years_War dbr:Penal_transportation dbr:Treaty_of_Breda_(1650) dbr:William_Tennent dbr:Reformed_Presbyterian_Global_Alliance dbr:St_Giles_Cathedral dbr:Disruption_of_1843 dbr:Donald_Cargill dbr:Mary_II_of_England dbr:Book_of_Discipline_(Church_of_Scotland) dbr:Philadelphia dbr:Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843–1900) dbr:Greyfriars_Kirkyard dbr:Huguenot_rebellions dbr:Independent_(religion) dbr:Kingdom_of_Scotland dbr:Minister_(Christianity) dbr:New_Model_Army dbr:Oliver_Cromwell dbr:Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_North_America dbr:Second_English_Civil_War dbr:Kirk dbr:Roger_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Orrery dbr:Lords_of_the_Congregation dbr:Roundhead dbr:Westminster_Confession_of_Faith dbr:Robert_Lilburne dbr:Old_Mortality dbr:Thomas_Nairn dbr:Rescissory_Act_1661 dbr:National_Covenant dbr:Seven_Bishops dbr:Presbyterianism dbr:Sanquhar_Declaration dbr:King_James_VII dbr:Charles_II_of_England,_Scotland_and_Ireland dbr:Oath_of_Abjuration dbr:File:Alexleslie.jpg dbr:File:Archbishop_Sharp_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg dbr:File:Greyfriars_Kirkyard,_Edinburgh.jpg dbr:File:Martyrs'_Monument,_Greyfriars_Kirkyard.jpg dbr:File:Portrait_of_John_Knox_(4671577).jpg dbr:S:Landon_in_The_Literary_Gazette_1823/Covenanters dbr:File:Burning_Bush_sculpture,_121_George_Street.JPG dbr:File:Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg dbr:File:The_Marquess_of_Argyll.jpg dbr:File:Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg dbr:File:Execution_of_the_Rev._James_Guthrie,_Edinburgh_1661.tiff dbr:File:Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg |
| dbp:bot | InternetArchiveBot (en) |
| dbp:date | October 2022 (en) |
| dbp:fixAttempted | yes (en) |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:About dbt:Authority_control dbt:Cite_EB1911 dbt:Cite_book dbt:Cite_journal dbt:Cite_thesis dbt:Cite_web dbt:Dead_link dbt:Efn dbt:Notelist dbt:Portalbar dbt:Reflist dbt:Sfn dbt:Short_description dbt:Ws dbt:Cite_odnb dbt:Scottish_religion |
| dct:subject | dbc:Scottish_Reformation dbc:17th-century_Calvinism dbc:Presbyterianism_in_Scotland dbc:17th_century_in_Scotland dbc:Covenanters |
| rdf:type | owl:Thing dbo:PoliticalParty |
| rdfs:comment | Los Covenanters o Covenants eran los integrantes de un movimiento religioso nacido en el seno del presbiterianismo en la historia de Escocia y, de manera menos influyente, en las de Inglaterra e Irlanda del siglo XVII. (es) カヴェナンター（Covenanters）あるいは盟約者は、17世紀のスコットランドで長老派教会の支持を盟約した人々、あるいはスコットランドの長老派教会による宗教的な運動である。スコットランドの宗教史で重要な役割を果たし、イングランドとアイルランドにも影響を与えた。 21世紀現在でもカヴェナンターをルーツを持つ教派がある。名前の由来はスコットランドのcovenantであり、主教戦争と清教徒革命で2つの重要な盟約（国民盟約と厳粛な同盟と契約）が結ばれている。 殺戮時代に殺戮された。改革長老教会がその継承者である。 (ja) I covenanti (in inglese: covenanters) furono un movimento politico e religioso sorto in Scozia nel XVII secolo. Furono così chiamati, durante la Guerra civile inglese, gli Scozzesi seguaci del Covenant (alleanza, patto), una specie di professione di fede religiosa nazionale. (it) Ковенантеры (англ. Covenanters) — сторонники «Национального ковенанта» 1638 года, манифеста шотландского национального движения в защиту пресвитерианской церкви. Движение ковенантеров быстро приобрело общешотландский характер, а в политическом отношении стало носителем идеи ограничения королевской власти. Ковенантеры являлись правящей партией в Шотландии в период 1639—1652 годов и противостояли роялистам. Позднее радикальная часть ковенантеров сотрудничала с режимом Оливера Кромвеля (1652—1660), а во времена Реставрации (1660—1688) ковенантеры находились в оппозиции правительству и жестоко страдали от преследований. (ru) Covenanter var en skotskt presbyteriansk rörelse som spelade en viktig roll i Skottlands historia och i mindre utsträckning i Englands och Irlands under 1600-talet. Covenant eller convenant (av latinets convenire, överenskomma) var namnet på de förbund, som de presbyterianska skottarna under 1500- och 1600-talen ingick dels med sina kungar och dels med varandra för att upprätthålla sin trosfrihet mot de romerska katolikerna och de episkopala. Speciellt gäller beteckningen förbunden av år 1581 och 1638. (sv) Ковенантори (англ. Covenanters) — прибічники «Національного ковенанту» 1638 року, маніфесту шотландського національного руху на захист пресвітеріанської церкви. Рух ковенанторів швидко набув загально шотландського характеру, а у політичному сенсі став носієм ідеї обмеження королівської влади. Ковенантори були правлячою партією в Шотландії у період 1639—1652 років та протистояли роялістам. Згодом радикальна частина ковенанторів співробітничала з режимом Олівера Кромвеля (1652—1660), а за часів Реставрації (1660—1688) ковенантори перебували в опозиції до уряду і жорстоко страждали від переслідувань. (uk) 誓约派（英語：Covenanters）是17世纪苏格兰宗教和政治运动成员，他们支持苏格兰长老会及其领导人在宗教事务中占据首要地位。该名称源自圣经中与上帝订立的“约”这一说法。该运动源自苏格兰人在教义和教会组织上与英国国王詹姆斯一世和查理一世的矛盾。 1638年，众多苏格兰人签订《民族誓约》以抵制查理一世对苏格兰教会所加的控制，主教战争后，誓约派取得了对苏格兰的控制。 1643年，英国内战期间，誓约派支持奧立佛·克倫威爾一方，但1648年又支持查理一世。查理一世被克倫威爾斬首之後，誓约派又支持查理二世，1651年被击败，苏格兰被并入英吉利共和國。 查理二世重祚后，誓约派失去了对苏格兰教会的控制，苏格兰之后多次爆发起义。 (zh) Covenanters (Scottish Gaelic: Cùmhnantaich) were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. The name is derived from Covenant, a biblical term for a bond or agreement with God. (en) Als Covenanters (von englisch covenant – „Bundesschluss“) bezeichnet man diejenigen schottischen Gruppierungen, die sich am 28. Februar 1638 in einem Treueeid auf den verpflichteten, für ihre Kirche am Presbyterianismus festzuhalten. Der Eid gilt als direkte Reaktion auf den Versuch von Erzbischof William Laud, das anglikanisch geprägte Book of Common Prayer in der schottischen Staatskirche einzuführen. Ziel der Covenanters war, die reformierte Theologie und die presbyterianische Verfassung der Kirche zu stützen. Dazu setzten sie dem bestehenden Episkopat unter den englischen Stuart-Königen Widerstand entgegen. Dabei waren die Covenanters nicht nur durch den Aufstieg der Bundestheologie geprägt, sondern auch von einem demokratischen Impuls für religiöse Freiheit beseelt, der sich in einer (de) Les Covenantaires formèrent un important mouvement religieux et politique en Écosse au XVIIe siècle. Du point de vue religieux, ce mouvement s'attacha surtout à promouvoir et à développer le presbytérianisme, et à en faire une forme de gouvernement souhaitée par le peuple, en opposition avec l'épiscopalisme, qui avait les faveurs de la couronne. Du point de vue politique, ce mouvement vit d'importantes évolutions du caractère et du fonctionnement du Parlement écossais, qui commença à se démarquer progressivement de ses origines médiévales. Dans son ensemble, ce mouvement était essentiellement conservateur dans le ton, mais il amorça une révolution qui embrasa l'Écosse, l'Angleterre et l'Irlande, et qui fut appelée les guerres des Trois Royaumes. (fr) 언약도(Covenanters)는 스코틀랜드의 역사에서 17세기의 스코틀랜드 장로교 운동이다. 여기에서 언약이란 구약성경의 하나님과 이스라엘간의 계약, 약속의 개념에서 나온 말이다. 1637년에는 찰스 1세와 켄터베리의 주교인 윌리엄 로드가 만나 스코틀랜드의 예배의식에 대한 회의가 있었다. 알렉산더 헨더슨의 도움으로 1638년 2월 28일에 에딘버러에 있는 그레이프라이어 교회정원에서국가적 언약이 체결되었다. 이 언약은 찰스 1세와 윌리엄 로드가 스코틀랜드 교회를 영국의 예배형식과 교회 정치에 따르는 것을 거부한 것이다. 이 국가 언약은 왕의 고백(1581)과 알렉산더 헨더슨의 추가적 선언과 맹세가 포함되어 있다. 이 언약은 개혁주의 신앙과 장로교 정치를 재확인하고 그들에 의해 시도된 변화를 거부한 것이다. 웨스트민스터 총회에 참관인으로 참석했던 6명의 스코틀랜드 대표들은 많은 기여를 하였고, 그 이후,채택된 문서들을 공적 규범으로 삼았다. 또한 엄숙동맹과 언약으로 찰스 1세가 처형되고, 크롬웰의 통치를 이어 네덜란드에 있었던 찰스 2세를 초청하였으나, 그가 장로교 편에 서지 않고 배반하여 오히려 장로교를 탄압하자, 찰스 2세와 항전에 나선다. (ko) De covenanters waren een Schots presbyteriaanse beweging, die in de 17e eeuw een belangrijke rol in de geschiedenis van Schotland, en in mindere mate in die van Engeland en Ierland heeft gespeeld. De naam stamt van de term covenant naar het verbond dat door de Israëlieten in het Oude Testament wordt gezworen. Er waren twee belangrijke convenanten in de Schotse geschiedenis, de National Covenant van 1638 en de Solemn League and Covenant in 1643, het laatste was een verdrag tussen Schotland (de Kerk van Schotland) en het Lange Parlement van Engeland. Presbyteriaanse denominaties laten hun geschiedenis vaak met de covenanters beginnen. Zij gebruiken vaak de naam en houden zowel in Schotland als internationaal aan de ideeën en tradities van de covenanters vast. (nl) |
| rdfs:label | Covenanters (en) Covenanters (de) Covenanter (es) Covenantaire (fr) Covenanti (it) 언약도 (ko) カヴェナンター (ja) Covenanters (nl) Ковенантское движение (ru) Covenanter (sv) 誓约派 (zh) Ковенантський рух (uk) |
| owl:sameAs | wikidata:Covenanters dbpedia-cy:Covenanters dbpedia-de:Covenanters dbpedia-es:Covenanters dbpedia-fi:Covenanters dbpedia-fr:Covenanters dbpedia-gd:Covenanters dbpedia-is:Covenanters dbpedia-it:Covenanters dbpedia-ja:Covenanters dbpedia-ko:Covenanters dbpedia-ms:Covenanters dbpedia-nl:Covenanters dbpedia-no:Covenanters dbpedia-ru:Covenanters dbpedia-sv:Covenanters dbpedia-tr:Covenanters dbpedia-uk:Covenanters dbpedia-zh:Covenanters https://global.dbpedia.org/id/C5kN |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Covenanters?oldid=1115974682&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Archbishop_Sharp_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Covenanters_in_a_Glen.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Burning_Bush_sculpture,_121_George_Street.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Alexleslie.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Portrait_of_John_Knox_(4671577).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/The_Marquess_of_Argyll.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Greyfriars_Kirkyard,_Edinburgh.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Martyrs'_Monument,_Greyfriars_Kirkyard.jpg |
| foaf:homepage | http://Explorepahistory.com |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Covenanters |
| is dbo:knownFor of | dbr:Richard_Cameron_(Covenanter) |
| is dbo:splitFromParty of | dbr:Engagers dbr:Kirk_Party__Kirk_Party__1 |
| is dbo:wikiPageRedirects of | dbr:Covenanter dbr:Scotch_Covenanter dbr:Scottish_Covenanters dbr:Army_of_the_Covenant dbr:Covenanter_Wars dbr:Covenanting dbr:Covenanting_party dbr:National_covenant dbr:Supplicant_(Covenanter) dbr:National_Covenant_of_1638 dbr:National_Covenant_of_the_Church_of_Scotland dbr:Presbyterian_Covenanters |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Cambuslang dbr:Canongate_Tolbooth dbr:Behemoth_(Hobbes_book) dbr:Presbyterian_Church_in_America dbr:Pride's_Purge dbr:Robert_Louis_Stevenson dbr:Robert_Lusk dbr:Robert_Moray dbr:Robert_Murray_M'Cheyne dbr:Robert_Paterson_(stonemason) dbr:Robert_Wodrow dbr:Roy_Campbell_(poet) dbr:Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross dbr:Scotch-Irish_Americans dbr:Scotland dbr:Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms dbr:Scots_Army dbr:Scottish_Borders dbr:Eleven_Members dbr:List_of_University_of_Aberdeen_people dbr:List_of_alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews dbr:List_of_battles_1601–1800 dbr:Michael_Bruce_(minister,_born_1635) dbr:Montrose_(book) dbr:Privy_Council_of_Scotland dbr:St._Michael_of_Scarborough dbr:Thomas_Blood dbr:Barr,_Ayrshire dbr:Barrhill,_South_Ayrshire dbr:Battle_of_Benburb dbr:Battle_of_Boldon_Hill dbr:Battle_of_Carbisdale dbr:Battle_of_Clones dbr:Battle_of_Drumclog dbr:Battle_of_Dunaverty dbr:Battle_of_Dunbar_(1650) dbr:Battle_of_Dunkeld dbr:Battle_of_Glenmaquin dbr:Battle_of_Inverkeithing dbr:Battle_of_Lisnagarvey dbr:Battle_of_Marston_Moor dbr:Battle_of_Mauchline_Muir dbr:Battle_of_Piercebridge dbr:Battle_of_Preston_(1648) dbr:Battle_of_Rhunahaorine_Moss dbr:Battle_of_Sherburn_in_Elmet dbr:Battle_of_St_Neots_(1648) dbr:Battle_of_Wigan_Lane dbr:Battle_of_the_Brig_of_Dee dbr:Benburb dbr:Bishops'_Wars dbr:Blackness_Castle dbr:Booth's_Uprising dbr:David_Barclay_(soldier) dbr:David_Carment dbr:David_Dickson_(minister) dbr:David_Jamison_(politician) dbr:David_Leslie,_1st_Lord_Newark dbr:David_Williamson_(minister) dbr:Dean_Castle dbr:Denzil_Holles,_1st_Baron_Holles dbr:Andrew_Ramsay_(minister) dbr:Archibald_Campbell,_9th_Earl_of_Argyll dbr:Archibald_Douglas,_1st_Earl_of_Ormond dbr:History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I dbr:Hugh_Binning dbr:John_Pym dbr:John_Witherspoon dbr:Jon_Cryer dbr:Joseph_Bampfield dbr:List_of_wars:_1500–1799 dbr:Peden's_Cave_(Auchinbay) dbr:Penrith,_Cumbria dbr:Penshaw_Monument dbr:Robert_Blair_(moderator) dbr:Robert_Greville,_2nd_Baron_Brooke dbr:Robert_Hamilton_of_Preston dbr:Robert_Hope_Moncrieff dbr:Robert_Ker,_1st_Earl_of_Roxburghe dbr:Robert_Ker_of_Kersland dbr:David_Crawford_(historian) dbr:David_Hay_Fleming dbr:David_Jonkin dbr:David_Steele_(minister) dbr:Declaration_of_Indulgence dbr:Duncan_Glen dbr:Dunyvaig_Castle dbr:Lewis_Gordon,_3rd_Marquess_of_Huntly dbr:Lilias_Skene dbr:List_of_massacres_in_Great_Britain dbr:List_of_ministers_of_Greyfriars_Kirk dbr:List_of_people_who_were_beheaded dbr:List_of_public_art_in_East_Ayrshire dbr:List_of_public_art_in_South_Ayrshire dbr:Sir_John_Seton_(letter_writer) dbr:Not_proven dbr:Wigtown_Martyrs dbr:1639 dbr:1645 dbr:1650_in_England dbr:1650_in_Ireland dbr:1666 dbr:1679 dbr:1679_in_Scotland dbr:1680 dbr:1682 dbr:1684 dbr:1688 dbr:Commonwealth_of_England dbr:Confederate_Ireland dbr:Craigenputtock dbr:Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom dbr:Louise_Yeoman dbr:No_quarter dbr:RW_MacKenna dbr:Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas dbr:Scottish_religion_in_the_seventeenth_century dbr:Second_Ormonde_Peace dbr:1660s_in_Scotland dbr:1893 dbr:Church_of_Scotland dbr:Clan_Buchanan dbr:Clan_MacAulay dbr:Cleeves_Cove dbr:Alexander_Lindsay,_2nd_Lord_Spynie dbr:Alexander_Lindsay_of_Evelick_(bishop) dbr:Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon dbr:Edward_Villiers_(1620–1689) dbr:Elgin,_Moray dbr:Engagers dbr:English_Civil_War dbr:George_Melville,_1st_Earl_of_Melville dbr:Gilbert_Burnet dbr:Glasgow_Cathedral dbr:Glasgow_Tolbooth dbr:Glencorse dbr:Muchalls_Castle dbr:Mugdock_Castle dbr:Confederate_Oath_of_Association dbr:Conventicle dbr:Crichope_Linn dbr:Thomas_Blagge dbr:Thomas_Carlyle dbr:Thomas_Lucas_(Royalist) dbr:Thomas_W._Howie dbr:Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford dbr:Andrew_Cant_(minister) dbr:Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650–1652) dbr:Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury dbr:Lisburn dbr:Long_Parliament dbr:Magdalen_Chapel,_Edinburgh dbr:Siege_of_Carlisle_(1644) dbr:Siege_of_Chester dbr:Siege_of_Dundee dbr:Siege_of_Hereford dbr:Siege_of_Inverness_(1649) dbr:Siege_of_Inverness_(1650) dbr:Siege_of_Leith dbr:Siege_of_Newcastle dbr:Sir_Alexander_Carew,_2nd_Baronet dbr:Sir_George_Hamilton,_Comte_Hamilton dbr:Sir_Gilbert_Pickering,_1st_Baronet dbr:Sir_Robert_Grierson,_1st_Baronet dbr:Sir_Thomas_Barrington,_2nd_Baronet dbr:Commissioner_(Scottish_Parliament) dbr:Compelled_speech dbr:Hamilton_Old_Parish_Church dbr:John_Howie_(businessman) dbr:John_Nalson dbr:John_Nicoll_(chronicler) dbr:John_Nisbet,_Lord_Dirleton dbr:Philip_Wharton,_4th_Baron_Wharton dbr:Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland dbr:Mackay_of_Aberach dbr:Mackenzie_of_Gairloch dbr:Malachy_Ó_Caollaidhe dbr:Banton_Loch dbr:Burntisland dbr:Burntisland_Burgh_Chambers dbr:Tillietudlem dbr:Timeline_of_Northumbria_and_Northumberland dbr:Timeline_of_the_English_Civil_War dbr:Treaty_of_Ripon dbr:Turriff dbr:Walter_Scott dbr:Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms dbr:Waterside,_East_Ayrshire dbr:Whiggamore_Raid dbr:Wigtown dbr:Wigtown_County_Buildings dbr:William_Armstrong_(Virginia_politician) dbr:William_Batten dbr:William_Cochrane,_1st_Earl_of_Dundonald dbr:William_Lockhart_of_Lee dbr:William_McAdam_(merchant) dbr:William_St_Leger dbr:Gladstone's_Land dbr:Covenant_Party dbr:Covenanter dbr:Irish_in_the_British_Armed_Forces dbr:James_Coigly dbr:James_Gordon,_2nd_Viscount_Aboyne dbr:James_Hadow dbr:James_Hope_(Ireland) dbr:James_Hyslop_(poet) dbr:James_L._Dow dbr:John_Dickson_(minister) dbr:John_Hay,_1st_Earl_of_Tweeddale dbr:John_Hay,_1st_Marquess_of_Tweeddale dbr:Abbeygreen_Church dbr:Abronhill dbr:Acts_of_Union_1707 dbr:Alexander_Gordon_of_Earlston dbr:Alexander_Leslie,_1st_Earl_of_Leven dbr:Alexander_McGuffey dbr:Alexander_Shields dbr:Alexander_Stuart,_5th_Earl_of_Moray dbr:Algernon_Percy,_10th_Earl_of_Northumberland dbr:Ancrum dbr:Airds_Moss dbr:Dalmellington dbr:Dowhill_Castle dbr:Dunlop,_East_Ayrshire dbr:Dunnottar_Castle dbr:Dunnottar_Parish_Church dbr:Dunton_Cove dbr:Earlstoun_Castle dbr:East_Lothian dbr:East_Tennessee dbr:Eusebius_Andrews_(Royalist) dbr:First_English_Civil_War dbr:First_Great_Awakening dbr:Barony_of_Preston_and_Prestonpans dbr:Nicholas_Slanning dbr:Parliament_of_Scotland dbr:Charles_Stuart,_6th_Earl_of_Moray dbr:Forter_Castle dbr:Gerard_Langbaine_the_elder dbr:Government_in_early_modern_Scotland dbr:Hillbilly dbr:History_of_Aberdeen dbr:History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland dbr:History_of_Derry dbr:History_of_Ireland_(1536–1691) dbr:John_Spreul_(town_clerk) dbr:John_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Traquair dbr:John_Strang dbr:Solemn_League_and_Covenant dbr:List_of_In_Our_Time_programmes dbr:List_of_Presbyterian_and_Reformed_denominations_in_Australia dbr:List_of_Scots dbr:List_of_Scottish_flags dbr:Sir_Duncan_Campbell_of_Auchinbreck dbr:William_Govan dbr:Redneck dbr:Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland dbr:Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland dbr:Richard_Cameron_(Covenanter) dbr:Greyfriars_Kirk dbr:Grindlay_family dbr:Hector_C._Macpherson dbr:Henry_Bard,_1st_Viscount_Bellomont dbr:Henry_Duncan_(minister) dbr:Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland dbr:History_of_Nairn dbr:History_of_Scotland dbr:Inverkeithing dbr:Irish_Army_(1661–1801) dbr:Irish_Confederate_Wars dbr:Irish_Rebellion_of_1641 dbr:James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormond dbr:James_Campbell_(British_Army_officer,_died_1745) dbr:James_Guthrie_(minister) dbr:James_Livingston,_1st_Earl_of_Callendar dbr:James_Turner_(soldier) dbr:James_Watt dbr:Craigneach_Castle dbr:The_Killing_Time dbr:Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll dbr:Ardvreck_Castle dbr:Argyll's_Rising dbr:Army_Council_(1647) dbr:Army_Plots_(1641) dbr:Abjuration dbr:Charlemont,_County_Armagh dbr:Charles_I_of_England dbr:Alasdair_mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair dbr:John_Graham_of_Duchray dbr:John_Hill_(planter) dbr:John_Leslie,_1st_Duke_of_Rothes dbr:John_Leslie,_6th_Earl_of_Rothes dbr:John_Maitland,_1st_Duke_of_Lauderdale dbr:John_Middleton,_1st_Earl_of_Middleton dbr:Katherine_Ross_(died_1697) dbr:Kent_Trained_Bands dbr:Kilmacolm dbr:Laggan_Army dbr:Blue_bonnet_(hat) dbr:George_Mackenzie,_2nd_Earl_of_Seaforth |
| is dbp:allegiance of | dbr:William_Govan |
| is dbp:split of | dbr:Engagers dbr:Kirk_Party |
| is gold:hypernym of | dbr:Wigton_Martyrs |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Covenanters |
