Eight-hour day (original) (raw)
La jornada de vuit hores (en anglès Eight-hour day) fa referència a la reivindicació del moviment obrer per la reducció de la jornada de treball i l'establiment de les vuit hores de treball diàries o 40 hores a la setmana, també conegut com el moviment per la (en anglès Short-Time Working), que va tenir el seu origen en les penoses condicions de treball de la Revolució Industrial a Gran Bretanya a mitjan segle xviii.
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| dbo:abstract | La jornada de vuit hores (en anglès Eight-hour day) fa referència a la reivindicació del moviment obrer per la reducció de la jornada de treball i l'establiment de les vuit hores de treball diàries o 40 hores a la setmana, també conegut com el moviment per la (en anglès Short-Time Working), que va tenir el seu origen en les penoses condicions de treball de la Revolució Industrial a Gran Bretanya a mitjan segle xviii. (ca) حركة الثمان الساعات يوميا أو حركة الثمان الساعات أسبوعيا والتي عرفت أيضا بحركة الوقت القصير. وهي عبارة عن مجموعة من الاحتجاجات العمالية المطالبة بتقليل ساعات العمل إلى ثمان ساعات يوميا. وتعود أسبابها إلى الثورة الصناعية في بريطانيا التي غيرت حياة الملايين في أوروبا وجعلتهم يعملون ل 10 إلى 16 ساعة يوميا ولست أيام بالاسبوع. (ar) Osmihodinový pracovní den a další normy týkající se práce, jsou v poměru k práci jako takové poměrně moderní záležitostí. V minulosti pracovníci velmi běžně pracovali v nepřívětivých podmínkách, několik hodin denně a za velmi nízkou mzdu. S čím dál tím větším důrazem na svobodu a další novodobé myšlenky, které postupem času přicházely, přišla i touha změnit takto špatně nastavený pracovní režim. První náznaky řádné osmihodinové pracovní doby sledujeme už v 16. století za vlády Filipa II. Španělského. Pro novodobé dějiny je ale klíčová průmyslová revoluce, kdy docházelo k výrazným změnám, co se výroby a obchodu týče, dále pak Rooseveltova volební kampaň pro osmihodinový pracovní den. (cs) Der Achtstundentag war eine der ältesten Forderungen der Arbeiterbewegung. Sie wurde erstmals von Robert Owen (1771–1858), dem walisischen Unternehmer und Sozialreformer, in den 1810er Jahren in Großbritannien als Forderung formuliert. Owen prägte den Slogan: „Acht Stunden arbeiten, acht Stunden schlafen und acht Stunden Freizeit und Erholung“. Mit dem Achtstundentag wurde ein Werktag bezeichnet, an dem die reine Arbeitszeit, also ohne Hinzurechnung von Pausen, maximal acht Stunden betrug. (de) La okhora labortago aŭ okhora tago estis unu el la plej malnovaj postuloj de la laborista movado. Ĝi signifis averaĝan labortempon de maksimume 8 horoj je labortago. La batalo por la okhoraj labortagoj estis slogano de komunistoj, maldekstraj politikaj partioj. Fakte, laboristoj ofte devas surpreni plushorojn - post la 8 horoj - por vivteni sian familion, certigi bonan vivnivelon. Tio okazis eĉ en la t.n. socialismaj landoj. (eo) La jornada de ocho horas hace referencia a la reivindicación del movimiento obrero por la reducción de la jornada laboral y el establecimiento de las ocho horas de trabajo diarias, 48 horas en la semana laboral de 5 días, también conocido como el movimiento por la jornada reducida. La reivindicación tuvo su origen en las pésimas condiciones de trabajo de la Revolución Industrial en Gran Bretaña a mediados del siglo XVIII, donde la producción industrial en grandes fábricas transformó la vida laboral. Entonces la jornada laboral estaba entre las 10 y las 16 horas diarias, la semana laboral solía ser de 6 días a la semana y el trabajo infantil era habitual. La jornada de 8 horas fue establecida por primera vez para todas las profesiones en la Unión Soviética en 1917. En España y Francia fue establecida en 1919. (es) The eight-hour day movement (also known as the 40-hour week movement or the short-time movement) was a social movement to regulate the length of a working day, preventing excesses and abuses. An eight-hour work day has its origins in the 16th century Spain, but the modern movement dates back to the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life. At that time, the working day could range from 10 to 16 hours, the work week was typically six days a week and the use of child labour was common. The first country that introduced the 8-hour work day by law for factory and fortification workers was Spain in 1593. In contemporary era, it was established for all professions by the Soviet Union in 1917. (en) Zortzi orduko lanaldia (ingelesez eight-hour day) langileen mugimenduak eta eguneko 8 lan ordu edo asteko 40 lan orduen ezartzearen eskakizuna da, mugimenzua izenez ere ezagutzen da. Jatorria, XVIII. mendean Industria Iraultzarekin Erresuma Batuan zeuden lan baldintza penagarrietan du. (eu) Delapan jam kerja sehari merupakan proporsi waktu pekerja dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. Ide ini pada awalnya adalah sebuah tuntutan yang diinisiasi oleh Robert Owen pada abad ke-18. Pada era Revolusi Industri tersebut, pabrik-pabrik di Eropa menjalankan kegiatan industrinya selama 24 jam sehari, sehingga para buruh yang bekerja selama 10 hingga 16 jam sehari jamak ditemui. Oleh karena itu, para pekerja menuntut pembatasan waktu kerja menjadi delapan jam sehari. Slogan Owen yang terkenal adalah, "Delapan jam bekerja, delapan jam rekreasi, dan delapan jam istirahat." (in) La journée de 8 heures, ou revendication à travailler au maximum 8 heures par jour, est une revendication historique des mouvements ouvriers dans tous les pays. (fr) 八時間労働制（はちじかんろうどうせい）は、労働者の健康を保障するために、休日を除き、労働者に1日に8時間、即ち1週間に40時間を超えて労働させることを禁じる制度である。 国際労働機関1号条約は、これを規制するものである。欧州連合労働時間指令では、週の労働時間を残業を含めて48時間以内とするよう規制している（各国で団体協約により除外可能）。 (ja) De achturige werkdag is ontstaan volgens een historisch proces dat zich voltrok vanaf eind 19e eeuw. Het had zijn oorsprong in de industriële revolutie in Groot-Brittannië, waar de industriële productie in grote fabrieken het beroepsleven veranderde en lange uren alsook slechte arbeidsomstandigheden oplegde. De werkdagen konden variëren van 10 tot 16 uur, zes dagen per week. Robert Owen formuleerde in 1817 het doel van de invoering van de achturige dag en bedacht de leuze: "Acht uren voor arbeid, acht uren voor recreatie, acht uren voor rust". ("Eight hours' labour, Eight hours' recreation, Eight hours' rest"). Hij werd in 1833 de voorzitter van een vakbond die streed voor de achturige werkdag. Op 1 mei 1886, op de Dag van de Arbeid, demonstreerden in de Verenigde Staten een half miljoen mensen voor invoering van de achturige werkdag. In Chicago liep de demonstratie uit de hand. Onder impuls van de American Federation of Labour (AFL) besliste de Tweede Internationale om op 1 mei 1890 een internationale strijddag voor de achturige werkdag te organiseren. Dit was het begin van een traditie. Het volgende jaar vielen op 1 mei in het Franse Fourmies negen doden toen ordediensten het vuur openden op een betoging. In Nederland had onder meer de sociaaldemocratische SDAP de achturige werkdag als politieke eis. In 1911 werd er in Nederland gedemonstreerd ter gelegenheid van de invoering. In 1919 diende de toenmalige Nederlandse minister van Arbeid, Piet Aalberse, de wet aangaande achturige werkdag in. De wet werd op 11 juli 1919 aangenomen. In België was de achturige werkdag een strijdpunt van de socialistische Belgische Werkliedenpartij. De Wet tot invoering van de achturendag en van de achtenveertigurenweek, een ontwerp van minister van Arbeid Joseph Wauters, werd er afgekondigd op 14 juni 1921. (nl) 8시간 노동제(八時間労働制)란 노동자의 건강을 지키기 위해 휴일을 제하고 하루에 8시간, 즉 1주일에 40시간을 초과하여 노동하는 것을 금하는 제도이다. 산업혁명 당시 영국에서 평균 노동시간은 하루 10-16시간, 휴일은 일주일에 1일 뿐이었다. 1810년 로버트 오웬이 1일 10시간 노동을 호소하고 자신이 경영하던 공장에서 그것을 실천에 옮겼다. 또 1817년에는 1일 8시간 노동을 목표로 “8시간 노동, 8시간 수면, 8시간 휴식”의 구호가 만들어졌다. 오웬 등의 운동 결과 영국 정부는 1833년 공장법을 제정했는데 그 내용은 불충분했고 1847년 법개정을 통해 드디어 유소년 노동자 및 여성 노동자에 대한 10시간 노동 제한이 실현되었다. 프랑스 노동자들은 1848년 혁명 이후에야 1일 12시간 노동을 쟁취했다. 초기 노동조합과 차티스트 운동은 노동환경 개선과 노동시간 단축을 호소했다. 1886년 5월 1일 시카고, 뉴욕, 보스턴 등 미국 전역에서 38만 명 이상의 노동자가 8시간 노동제를 요구하며 파업에 나섰다. 그러나 이틀 후 시카고의 기계노동자 4명이 경찰에게 사살당하고 그 하루 뒤 시카고 헤이마켓 광장에서 집회 중 누군가 폭탄을 던졌다. 이를 계기로 경찰은 노동조합원 8명을 범인으로 체포하고 4명을 사형시켰다. 자본가들은 노동조합을 압박하고 고립시키면서 8시간 노동제 약속을 폐기시켰는데, 이것이 헤이마켓 사건이다. 1890년 5월 1일 프랑스 혁명 백주년 기념일을 맞아 프랑스를 본부로 하는 제2인터내셔널은 미국 노동조합의 요청에 따라 세계 각지에서 일제히 집회시위를 하기로 결정했고 이후 매년 5월 1일 각국에서 노동절이 개최되게 되었다. 1917년 러시아 소비에트 연방 사회주의 공화국은 세계 최초로 국가 법률로서 8시간 노동제를 확립했다. 1919년 국제노동기구(ILO) 제1회 총회에서 1일 8시간, 주 48시간 노동제를 정하고 국제 노동기준으로 확립했다. (ko) Åttatimmarsdagen innebar införandet av åtta timmars arbetsdag som normalarbetsdag. I Sverige togs beslutet att införa åtta timmars arbetsdag den 4 augusti 1919 av en urtima riksdag, men man arbetade på lördagar fram till 1971. Jordbruket berördes inte av beslutet. Man arbetade då 48 timmar i veckan eftersom lördagen var arbetsdag. Införandet föregicks av den förkortade arbetstid om 51 timmar per vecka i byggbranschen 1918, som blev resultatet av en utdragen arbetsmarknadskonflikt. (sv) A jornada de oito horas faz referência a reivindicação do movimento operário pela redução da jornada de trabalho e o estabelecimento das oito horas de trabalho diárias ou 48 horas semanais, que teve origem nas condições penosas de trabalho da Revolução Industrial na Grã Bretanha em meados do século XIX. Robert Owen difundiu a ideia que a qualidade do trabalho de um trabalhador tem uma relação diretamente proporcional com a qualidade de vida do mesmo e para qualificar a produção de cada trabalhador, é indispensável fornecer melhorias nas áreas de salários, habitação, higiene e educação, proibir o trabalho infantil e determinar uma quantidade máxima de horas de trabalho de dez horas e meia. Para 1817 ele formulou o objetivo do dia de oito horas e cunhou o lema de oito horas de trabalho, oito horas para viver e oito horas de descanso (8 hours labour, 8 hours recreation, 8 hours rest). A Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores definiu a jornada de oito horas diárias como uma demanda central, a partir do Congresso de Genebra em agosto de 1866, declarando que a limitação legal do dia útil era uma condição prévia sem a qual todas as outras tentativas de melhoria e a emancipação da classe trabalhadora falhariam. Foi estimado como uma "grande contenda entre o domínio cego das leis da oferta e da procura que formam a economia política da classe média e a produção social controlada por previsão social, que forma a economia política da classe operária". A Organização Internacional do Trabalho, em 1919, adotou a primeira convenção, definindo que a jornada de trabalho não deve ultrapassar 8 horas por dia e 48 horas por semana. Em 1935, adotou uma nova convenção definindo o limite de horas semanais em quarenta. Quinze países assinaram a convenção A constituição mexicana (1917) foi a primeira constituição a limitar a jornada diária em oito horas, seguida pela constituição de Weimar (1919). (pt) Восьмичасовой рабочий день — ключевое положение трудового законодательства, реализованное в большинстве развитых стран. Одно из ранних требований движения рабочих. Впервые сформулировано английским предпринимателем Робертом Оуэном в 1817 году в виде слогана: «Восемь часов — труд. Восемь часов — отдых. Восемь часов — сон» (правило 8/8/8). Восьмичасовой рабочий день предполагает рабочие часы без учёта перерывов максимум восемь часов в день. Первой страной, законодательно установившей восьмичасовой рабочий день (при шестидневной рабочей неделе) для любых профессий, стал Уругвай (ru) 八小时工作制是一项对劳动时间的倡导，主张劳动者每日工作时间应不超过八个小时。这一制度最早由英国空想社会主义者罗伯特·欧文于1817年8月提出。其后由于欧美资本家对劳工的剥削不断加剧，最终北美的工人率先实行并走上街头抗议，倡导实行八小时工作制。1886年5月1日美国芝加哥爆发了历史最大的罢工，也正是以倡导八小时工作制为目标进行的。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | La jornada de vuit hores (en anglès Eight-hour day) fa referència a la reivindicació del moviment obrer per la reducció de la jornada de treball i l'establiment de les vuit hores de treball diàries o 40 hores a la setmana, també conegut com el moviment per la (en anglès Short-Time Working), que va tenir el seu origen en les penoses condicions de treball de la Revolució Industrial a Gran Bretanya a mitjan segle xviii. (ca) حركة الثمان الساعات يوميا أو حركة الثمان الساعات أسبوعيا والتي عرفت أيضا بحركة الوقت القصير. وهي عبارة عن مجموعة من الاحتجاجات العمالية المطالبة بتقليل ساعات العمل إلى ثمان ساعات يوميا. وتعود أسبابها إلى الثورة الصناعية في بريطانيا التي غيرت حياة الملايين في أوروبا وجعلتهم يعملون ل 10 إلى 16 ساعة يوميا ولست أيام بالاسبوع. (ar) Der Achtstundentag war eine der ältesten Forderungen der Arbeiterbewegung. Sie wurde erstmals von Robert Owen (1771–1858), dem walisischen Unternehmer und Sozialreformer, in den 1810er Jahren in Großbritannien als Forderung formuliert. Owen prägte den Slogan: „Acht Stunden arbeiten, acht Stunden schlafen und acht Stunden Freizeit und Erholung“. Mit dem Achtstundentag wurde ein Werktag bezeichnet, an dem die reine Arbeitszeit, also ohne Hinzurechnung von Pausen, maximal acht Stunden betrug. (de) La okhora labortago aŭ okhora tago estis unu el la plej malnovaj postuloj de la laborista movado. Ĝi signifis averaĝan labortempon de maksimume 8 horoj je labortago. La batalo por la okhoraj labortagoj estis slogano de komunistoj, maldekstraj politikaj partioj. Fakte, laboristoj ofte devas surpreni plushorojn - post la 8 horoj - por vivteni sian familion, certigi bonan vivnivelon. Tio okazis eĉ en la t.n. socialismaj landoj. (eo) The eight-hour day movement (also known as the 40-hour week movement or the short-time movement) was a social movement to regulate the length of a working day, preventing excesses and abuses. An eight-hour work day has its origins in the 16th century Spain, but the modern movement dates back to the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life. At that time, the working day could range from 10 to 16 hours, the work week was typically six days a week and the use of child labour was common. The first country that introduced the 8-hour work day by law for factory and fortification workers was Spain in 1593. In contemporary era, it was established for all professions by the Soviet Union in 1917. (en) Zortzi orduko lanaldia (ingelesez eight-hour day) langileen mugimenduak eta eguneko 8 lan ordu edo asteko 40 lan orduen ezartzearen eskakizuna da, mugimenzua izenez ere ezagutzen da. Jatorria, XVIII. mendean Industria Iraultzarekin Erresuma Batuan zeuden lan baldintza penagarrietan du. (eu) Delapan jam kerja sehari merupakan proporsi waktu pekerja dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. Ide ini pada awalnya adalah sebuah tuntutan yang diinisiasi oleh Robert Owen pada abad ke-18. Pada era Revolusi Industri tersebut, pabrik-pabrik di Eropa menjalankan kegiatan industrinya selama 24 jam sehari, sehingga para buruh yang bekerja selama 10 hingga 16 jam sehari jamak ditemui. Oleh karena itu, para pekerja menuntut pembatasan waktu kerja menjadi delapan jam sehari. Slogan Owen yang terkenal adalah, "Delapan jam bekerja, delapan jam rekreasi, dan delapan jam istirahat." (in) La journée de 8 heures, ou revendication à travailler au maximum 8 heures par jour, est une revendication historique des mouvements ouvriers dans tous les pays. (fr) 八時間労働制（はちじかんろうどうせい）は、労働者の健康を保障するために、休日を除き、労働者に1日に8時間、即ち1週間に40時間を超えて労働させることを禁じる制度である。 国際労働機関1号条約は、これを規制するものである。欧州連合労働時間指令では、週の労働時間を残業を含めて48時間以内とするよう規制している（各国で団体協約により除外可能）。 (ja) Åttatimmarsdagen innebar införandet av åtta timmars arbetsdag som normalarbetsdag. I Sverige togs beslutet att införa åtta timmars arbetsdag den 4 augusti 1919 av en urtima riksdag, men man arbetade på lördagar fram till 1971. Jordbruket berördes inte av beslutet. Man arbetade då 48 timmar i veckan eftersom lördagen var arbetsdag. Införandet föregicks av den förkortade arbetstid om 51 timmar per vecka i byggbranschen 1918, som blev resultatet av en utdragen arbetsmarknadskonflikt. (sv) Восьмичасовой рабочий день — ключевое положение трудового законодательства, реализованное в большинстве развитых стран. Одно из ранних требований движения рабочих. Впервые сформулировано английским предпринимателем Робертом Оуэном в 1817 году в виде слогана: «Восемь часов — труд. Восемь часов — отдых. Восемь часов — сон» (правило 8/8/8). Восьмичасовой рабочий день предполагает рабочие часы без учёта перерывов максимум восемь часов в день. Первой страной, законодательно установившей восьмичасовой рабочий день (при шестидневной рабочей неделе) для любых профессий, стал Уругвай (ru) 八小时工作制是一项对劳动时间的倡导，主张劳动者每日工作时间应不超过八个小时。这一制度最早由英国空想社会主义者罗伯特·欧文于1817年8月提出。其后由于欧美资本家对劳工的剥削不断加剧，最终北美的工人率先实行并走上街头抗议，倡导实行八小时工作制。1886年5月1日美国芝加哥爆发了历史最大的罢工，也正是以倡导八小时工作制为目标进行的。 (zh) Osmihodinový pracovní den a další normy týkající se práce, jsou v poměru k práci jako takové poměrně moderní záležitostí. V minulosti pracovníci velmi běžně pracovali v nepřívětivých podmínkách, několik hodin denně a za velmi nízkou mzdu. S čím dál tím větším důrazem na svobodu a další novodobé myšlenky, které postupem času přicházely, přišla i touha změnit takto špatně nastavený pracovní režim. (cs) La jornada de ocho horas hace referencia a la reivindicación del movimiento obrero por la reducción de la jornada laboral y el establecimiento de las ocho horas de trabajo diarias, 48 horas en la semana laboral de 5 días, también conocido como el movimiento por la jornada reducida. (es) 8시간 노동제(八時間労働制)란 노동자의 건강을 지키기 위해 휴일을 제하고 하루에 8시간, 즉 1주일에 40시간을 초과하여 노동하는 것을 금하는 제도이다. 산업혁명 당시 영국에서 평균 노동시간은 하루 10-16시간, 휴일은 일주일에 1일 뿐이었다. 1810년 로버트 오웬이 1일 10시간 노동을 호소하고 자신이 경영하던 공장에서 그것을 실천에 옮겼다. 또 1817년에는 1일 8시간 노동을 목표로 “8시간 노동, 8시간 수면, 8시간 휴식”의 구호가 만들어졌다. 오웬 등의 운동 결과 영국 정부는 1833년 공장법을 제정했는데 그 내용은 불충분했고 1847년 법개정을 통해 드디어 유소년 노동자 및 여성 노동자에 대한 10시간 노동 제한이 실현되었다. 프랑스 노동자들은 1848년 혁명 이후에야 1일 12시간 노동을 쟁취했다. 초기 노동조합과 차티스트 운동은 노동환경 개선과 노동시간 단축을 호소했다. 1917년 러시아 소비에트 연방 사회주의 공화국은 세계 최초로 국가 법률로서 8시간 노동제를 확립했다. 1919년 국제노동기구(ILO) 제1회 총회에서 1일 8시간, 주 48시간 노동제를 정하고 국제 노동기준으로 확립했다. (ko) De achturige werkdag is ontstaan volgens een historisch proces dat zich voltrok vanaf eind 19e eeuw. Het had zijn oorsprong in de industriële revolutie in Groot-Brittannië, waar de industriële productie in grote fabrieken het beroepsleven veranderde en lange uren alsook slechte arbeidsomstandigheden oplegde. De werkdagen konden variëren van 10 tot 16 uur, zes dagen per week. (nl) A jornada de oito horas faz referência a reivindicação do movimento operário pela redução da jornada de trabalho e o estabelecimento das oito horas de trabalho diárias ou 48 horas semanais, que teve origem nas condições penosas de trabalho da Revolução Industrial na Grã Bretanha em meados do século XIX. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | ثمان ساعات في اليوم (ar) Jornada de vuit hores (ca) Osmihodinový pracovní den (cs) Achtstundentag (de) Okhora labortago (eo) Jornada de ocho horas (es) Zortzi orduko lanaldi (eu) Eight-hour day (en) Delapan jam kerja sehari (in) Journée de huit heures (fr) 8시간 노동제 (ko) 八時間労働制 (ja) Achturige werkdag (nl) Восьмичасовой рабочий день (ru) Jornada de oito horas (pt) Åttatimmarsdagen (sv) 八小时工作制 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Australian_labour_movement |
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| is dbp:goals of | dbr:Bay_View_massacre dbr:Westmoreland_County_coal_strike_of_1910–1911 dbr:Copper_Country_strike_of_1913–1914 dbr:Morewood_massacre dbr:North_Adams_strike |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of | dbr:Labour_law |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Eight-hour_day |
