| dbo:abstract |
Sir James George Robert Graham, 2. baronet Graham of Netherby (1. června 1792, Netherby Hall, Anglie – 25. října 1861, Netherby Hall, Anglie) byl britský státník a významný politik první poloviny 19. století. Pocházel ze skotské šlechtické rodiny a téměř čtyřicet let byl poslancem Dolní sněmovny. V parlamentu patřil k významným řečníkům, během své kariéry několikrát změnil politickou orientaci a v několika vládách zastával vysoké funkce. Mimo jiné byl ministrem vnitra (1841–1846) a dvakrát ministrem námořnictva (1830–1834 a 1852–1855). (cs) Sir James Robert George Graham, 2. Baronet (* 1. Juni 1792 auf Naworth Castle, Cumberland, England; † 25. Oktober 1861 in , Cumberland) war ein britischer Staatsmann. Graham besuchte die Westminster School und studierte am Christ Church College der University of Oxford. Er wurde erstmals 1818 als Abgeordneter für ins House of Commons gewählt. 1824 erbte er von seinem Vater den Adelstitel Baronet, of Netherby in the County of Cumberland. 1830 wurde er im Ministerium des Earl Grey erster Lord der Admiralität, als welcher er das Marinebudget um mehr als 1 Million Pfund Sterling verminderte. Um das Zustandekommen der Reformbill erwarb er sich hervorragende Verdienste, nahm aber 1834 seine Entlassung, als man auch mit der Staatskirche in Irland Reformen vornehmen wollte, und ging von den Whigs zu der Partei der Tories über. Im September 1841 wurde er unter dem Ministerium Robert Peel Staatssekretär des Innern und stand seinem Chef im Kampf gegen die Schutzzöllner treu zur Seite, trat aber 1846 zugleich mit Peel zurück, nachdem er 1844 durch Öffnung der Briefschaften Giuseppe Mazzinis, wodurch die neapolitanische Regierung Kunde von dem Unternehmen der Gebrüder Bandiera erhielt, den öffentlichen Unwillen auf sich gelenkt hatte. Der Volkswitz nennt seitdem das heimliche Eröffnen fremder Briefe to grahamize. Den Whigs durch seinen früheren Abfall, den Tories durch seine Verteidigung des Freihandels entfremdet, erlangte er 1847 durch den Einfluss des Earl Grey einen Sitz für den Wahlkreis , den er bis 1852 vertrat. Er stand nun an der Spitze einer Art von Mittelpartei zwischen den Whigs und den starren Tories, bekämpfte das Ministerium Derby heftig und wurde im Koalitionsministerium Aberdeen-Russell im Dezember 1852 zum ersten Lord der Admiralität ernannt. Als solcher entwickelte er während des Krimkriegs eine große Tätigkeit; doch war die öffentliche Meinung wegen der geringen Erfolge des ersten Feldzugs gegen ihn missgestimmt, und er sah sich genötigt, im Februar 1855 vor dem auf Antrag eingesetzten Untersuchungskomitee zurückzutreten. Den ihm von Henry Palmerston 1859 angebotenen Sitz im Kabinett lehnte er ab; doch blieb er – mittlerweile für den Wahlkreis – immer noch ein eifriges und einflussreiches Mitglied des Unterhauses und beteiligte sich lebhaft an den Debatten desselben. Er starb am 25. Oktober 1861 auf seinem Landsitz. Nach ihm sind das Grahamland und die Graham-Küste in der Antarktis sowie Graham Island im Pazifik benannt. (de) James Robert George Graham (né le 1er juin 1792, mort le 25 octobre 1861), 2e baronnet, est un homme politique britannique. Il a notamment occupé le poste de ministre de l'Intérieur de 1841 à 1846 dans le dernier gouvernement de sir Robert Peel. (fr) Sir James Robert George Graham, 2nd Baronet GCB PC (1 June 1792 – 25 October 1861) was a British statesman, who notably served as Home Secretary and First Lord of the Admiralty. He was the eldest son of Sir James Graham, 1st Baronet, by Lady Catherine, eldest daughter of the 7th Earl of Galloway. In 1819, he married Fanny Callander, youngest daughter of Sir James Campbell of Craigforth and Ardkinglas Castle. Sir James was created Doctor of Laws at the University of Cambridge in 1835, was Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow, 1840. He was First Lord of the Admiralty from 1830 to 1834 when he resigned on account of the government pressing for a reform of the Irish Church. He became Secretary of the Home Department from September 1841 to July 1846 and again First Lord of the Admiralty from December 1852 until February 1855. He was a member of the Council of the Duchy of Lancaster, and Deputy Lieutenant for county of Hertfordshire. He represented Kingston upon Hull from 1818 to 1820; for St Ives in 1820; for Carlisle from 1826 until 1829; for East Cumberland from 1830 until 1837; for Pembrokeshire District from 1838 until 1841; for Dorchester from 1841 until 1847; for Ripon from 1847 until July 1852; and was again returned for Carlisle from 1852 until his death in 1861. Graham Land in Antarctica is named after him. (en) 第2代准男爵サー・ジェームズ・ロバート・ジョージ・グラハム（英: Sir James Robert George Graham, 2nd Baronet, GCB, PC、1792年6月1日 - 1861年10月25日）は、イギリスの政治家。 ホイッグ党、ダービー派、保守党、ピール派、自由党と党派を移しながら、ヴィクトリア朝前期に閣僚職を歴任した。 (ja) James Robert George Graham, 2. baronet GCB (ur. 1 czerwca 1792 w w hrabstwie Cumberland, zm. 25 października 1861 w Netherby w hrabstwie Cumberland), brytyjski polityk, członek stronnictwa wigów, a następnie Partii Konserwatywnej i stronnictwa Peelites, minister w rządach lorda Greya, Roberta Peela, lorda Aberdeena i lorda Palmerstona. Na jego cześć nazwano Ziemię Grahama na Antarktydzie. Był synem sir Jamesa Grahama, 1. baroneta. Wykształcenie odebrał w Westminster School oraz na Uniwersytecie Oksfordzkim. W 1818 r. został wybrany wigowskim deputowanym do Izby Gmin z okręgu Kingston upon Hull. W 1820 r. zmienił okręg wyborczy na St Ives. Miejsce w parlamencie utracił w 1821 r. Po śmierci ojca w 1824 r. odziedziczył tytuł baroneta. W 1826 r. powrócił do ław parlamentu jako reprezentant okręgu Carlisle. W 1829 r. zmienił okręg na Cumberland. Po likwidacji tego okręgu w 1832 r. reprezentował jego wschodnią część. Należał do najzagorzalszych zwolenników reformy wyborczej. W wigowskim gabinecie lorda Greya został w 1830 r. pierwszym lordem Admiralicji. Zrezygnował w 1834 r., kiedy gabinet zaczął rozważać likwidację protestanckiego Kościoła Irlandii. W 1837 r. oficjalnie wstąpił do Partii Konserwatywnej i zrezygnował z miejsca w swoim okręgu wyborczym. Od 1838 r. reprezentował okręg wyborczy Pembroke. W 1841 r. zamienił go na miejsce w okręgu Dorchester. W latach 1841-1846 był ministrem spraw wewnętrznych w konserwatywnym rządzie Roberta Peela. Po rozłamie w partii na tle zniesienia ustaw zbożowych stanął po stronie Peela i opuścił Partię Konserwatywną. W 1847 r. zmienił okręg wyborczy na Ripon, a od 1852 r. reprezentował ponownie okręg Carlisle. W 1852 r. został również pierwszym lordem Admiralicji w koalicyjnym rządzie Aberdeena. Pozostał na tym stanowisku, kiedy na początku 1855 r. na czele rządu stanął lord Palmerston, jednak zrezygnował po kilku miesiącach. Zmarł w 1861 r. 8 lipca 1819 r. poślubił Frances Callander. Jego najstarszy syn Frederick odziedziczył po nim tytuł baroneta. Upamiętniony został nazwą wybrzeża antarktydzkiego. (pl) Sir James George Robert Graham, 2:e baronet, född den 1 juni 1792, död den 25 oktober 1861, var en brittisk politiker. Graham tillhörde underhuset 1818–1821, 1826–1837 och från 1838 till sin död, var i början ivrig whig, väckte 1826 stort uppseende genom sin frihandelsvänliga broschyr Corn and currency, blev 1830 förste amiralitetslord i Greys ministär och inlade stora förtjänster om genomdrivande. Graham avgick 1834 av missnöje med regeringens irländska politik och närmade sig småningom oppositionen. I Peels ministär ingick han 1841 som inrikesminister och blev som sådan oerhört impopulär genom den så kallade brevöppningsaffären 1844. Graham avgick med Peel 1846 och var efter dennes död (1850) "peeliternas" främste man, i vilken egenskap han 1852 som förste amiralitetslord ingick i Aberdeens koalitionsregering. Under Krimkriget var han outtröttligt verksam för flottans utrustning och underhåll samt drabbades inte personligen av klandret mot krigsförvaltningen, men han avgick dock 1855 som en demonstration mot parlamentets beslut att under pågående krig tillsätta en undersökningskommission. 1859 avböjde han att inträda i Palmerstons kabinett, men tog till det sista en verksam och inflytelserik del i underhusets förhandlingar. Graham var en synnerligen dugande administratör och skicklig, om också något pompös, i debatten; hans kyliga högdragenhet gjorde honom personligen föga omtyckt. (sv) Джеймс Грейам (1 июня 1792, Нэйворт, Камберленд — 25 октября 1861, Нетерби, там же) — британский политический деятель, министр, публицист, сын баронета. Получил образование в Вестминстере и Оксфорде. Вскоре после завершения обучения отправился в длительное путешествие за границу и во время него стал личным секретарём британского министра в Сицилии. Возвратившись в Англию в 1818 году, он был избран в парламент от округа Гуль, войдя в партию вигов, но впоследствии потерпел поражение на выборах в 1820 году. В 1824 году унаследовал титул баронета, в 1826 году сумел вновь избраться в парламент от Карлайла, но в скором времени стал представлять в парламенте графство Камберленд. В том же самом году он издал брошюру, названную «Corn and Currency», благодаря которой получил большую известность в либеральных кругах за свои считавшиеся тогда прогрессивными взгляды; как депутат стал одним из самых энергичных защитников в парламенте Билля о реформах. После создания правительства графа Грея он получил пост Первого лорда Адмиралтейства (по сути — военно-морского министра) с правом участия в заседаниях кабинета. С 1832 до 1837 год вновь (сохраняя министерский пост) был депутатом восточной части графства Камберленд. В 1834 году из-за разногласий с правительством по вопросу об Ирландской церкви отказался от министерской должности и в итоге стал членом Консервативной партии. На выборах 1837 года его прежние сторонники в Камберленде не поддержали его, но в 1838 году он был избран в парламент от Пембрука, а в 1841 году — Дорчестера. В этом же году он занял в правительстве Роберта Пиля пост министра внутренних дел, который сохранил до 1846 года. На этой должности он стал объектом сильной ненависти значительной части населения Шотландии за его политику «непримиримости» по вопросу шотландской церкви, которая в итоге закончилась «разрывом» церквей 1843 года; задержание и вскрытие множества частных писем на почтовых отделениях, произведённое по его приказу в 1844 году в связи с этими событиями, привело к волне общественного негодования, эффект от которого был лишь незначительно смягчён положительным отчётом парламентской комиссии по расследованию. С 1846 до 1852 года он не занимал постов в государстве, но в 1852 году вошёл в правительство лорда Абердина, заняв пост военно-морского министра, находясь на этой должности также в течение короткого времени в кабинете Палмерстона в 1855 году. Когда в ходе Крымской войны был создан специальный комитет по расследованию обстоятельств ведения войны, он принял решение уйти из политической жизни. В последние годы жизни Грейам оставался членом парламента (вновь избрался в 1859 году), не занимая официального поста в правительстве, и сохранял значительное влияние на позицию парламента по различным вопросам. В его честь названа Земля Грейама в Антарктике. (ru) |
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638356 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740790 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11204, https://archive.org/details/corncurrencyinad00grahuoft https://archive.org/details/lifeandletterss01parkgoog https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimesrig00torrgoog https://archive.org/details/sirjamesgraham0000ward https://archive.org/details/sirwilfridlawson00lawsiala |
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Sir James George Robert Graham, 2. baronet Graham of Netherby (1. června 1792, Netherby Hall, Anglie – 25. října 1861, Netherby Hall, Anglie) byl britský státník a významný politik první poloviny 19. století. Pocházel ze skotské šlechtické rodiny a téměř čtyřicet let byl poslancem Dolní sněmovny. V parlamentu patřil k významným řečníkům, během své kariéry několikrát změnil politickou orientaci a v několika vládách zastával vysoké funkce. Mimo jiné byl ministrem vnitra (1841–1846) a dvakrát ministrem námořnictva (1830–1834 a 1852–1855). (cs) James Robert George Graham (né le 1er juin 1792, mort le 25 octobre 1861), 2e baronnet, est un homme politique britannique. Il a notamment occupé le poste de ministre de l'Intérieur de 1841 à 1846 dans le dernier gouvernement de sir Robert Peel. (fr) 第2代准男爵サー・ジェームズ・ロバート・ジョージ・グラハム（英: Sir James Robert George Graham, 2nd Baronet, GCB, PC、1792年6月1日 - 1861年10月25日）は、イギリスの政治家。 ホイッグ党、ダービー派、保守党、ピール派、自由党と党派を移しながら、ヴィクトリア朝前期に閣僚職を歴任した。 (ja) Sir James Robert George Graham, 2. Baronet (* 1. Juni 1792 auf Naworth Castle, Cumberland, England; † 25. Oktober 1861 in , Cumberland) war ein britischer Staatsmann. Graham besuchte die Westminster School und studierte am Christ Church College der University of Oxford. Nach ihm sind das Grahamland und die Graham-Küste in der Antarktis sowie Graham Island im Pazifik benannt. (de) Sir James Robert George Graham, 2nd Baronet GCB PC (1 June 1792 – 25 October 1861) was a British statesman, who notably served as Home Secretary and First Lord of the Admiralty. He was the eldest son of Sir James Graham, 1st Baronet, by Lady Catherine, eldest daughter of the 7th Earl of Galloway. (en) James Robert George Graham, 2. baronet GCB (ur. 1 czerwca 1792 w w hrabstwie Cumberland, zm. 25 października 1861 w Netherby w hrabstwie Cumberland), brytyjski polityk, członek stronnictwa wigów, a następnie Partii Konserwatywnej i stronnictwa Peelites, minister w rządach lorda Greya, Roberta Peela, lorda Aberdeena i lorda Palmerstona. Na jego cześć nazwano Ziemię Grahama na Antarktydzie. 8 lipca 1819 r. poślubił Frances Callander. Jego najstarszy syn Frederick odziedziczył po nim tytuł baroneta. Upamiętniony został nazwą wybrzeża antarktydzkiego. (pl) Sir James George Robert Graham, 2:e baronet, född den 1 juni 1792, död den 25 oktober 1861, var en brittisk politiker. Graham tillhörde underhuset 1818–1821, 1826–1837 och från 1838 till sin död, var i början ivrig whig, väckte 1826 stort uppseende genom sin frihandelsvänliga broschyr Corn and currency, blev 1830 förste amiralitetslord i Greys ministär och inlade stora förtjänster om genomdrivande. Graham avgick 1834 av missnöje med regeringens irländska politik och närmade sig småningom oppositionen. I Peels ministär ingick han 1841 som inrikesminister och blev som sådan oerhört impopulär genom den så kallade brevöppningsaffären 1844. Graham avgick med Peel 1846 och var efter dennes död (1850) "peeliternas" främste man, i vilken egenskap han 1852 som förste amiralitetslord ingick i Aberd (sv) Джеймс Грейам (1 июня 1792, Нэйворт, Камберленд — 25 октября 1861, Нетерби, там же) — британский политический деятель, министр, публицист, сын баронета. Получил образование в Вестминстере и Оксфорде. Вскоре после завершения обучения отправился в длительное путешествие за границу и во время него стал личным секретарём британского министра в Сицилии. Возвратившись в Англию в 1818 году, он был избран в парламент от округа Гуль, войдя в партию вигов, но впоследствии потерпел поражение на выборах в 1820 году. В 1824 году унаследовал титул баронета, в 1826 году сумел вновь избраться в парламент от Карлайла, но в скором времени стал представлять в парламенте графство Камберленд. В том же самом году он издал брошюру, названную «Corn and Currency», благодаря которой получил большую известность в ли (ru) |
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