Criticism of capitalism (original) (raw)
Sistema kapitalista XV. mendearen amaieran eta XVI. mendearen hasieran eratu zen, neurri handi batean feudalismoaren krisiak eta Europako itsas merkataritzaren hedapenak sendotua. Sistema hori, lehenik eta behin, prozesu merkantilista batean egituratu zen, lehengai eta mineralen bilaketa intentsiboan eta merkataritza-trukeetan (Kapitalismo komertziala). Geroago, industria-iraultzekin, sistema hori Kapitalismo Industrialaren forman eratu zen, XX. mendearen hasieran forma berri bat lortu arte, Kapitalismo Finantzarioa.
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| dbo:abstract | La crítica del capitalisme ha estat objecte d'una forta controvèrsia sociològica i política. Moltes d'aquestes crítiques són abordades des de la perspectiva de les condicions de vida de la ciutadania o de la moralitat del sistema productiu i d'enriquiment. Aquestes crítiques varien des de gent a qui els desagrada els principis del capitalisme en la seua integritat fins a aquells que discrepen amb els resultats particulars del capitalisme. Entre els quals desitgen reemplaçar el capitalisme amb un mètode diferent de distribuir els béns, es pot fer una distinció entre aquells que creuen que el capitalisme solament pot ser superat amb una revolució (per exemple, la revolució socialista) i aquells que creuen que el canvi pot vindre lentament per mitjà del reformisme (per exemple, la democràcia social). Algunes crítiques reconeixen mèrits en el capitalisme i cerquen equilibrar el capitalisme amb alguna forma de control social, típicament a través de regulació governamental (per exemple, el Partit Laborista (Regne Unit)). (ca) تتراوح أشكال نقد الرأسمالية من التعبير عن الاختلاف مع مبادئ الرأسمالية إلى التعبير عن الاختلاف مع بعض مآلات الرأسمالية. يُوجّه النقد للرأسمالية من عدة جهات سياسية وفلسفية، بما فيها الأناركية، والاشتراكية، والدينية، والوطنية. يعتقد البعض أنه لا يمكن الانتصار على الرأسمالية سوى عن طريق الثورة، ويعتقد البعض الآخر أن التغيير الهيكلي قد يفعل مفعوله في التغيير من خلال الإصلاحات السياسية. ويعتقد بعض النقّاد أنّه ثمّة محاسن للرأسمالية ويرغبون في الاستفادة منها بالإضافة إلى تطبيق شكلٍ من السلطة الاجتماعية، وبشكل أمثل من خلال التنظيم الحكومي (على سبيل المثال: حركة اقتصاد السوق الاجتماعي). من أبرز الانتقادات التي تلقّتها الرأسمالية هو اتهامها بكونها ذات طبيعة استغلالية، وغير مستدامة، وأنها تخلق حالةً من اللا مساواة الاقتصادية، وأنها غير ديمقراطية، وتؤدي إلى تقويض حقوق الإنسان، وتشجّع على التوسّع الإمبريالي والحرب. (ar) Criticism of capitalism ranges from expressing disagreement with the principles of capitalism in its entirety to expressing disagreement with particular outcomes of capitalism. Criticism of capitalism comes from various political and philosophical approaches, including anarchist, socialist, Marxist, religious, and nationalist viewpoints. Some believe that capitalism can only be overcome through revolution while others believe that structural change can come slowly through political reforms. Some critics believe there are merits in capitalism and wish to balance it with some form of social control, typically through government regulation (e.g. the social market movement). Prominent among critiques of capitalism are accusations that capitalism is inherently exploitative, alienating, unstable, unsustainable, and creates massive economic inequality, commodifies people, and is anti-democratic and leads to an erosion of human rights and national sovereignty while it incentivises imperialist expansion and war. (en) Als Kapitalismuskritik werden Ansichten und Theorien bezeichnet, die die mit der Industrialisierung sich ausbreitende Wirtschaftsordnung, die auf Privateigentum, Marktwirtschaft, Kapitalakkumulation, abhängiger Lohnarbeit und dem individuellen Gewinnstreben beruht, grundsätzlich oder in einzelnen Aspekten kritisieren. Kaum anders als der Kapitalismus selbst reicht die Geschichte der Kapitalismuskritik zurück bis ins 19. Jahrhundert. Die Kritik äußert sich an einzelnen Elementen des Kapitalismus wie Geld- und Zinswirtschaft, Privateigentum an Produktionsmitteln und Profitmaximierung sowie den ihnen zugeschriebenen Konsequenzen wie Ausbeutung und Verelendung der arbeitenden Klasse. Praktische Kapitalismuskritik kann sich im Aufbau genossenschaftlich organisierter Unternehmen und Banken oder alternativer Wirtschaftsbereiche äußern sowie in der Teil- oder Vollübernahme von einzelnen Wirtschaftssegmenten durch Akteure, die weniger individuelles Gewinnstreben als am Gemeinwohl orientierte Aufgaben und Ziele verfolgen. Kapitalismuskritik kann sich auf bestimmte Ausgestaltungen des Kapitalismus beziehen und Reformen des Systems anstreben, oder in Form des radikaleren Antikapitalismus eine Aufhebung bzw. Zerschlagung des Systems fordern. Die Kapitalismuskritik ist vor allem eine Domäne der politisch Linken. Aber auch im rechtspopulistischen und noch deutlicher im rechtsradikalen Spektrum finden sich kapitalismuskritische Positionen, dort jedoch meist verhaltener und eher in Andeutungen. (de) Sistema kapitalista XV. mendearen amaieran eta XVI. mendearen hasieran eratu zen, neurri handi batean feudalismoaren krisiak eta Europako itsas merkataritzaren hedapenak sendotua. Sistema hori, lehenik eta behin, prozesu merkantilista batean egituratu zen, lehengai eta mineralen bilaketa intentsiboan eta merkataritza-trukeetan (Kapitalismo komertziala). Geroago, industria-iraultzekin, sistema hori Kapitalismo Industrialaren forman eratu zen, XX. mendearen hasieran forma berri bat lortu arte, Kapitalismo Finantzarioa. (eu) Les critiques du capitalisme sont l'ensemble des remises en cause à l'encontre du capitalisme, dans toutes ses dimensions (économie, sociale, environnementale…). Les critiques du capitalisme peuvent aller d'expressions de désaccords sur certains aspects du capitalisme à une remise en cause intégrale. La critique du capitalisme a pu prendre des formes sociales telles que des partis politiques ou des mouvements sociaux. Les plus radicaux se donnent pour but la fin du capitalisme, ou encore son dépassement par un nouveau système économique. Le capitalisme, souvent sous une forme régulée, a trouvé des défenseurs comme George Orwell ou encore Milton Friedman. (fr) El capitalismo ha sido criticado desde muchas perspectivas durante su historia. Entre los críticos del capitalismo se encuentran los puntos de vista de anarquistas, comunistas, socialdemócratas, tradicionalistas católicos, nacionalistas, nuevo izquierdistas o fascistas. Las críticas varían desde gente a quienes les desagrada los principios del capitalismo en su integridad hasta aquellos que discrepan con los resultados particulares del capitalismo. Entre los que desean reemplazar el capitalismo con un método diferente de distribuir los bienes, se puede hacer una distinción entre aquellos que creen que el capitalismo solo puede ser superado con una revolución (por ejemplo, la revolución socialista) y aquellos que creen que el cambio puede venir lentamente por medio del reformismo (por ejemplo, la democracia social). Algunas críticas reconocen méritos en el capitalismo y buscan equilibrar el capitalismo con alguna forma de control social, típicamente a través de regulación gubernamental (por ejemplo, el Partido Laborista del Reino Unido). (es) Kritik terhadap kapitalisme berkisar pada pengungkapan ketidaksepakatan dengan prinsip kapitalisme secara keseluruhan, sampai dengan mengungkapkan ketidaksepakatan dengan hasil tertentu dari kapitalisme. Di antara orang-orang yang ingin mengganti kapitalisme dengan corak produksi dan organisasi sosial yang berbeda, perbedaan dapat dibuat antara mereka yang percaya bahwa kapitalisme hanya bisa dikalahkan melalui revolusi (misalnya sosialisme revolusioner) dan mereka yang percaya bahwa perubahan struktural dapat dicapai secara perlahan melalui reformasi politik (misalnya sosialisme demokratik). Sebagian kritik percaya bahwa ada manfaat dalam kapitalisme, dan berharap untuk menyeimbangkannya dengan suatu kontrol sosial, yang secara tipikal melalui regulasi pemerintah (misalnya gerakan ). (in) ( 이 문서는 자본주의에 회의 또는 반대하여 이루어지는 논의를 다룹니다. 자본주의에 반대하는 사상에 대해 보고싶다면 반자본주의 항목을 보세요.) 자본주의에 대한 비판은 자본주의라는 사상 자체에 대한 비판에서부터 자본주의의 특정 결과에 한한 비판까지 다양하다. 자본주의를 다른 생산사회적 체계으로 변혁하려는 부류 중에서도 자본주의는 오직 혁명을 통해서만 극복 할 수 있다는 부류(혁명적 사회주의)와 정치체계 내에서 서서히 정치적 개선을 통해 바꿀 수 있다고 믿는 부류(사회민주주의)로 구별된다. 어떤 비판가들은 자본주의에도 장점이 있다고 생각하고 정부의 규제와 같은 수단을 통한 사회적 조정의 틀 속에서 균형을 맞추길 바라기도 한다.(사회적 시장경제) "자본주의란 가장 사악한 자들이 모든 이의 최대 선을 위해 가장 사악한 일을 할 것이라는 경악스러운 신념이다." — 존 메이너드 케인스 (ko) Kritiek op het kapitalisme varieert van enerzijds het verwerpen van de basiskenmerken van het kapitalisme in zijn totaal tot anderzijds het uiten van ongenoegen over specifieke aspecten gerelateerd aan het kapitalisme. Onder de critici van het kapitalisme bevinden mensen die het kapitalisme in zijn totaal willen vervangen door een ander economisch systeem. Andere personen bekritiseren bepaalde aspecten gerelateerd aan het kapitalisme, maar willen het kapitalistische systeem behouden en de onwenselijke aspecten verminderen. (nl) As críticas ao capitalismo compreendem, de modo geral, posicionamento e críticas direcionadas a aspectos particulares ou gerais acerca do sistema capitalista; os opositores dirigem críticas sobretudo aos modos de produção e efeitos do sistema na sociedade. Os principais posicionamentos contrários ao capitalismo se diferenciam nas propostas que eventualmente aparecem como alternativas ao sistema, como um processo revolucionário (v.g. o socialismo revolucionário) ou reformistas (v.g. a social-democracia), em assuntos particulares a economia política, algumas propostas de economia social de mercado ou de intervenção também se apresentam. Segundo a crítica contemporânea do capitalismo, a rápida industrialização na Europa desde meados do século XVIII criou condições de trabalho consideradas injustas, que incluíam jornadas de trabalho de quatorze horas, trabalho infantil e favelização. Perante esta situação, alguns economistas otimistas argumentaram que as condições de vida tinham sido mesmo piores no passado e que, baseando-se numa evidência empírica, era possível observar como a revolução industrial tinha melhorado o nível de vida e a esperança de vida. Os economistas pessimistas da época, ao contrário, consideravam que as condições não melhoraram ou que apenas melhoraram paulatinamente depois de 1840. Alguns pensadores proto-socialistas tentaram criar comunidades socialistas livres das injustiças consideradas próprias do capitalismo inicial. Entre estes "socialistas utópicos" estavam Charles Fourier e Robert Owen. O socialismo é dividido em duas partes o e o . À margem do socialismo utópico também surgiu um socialismo científico que via a revolução industrial como um novo sistema que podia potencialmente produzir suficientes bens de consumo para a população humana inteira, mas era obstaculizado pelo seu método ineficiente de distribuir os bens produzidos. Entre estes socialistas científicos destacaram-se inicialmente Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, que em 1848 publicaram um panfleto intitulado Manifesto Comunista que incluía uma crítica política e económica do capitalismo baseada no materialismo histórico. Desde então, o seu manifesto converteu-se num dos livros mais influentes da crítica ao capitalismo. Contudo, desde a publicação do Manifesto Comunista, um grande número de autores tem adaptado as ideias do socialismo científico às mudanças produzidas nas sociedades capitalistas e, ao mesmo tempo, originado diferentes "respostas científicas" aos problemas considerados inerentes ao capitalismo: anarcossindicalismo, social-democracia, comunismo de conselhos, bolchevismo, sindicalismo, etc. Os próprios governos identificaram alguns desses problemas e, em maior ou menor medida, trataram de corrigi-los através do intervencionismo do Estado, onde se destacaram o keynesianismo e o New Deal. Em alguns países, as revoluções socialistas conseguiram reduzir o capitalismo e substitui-lo por estados socialistas que, porém, só parcialmente conseguiram sobreviver além da década de 1980, quando se produziu a queda da União Soviética e doutros países da sua órbita. Na atualidade persistem as críticas ao capitalismo, concretamente contra a sua nova forma de economia global. Os críticos têm demandado um maior intervencionismo estatal contra os efeitos do livre mercado como o aquecimento global, a exploração da cidadania sob um modelo de capitalismo altamente consumista, a destruição das economias produtivas e a sua substituição pela economia especulativa e o imperialismo económico numa época de globalização. Contudo, também há quem considere que a problemática capitalista se deve tratar dum ponto de vista holístico, entendendo que se trata de problemas sistémicos que não podem ser facilmente reconduzíveis (v.g. ecologistas sociais ou economistas participativos). Segundo Bertrand Russell, o capitalismo propiciou condições para o surgimento do pensamento marxista. (pt) 批判资本主义的出发点有很多。批评资本主义的人来自各种不同的政治观点，使用不同的哲学方法，包括无政府主义，社会主义，宗教和民族主义的观点。有些人认为资本主义只能通过革命来推翻，有些人认为资本主义可以通过政治改革来进行改良。 其中最常见的批评是指责，资本主义固有的剥削性，即它是不可持续的，即它创造经济上的不平等，是反民主的，并导致侵蚀人权 ，并激励帝国主义扩张和战争。 (zh) |
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| dbp:quote | "Capitalism is the astounding belief that the most wickedest of men will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone". (en) The slave, together with his labour-power, was sold to his owner once for all. ... The [wage] labourer, on the other hand, sells his very self, and that by fractions. ... He [belongs] to the capitalist class; and it is for him ... to find a buyer in this capitalist class. (en) |
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| dbp:source | — John Maynard Keynes (en) —Karl Marx (en) |
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| dbp:title | Articles related to Criticism of capitalism (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Sistema kapitalista XV. mendearen amaieran eta XVI. mendearen hasieran eratu zen, neurri handi batean feudalismoaren krisiak eta Europako itsas merkataritzaren hedapenak sendotua. Sistema hori, lehenik eta behin, prozesu merkantilista batean egituratu zen, lehengai eta mineralen bilaketa intentsiboan eta merkataritza-trukeetan (Kapitalismo komertziala). Geroago, industria-iraultzekin, sistema hori Kapitalismo Industrialaren forman eratu zen, XX. mendearen hasieran forma berri bat lortu arte, Kapitalismo Finantzarioa. (eu) Kritik terhadap kapitalisme berkisar pada pengungkapan ketidaksepakatan dengan prinsip kapitalisme secara keseluruhan, sampai dengan mengungkapkan ketidaksepakatan dengan hasil tertentu dari kapitalisme. Di antara orang-orang yang ingin mengganti kapitalisme dengan corak produksi dan organisasi sosial yang berbeda, perbedaan dapat dibuat antara mereka yang percaya bahwa kapitalisme hanya bisa dikalahkan melalui revolusi (misalnya sosialisme revolusioner) dan mereka yang percaya bahwa perubahan struktural dapat dicapai secara perlahan melalui reformasi politik (misalnya sosialisme demokratik). Sebagian kritik percaya bahwa ada manfaat dalam kapitalisme, dan berharap untuk menyeimbangkannya dengan suatu kontrol sosial, yang secara tipikal melalui regulasi pemerintah (misalnya gerakan ). (in) ( 이 문서는 자본주의에 회의 또는 반대하여 이루어지는 논의를 다룹니다. 자본주의에 반대하는 사상에 대해 보고싶다면 반자본주의 항목을 보세요.) 자본주의에 대한 비판은 자본주의라는 사상 자체에 대한 비판에서부터 자본주의의 특정 결과에 한한 비판까지 다양하다. 자본주의를 다른 생산사회적 체계으로 변혁하려는 부류 중에서도 자본주의는 오직 혁명을 통해서만 극복 할 수 있다는 부류(혁명적 사회주의)와 정치체계 내에서 서서히 정치적 개선을 통해 바꿀 수 있다고 믿는 부류(사회민주주의)로 구별된다. 어떤 비판가들은 자본주의에도 장점이 있다고 생각하고 정부의 규제와 같은 수단을 통한 사회적 조정의 틀 속에서 균형을 맞추길 바라기도 한다.(사회적 시장경제) "자본주의란 가장 사악한 자들이 모든 이의 최대 선을 위해 가장 사악한 일을 할 것이라는 경악스러운 신념이다." — 존 메이너드 케인스 (ko) Kritiek op het kapitalisme varieert van enerzijds het verwerpen van de basiskenmerken van het kapitalisme in zijn totaal tot anderzijds het uiten van ongenoegen over specifieke aspecten gerelateerd aan het kapitalisme. Onder de critici van het kapitalisme bevinden mensen die het kapitalisme in zijn totaal willen vervangen door een ander economisch systeem. Andere personen bekritiseren bepaalde aspecten gerelateerd aan het kapitalisme, maar willen het kapitalistische systeem behouden en de onwenselijke aspecten verminderen. (nl) 批判资本主义的出发点有很多。批评资本主义的人来自各种不同的政治观点，使用不同的哲学方法，包括无政府主义，社会主义，宗教和民族主义的观点。有些人认为资本主义只能通过革命来推翻，有些人认为资本主义可以通过政治改革来进行改良。 其中最常见的批评是指责，资本主义固有的剥削性，即它是不可持续的，即它创造经济上的不平等，是反民主的，并导致侵蚀人权 ，并激励帝国主义扩张和战争。 (zh) تتراوح أشكال نقد الرأسمالية من التعبير عن الاختلاف مع مبادئ الرأسمالية إلى التعبير عن الاختلاف مع بعض مآلات الرأسمالية. يُوجّه النقد للرأسمالية من عدة جهات سياسية وفلسفية، بما فيها الأناركية، والاشتراكية، والدينية، والوطنية. يعتقد البعض أنه لا يمكن الانتصار على الرأسمالية سوى عن طريق الثورة، ويعتقد البعض الآخر أن التغيير الهيكلي قد يفعل مفعوله في التغيير من خلال الإصلاحات السياسية. ويعتقد بعض النقّاد أنّه ثمّة محاسن للرأسمالية ويرغبون في الاستفادة منها بالإضافة إلى تطبيق شكلٍ من السلطة الاجتماعية، وبشكل أمثل من خلال التنظيم الحكومي (على سبيل المثال: حركة اقتصاد السوق الاجتماعي). (ar) La crítica del capitalisme ha estat objecte d'una forta controvèrsia sociològica i política. Moltes d'aquestes crítiques són abordades des de la perspectiva de les condicions de vida de la ciutadania o de la moralitat del sistema productiu i d'enriquiment. Aquestes crítiques varien des de gent a qui els desagrada els principis del capitalisme en la seua integritat fins a aquells que discrepen amb els resultats particulars del capitalisme. Entre els quals desitgen reemplaçar el capitalisme amb un mètode diferent de distribuir els béns, es pot fer una distinció entre aquells que creuen que el capitalisme solament pot ser superat amb una revolució (per exemple, la revolució socialista) i aquells que creuen que el canvi pot vindre lentament per mitjà del reformisme (per exemple, la democràcia (ca) Als Kapitalismuskritik werden Ansichten und Theorien bezeichnet, die die mit der Industrialisierung sich ausbreitende Wirtschaftsordnung, die auf Privateigentum, Marktwirtschaft, Kapitalakkumulation, abhängiger Lohnarbeit und dem individuellen Gewinnstreben beruht, grundsätzlich oder in einzelnen Aspekten kritisieren. (de) Criticism of capitalism ranges from expressing disagreement with the principles of capitalism in its entirety to expressing disagreement with particular outcomes of capitalism. Criticism of capitalism comes from various political and philosophical approaches, including anarchist, socialist, Marxist, religious, and nationalist viewpoints. Some believe that capitalism can only be overcome through revolution while others believe that structural change can come slowly through political reforms. Some critics believe there are merits in capitalism and wish to balance it with some form of social control, typically through government regulation (e.g. the social market movement). (en) El capitalismo ha sido criticado desde muchas perspectivas durante su historia. Entre los críticos del capitalismo se encuentran los puntos de vista de anarquistas, comunistas, socialdemócratas, tradicionalistas católicos, nacionalistas, nuevo izquierdistas o fascistas. Las críticas varían desde gente a quienes les desagrada los principios del capitalismo en su integridad hasta aquellos que discrepan con los resultados particulares del capitalismo. (es) Les critiques du capitalisme sont l'ensemble des remises en cause à l'encontre du capitalisme, dans toutes ses dimensions (économie, sociale, environnementale…). Les critiques du capitalisme peuvent aller d'expressions de désaccords sur certains aspects du capitalisme à une remise en cause intégrale. La critique du capitalisme a pu prendre des formes sociales telles que des partis politiques ou des mouvements sociaux. Les plus radicaux se donnent pour but la fin du capitalisme, ou encore son dépassement par un nouveau système économique. (fr) As críticas ao capitalismo compreendem, de modo geral, posicionamento e críticas direcionadas a aspectos particulares ou gerais acerca do sistema capitalista; os opositores dirigem críticas sobretudo aos modos de produção e efeitos do sistema na sociedade. Os principais posicionamentos contrários ao capitalismo se diferenciam nas propostas que eventualmente aparecem como alternativas ao sistema, como um processo revolucionário (v.g. o socialismo revolucionário) ou reformistas (v.g. a social-democracia), em assuntos particulares a economia política, algumas propostas de economia social de mercado ou de intervenção também se apresentam. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Criticism of capitalism (en) نقد الرأسمالية (ar) Crítica del capitalisme (ca) Kapitalismuskritik (de) Crítica del capitalismo (es) Kapitalismoaren arazoak (eu) Kritik terhadap kapitalisme (in) Critiques du capitalisme (fr) 자본주의에 대한 비판 (ko) Kritiek op het kapitalisme (nl) Críticas ao capitalismo (pt) 对资本主义的批评 (zh) |
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