Racial profiling (original) (raw)
Racial profiling or ethnic profiling is the act of suspecting, targeting or discriminating against a person on the basis of their ethnicity, religion or nationality, rather than on individual suspicion or available evidence. Racial profiling involves discrimination against minority populations and often builds on negative stereotypes of the targeted demographic. Racial profiling can involve disproportionate stop searches, traffic stops, and the use of surveillance technology for facial identification.
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| dbo:abstract | Als Racial Profiling (auch „ethnisches Profiling“ genannt) bezeichnet man ein häufig auf Stereotypen und äußerlichen Merkmalen basierendes Agieren von Polizei-, Sicherheits-, Einwanderungs- und Zollbeamten, nach dem eine Person anhand von Kriterien wie „Rasse“, ethnischer Zugehörigkeit, Religion oder nationaler Herkunft als verdächtig eingeschätzt wird und nicht anhand von konkreten Verdachtsmomenten gegen die Person. Der Ausdruck entstammt der US-amerikanischen Kriminalistik. Racial Profiling wird als diskriminierend und ineffektiv kritisiert und ist beispielsweise im Vereinigten Königreich und den USA verboten, in Israel jedoch zur Terrorabwehr üblich. In Deutschland gibt es keine explizite juristische Regelung. Racial Profiling wird von Kritikern dem institutionellen Rassismus zugeordnet. (de) El perfilado racial (varias formas, véase ; en inglés, racial profiling) designa el trato discriminatorio hacia otras personas según sus rasgos étnicos, aunque también puede extenderse a la percepción de su nacionalidad o su religión. Se trata de la elaboración de un perfil racial a partir de un estereotipo, y de la consiguiente generalización de las personas que se asocian al mismo. El término se emplea sobre todo para referirse a situaciones en que un policía o un vigilante de seguridad señala y trata a una persona como motivado por esta generalización, más que atendiendo a factores individuales. (es) Is éard is próifíliú ciníoch ann ná aon ghníomh a dhéantar ar chúiseanna sábháilteachta, slándála nó cosanta poiblí, a bhraitheann ar steiréitíopaí faoi chine, dath, eitneachas, sinsearacht, reiligiún, nó áit dúchais, nó meascán díobh seo, seachas ar amhras réasúnach, chun aon duine faoi leith a roghnú le haghaidh grinnscrúdaithe níos mó nó cóireála difriúla. Tá próifíliú ciníoch difriúil ó phróifíliú coiriúil. Tá próifíliú ciníoch bunaithe ar bhoinn tuisceana steiréitipiciúla mar gheall ar chine, dath, eitneachas, srl. Ar an láimh eile, tá próifíliú coiriúil ag brath ar iompar iarbhír nó ar fhaisnéis faoi ghníomhaíocht amhrasta ag duine a chomhlíonann an tuairisc ar dhuine ar leith. (ga) Racial profiling or ethnic profiling is the act of suspecting, targeting or discriminating against a person on the basis of their ethnicity, religion or nationality, rather than on individual suspicion or available evidence. Racial profiling involves discrimination against minority populations and often builds on negative stereotypes of the targeted demographic. Racial profiling can involve disproportionate stop searches, traffic stops, and the use of surveillance technology for facial identification. (en) Le profilage racial ou profilage ethnique désigne le comportement discriminatoire d'une autorité, en particulier la police, à l'égard d'un individu ou d'un groupe d'individus en fonction de son origine ethnique, nationale ou religieuse, réelle ou perçue. Comme le profilage politique et le profilage social, il se distingue du profilage criminel, utilisé par la police pour résoudre un crime, notamment parce qu'il s'exerce a priori. (fr) レイシャル・プロファイリング (racial profiling) とは、警察官や保安官といった法の執行者が特定の人種や肌の色、民族、宗教、国籍、言語といった属性にもとづいて個人を捜査の対象とすること。アメリカ合衆国では警察が故意にアフリカ系アメリカ人およびその他の有色民族を調査対象に絞って差別的な捜査を行っているのではないかと問題視されてきた。レイシャルプロファインリングは合衆国憲法に抵触するとされ、人種差別の観点から批判の声があがっている。 警察はドライバーや通行人を不審人物とみなした場合、ストップ・アンド・フリスク (stop and frisk) という所持品検査や職務質問などを行っている。特に若い黒人男性がその対象となることが多く、走行中に停車させられ、あるいは公の場で突然尋問や身体検査が行われることもある。また警察によって不必要に暴力を受けたり殺害されたりするケースが多く報告されている。一方で、捜査は妥当なものであるという主張もなされている。 (ja) L'espressione profilazione razziale o etnica (in inglese racial profiling o ethnic profiling) in polizia si riferisce alla mancanza di fattori razziali o etnici obiettivi e giustificati nel determinare l'azione portata da parte delle forze dell'ordine nei confronti di un individuo (per esempio un controllo o un arresto). La pratica è controversa, e la sua illegalità è al centro di numerosi dibattiti nazionali e internazionali. (it) 인종 프로파일링(racial profiling/ ethnic profiling)이란 인종이나 종교를 기준으로 사람들을 분류한 후, 이를 활용하여 차별적 대우를 하는 경우를 주로 가리키며, 부정적 의미로 쓰인다. 특정 인종 집단을 우선적으로 용의 선상에 올린다든지, 특정 종교 집단에게 인사상 불이익을 주는 경우 등을 예로 들 수 있다. (ko) Etnisch profileren is volgens de definitie van de Nederlandse politie en Amnesty International het gebruik maken van criteria als huidskleur, nationaliteit, etniciteit, taal of geloof bij opsporing of handhaving, terwijl dat niet objectief te rechtvaardigen is. Er bestaat een onderscheid tussen geaccepteerd en gelegitimeerd profileren en etnisch profileren. Bij gelegitimeerd profileren wordt geprobeerd personen te identificeren waarbij het aannemelijk is dat die mogelijk een strafbaar feit zouden plegen op basis van objectieve indicatoren. Bij etnisch profileren wordt aan de hand van iemands ras, etniciteit, nationaliteit, cultuur of godsdienst het risico op het plegen van een strafbaar feit bepaald. (nl) Perfilamento racial (expressão do idioma inglês americano racial profiling) é o ato de suspeitar ou visar uma pessoa de uma determinada raça, com base em características ou comportamentos observados ou assumidos de um grupo racial ou étnico, em vez de uma suspeita individual. O perfilamento racial, no entanto, não se limita apenas à raça de um indivíduo, também pode ser baseado na etnia, religião ou nacionalidade do indivíduo. Comum nos Estados Unidos, o perfilamento racial é referido em relação ao seu uso pela aplicação da lei nos níveis local, estadual e federal, e seu uso leva à discriminação contra pessoas da África, nativo-americanas, asiáticas, latinas, árabes e comunidades muçulmanas dos EUA Nos países europeus, usa-se o termo ethnic profiling ("perfilamento étnico"). (pt) Rasprofilering, av engelska racial profiling, används som begrepp när ordningsmakt som polis och väktare kontrollerar, eller misstänker människor utifrån hudfärg eller andra etniskt betingade attribut. Identifieringen av individer att granska kan även relateras till hur människor klär sig, exempelvis romer i kjolar, eller på fördomar om särskilda attribut, exempelvis unga invandrare. Rasprofilering är sällan en officiellt erkänd metodik hos ordningsmakten, utan är ofta en dold särbehandling av människor efter etnicitet eller klass. Ett känt exempel där polisen beskylldes för rasprofilering var vid det så kallade REVA-projektet där syftet var att effektivisera avvisandet av personer som varaktigt vistades i Sverige utan tillstånd. Ett exempel på strukturell rasprofilering är de mer restriktiva immigrationslagar som infördes i USA efter 11 september 2001 (se islamofobi) då män över 16 år, från 25 länder i Mellanöstern var tvungna att fotograferas, lämna fingeravtryck, bli förhörda och låta få all sin ekonomiska information kopierad för att kunna få komma in i USA. De var även tvungna att anmäla sig till myndigheterna när de skulle lämna landet. I många länder, däribland Sverige, arbetar ordningsmakten medvetet för att förhindra användande av rasprofilering vid polisarbete. (sv) 种族归纳（英语：racial profiling），又译为种族貌相、种族脸谱化、種族貌相判定，指执法机关在判断某一类特定的犯罪或违法行为的犯罪嫌疑人身份将种族或族群特征列入考虑范围，进而可能导致在破案过程中更多地怀疑某一族群的作案嫌疑。 20世纪末期，此种做法由于执法机关可能滥用职权而在美国引发了公众的争议。也有民权活动家提议反对警察在破案时进行种族归纳。 也有意见认为，在确定犯罪嫌疑人身份时使用包括种族在内的多种考虑因素，在西方国家的司法界得到广泛的支持。警察根据任何特征归纳确定犯罪嫌疑人身份是经过实践检验的常用手法，有意识地将种族因素排除在外是没有逻辑的。 美國以外，以色列因爲與巴勒斯坦的領土糾紛而遭受頻繁的恐怖襲擊是一個活用種族歸納執法的國家，其中以色列最大的民用本-古里安国际机场就因爲利用種族歸納法來辨別訪客的潛在威脅而獲一些媒體評為全球保安最佳的國際機場之一。 (zh) |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.aclunc.org/discrimination/webb-report.html https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/more/resources/racial-profiling-in-an-age-of-terrorism/ http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/jpl/vol17/iss1/6/ http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/racial_profiling/ https://web.archive.org/web/20051125074613/http:/www.aclunc.org/discrimination/webb-report.html https://web.archive.org/web/20080716060754/http:/www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/crimoff.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20080716210238/http:/www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ascii/piusp01.txt https://web.archive.org/web/20180801003439/http:/www.cbc.ca/news/background/racial_profiling https://web.archive.org/web/20190108104744/https:/www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/more/resources/racial-profiling-in-an-age-of-terrorism/ https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/29/nyregion/new-jersey-argues-that-the-us-wrote-the-book-on-race-profiling.html https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/ethnic-profiling-rational-moral-framework |
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| rdfs:comment | Racial profiling or ethnic profiling is the act of suspecting, targeting or discriminating against a person on the basis of their ethnicity, religion or nationality, rather than on individual suspicion or available evidence. Racial profiling involves discrimination against minority populations and often builds on negative stereotypes of the targeted demographic. Racial profiling can involve disproportionate stop searches, traffic stops, and the use of surveillance technology for facial identification. (en) Le profilage racial ou profilage ethnique désigne le comportement discriminatoire d'une autorité, en particulier la police, à l'égard d'un individu ou d'un groupe d'individus en fonction de son origine ethnique, nationale ou religieuse, réelle ou perçue. Comme le profilage politique et le profilage social, il se distingue du profilage criminel, utilisé par la police pour résoudre un crime, notamment parce qu'il s'exerce a priori. (fr) レイシャル・プロファイリング (racial profiling) とは、警察官や保安官といった法の執行者が特定の人種や肌の色、民族、宗教、国籍、言語といった属性にもとづいて個人を捜査の対象とすること。アメリカ合衆国では警察が故意にアフリカ系アメリカ人およびその他の有色民族を調査対象に絞って差別的な捜査を行っているのではないかと問題視されてきた。レイシャルプロファインリングは合衆国憲法に抵触するとされ、人種差別の観点から批判の声があがっている。 警察はドライバーや通行人を不審人物とみなした場合、ストップ・アンド・フリスク (stop and frisk) という所持品検査や職務質問などを行っている。特に若い黒人男性がその対象となることが多く、走行中に停車させられ、あるいは公の場で突然尋問や身体検査が行われることもある。また警察によって不必要に暴力を受けたり殺害されたりするケースが多く報告されている。一方で、捜査は妥当なものであるという主張もなされている。 (ja) L'espressione profilazione razziale o etnica (in inglese racial profiling o ethnic profiling) in polizia si riferisce alla mancanza di fattori razziali o etnici obiettivi e giustificati nel determinare l'azione portata da parte delle forze dell'ordine nei confronti di un individuo (per esempio un controllo o un arresto). La pratica è controversa, e la sua illegalità è al centro di numerosi dibattiti nazionali e internazionali. (it) 인종 프로파일링(racial profiling/ ethnic profiling)이란 인종이나 종교를 기준으로 사람들을 분류한 후, 이를 활용하여 차별적 대우를 하는 경우를 주로 가리키며, 부정적 의미로 쓰인다. 특정 인종 집단을 우선적으로 용의 선상에 올린다든지, 특정 종교 집단에게 인사상 불이익을 주는 경우 등을 예로 들 수 있다. (ko) Perfilamento racial (expressão do idioma inglês americano racial profiling) é o ato de suspeitar ou visar uma pessoa de uma determinada raça, com base em características ou comportamentos observados ou assumidos de um grupo racial ou étnico, em vez de uma suspeita individual. O perfilamento racial, no entanto, não se limita apenas à raça de um indivíduo, também pode ser baseado na etnia, religião ou nacionalidade do indivíduo. Comum nos Estados Unidos, o perfilamento racial é referido em relação ao seu uso pela aplicação da lei nos níveis local, estadual e federal, e seu uso leva à discriminação contra pessoas da África, nativo-americanas, asiáticas, latinas, árabes e comunidades muçulmanas dos EUA Nos países europeus, usa-se o termo ethnic profiling ("perfilamento étnico"). (pt) 种族归纳（英语：racial profiling），又译为种族貌相、种族脸谱化、種族貌相判定，指执法机关在判断某一类特定的犯罪或违法行为的犯罪嫌疑人身份将种族或族群特征列入考虑范围，进而可能导致在破案过程中更多地怀疑某一族群的作案嫌疑。 20世纪末期，此种做法由于执法机关可能滥用职权而在美国引发了公众的争议。也有民权活动家提议反对警察在破案时进行种族归纳。 也有意见认为，在确定犯罪嫌疑人身份时使用包括种族在内的多种考虑因素，在西方国家的司法界得到广泛的支持。警察根据任何特征归纳确定犯罪嫌疑人身份是经过实践检验的常用手法，有意识地将种族因素排除在外是没有逻辑的。 美國以外，以色列因爲與巴勒斯坦的領土糾紛而遭受頻繁的恐怖襲擊是一個活用種族歸納執法的國家，其中以色列最大的民用本-古里安国际机场就因爲利用種族歸納法來辨別訪客的潛在威脅而獲一些媒體評為全球保安最佳的國際機場之一。 (zh) Als Racial Profiling (auch „ethnisches Profiling“ genannt) bezeichnet man ein häufig auf Stereotypen und äußerlichen Merkmalen basierendes Agieren von Polizei-, Sicherheits-, Einwanderungs- und Zollbeamten, nach dem eine Person anhand von Kriterien wie „Rasse“, ethnischer Zugehörigkeit, Religion oder nationaler Herkunft als verdächtig eingeschätzt wird und nicht anhand von konkreten Verdachtsmomenten gegen die Person. Der Ausdruck entstammt der US-amerikanischen Kriminalistik. (de) El perfilado racial (varias formas, véase ; en inglés, racial profiling) designa el trato discriminatorio hacia otras personas según sus rasgos étnicos, aunque también puede extenderse a la percepción de su nacionalidad o su religión. (es) Is éard is próifíliú ciníoch ann ná aon ghníomh a dhéantar ar chúiseanna sábháilteachta, slándála nó cosanta poiblí, a bhraitheann ar steiréitíopaí faoi chine, dath, eitneachas, sinsearacht, reiligiún, nó áit dúchais, nó meascán díobh seo, seachas ar amhras réasúnach, chun aon duine faoi leith a roghnú le haghaidh grinnscrúdaithe níos mó nó cóireála difriúla. (ga) Etnisch profileren is volgens de definitie van de Nederlandse politie en Amnesty International het gebruik maken van criteria als huidskleur, nationaliteit, etniciteit, taal of geloof bij opsporing of handhaving, terwijl dat niet objectief te rechtvaardigen is. (nl) Rasprofilering, av engelska racial profiling, används som begrepp när ordningsmakt som polis och väktare kontrollerar, eller misstänker människor utifrån hudfärg eller andra etniskt betingade attribut. Identifieringen av individer att granska kan även relateras till hur människor klär sig, exempelvis romer i kjolar, eller på fördomar om särskilda attribut, exempelvis unga invandrare. Rasprofilering är sällan en officiellt erkänd metodik hos ordningsmakten, utan är ofta en dold särbehandling av människor efter etnicitet eller klass. Ett känt exempel där polisen beskylldes för rasprofilering var vid det så kallade REVA-projektet där syftet var att effektivisera avvisandet av personer som varaktigt vistades i Sverige utan tillstånd. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Racial Profiling (de) Perfilado racial (es) Próifíliú ciníoch (ga) Profilage racial (fr) Profilazione razziale (it) 인종 프로파일링 (ko) レイシャル・プロファイリング (ja) Racial profiling (en) Etnisch profileren (nl) Perfilamento racial (pt) Rasprofilering (sv) 种族归纳 (zh) |
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