Eunuchs in China (original) (raw)
( 중국 한나라 때 인물 환관(桓寬)에 대해서는 문서를 참고하십시오.) 중국의 환관(宦官)은 관료 가운데 거세된 남자(환자; 宦者)이며 이들은 자신의 성기와 고환을 함에 담아 몸에 지니고 다녔다. 엄밀히 말해, 초기에는 관직이 아닌 궁중노비였으나(신분상으로만 궁중 소속일 뿐 환관의 업무는 궐밖의 노비와 완벽하게 똑같았다.), 나중에 거세된 남자들이 주로 맡게 된 내시/내시직을 환관이라고 부르게 되었다.
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| dbo:abstract | Eunuchové v Číně existovali na dvorech prakticky všech panovníků čínských států a říší. Mnozí vládci využívali eunuchy nejenom k obsluze svých harémů, ale i k plnění různých úkolů hospodářského a politického charakteru, takže někdy plnili významné role ve správě státu. V některých případech, zvláště za vlády nezletilých panovníků, eunuchové zaujímali klíčové pozice ve vládě. Kastrace v Číně zahrnovala jak odstranění varlat, tak penisu, obojí bylo současně odříznuto nožem. Většina eunuchů sloužila panovníkovi, nicméně nezřídka vlastními eunuchy disponovali i příbuzní panovníků, regionální představitelé a velcí pozemkoví vlastníci. (cs) A eunuch (/ˈjuːnək/ YOO-nək) is a castrated man. Castration has had a social function in history. In China, castration included the removal of the penis and the testicles (emasculation). A knife removed both organs at the same time. Eunuchs have existed in China since about 146 AD, during the reign of Emperor Huan of Han and were common as civil servants by the Qin dynasty. From ancient times to the Sui dynasty, castration was a traditional punishment (one of the Five Punishments) and a means of gaining employment in the imperial service. Some eunuchs, such as the Ming dynasty official Zheng He, gained power that superseded that of the Grand Secretaries. Self-castration was not uncommon, although it was not always performed thoroughly and was later banned. Eunuchs were employed as high-ranking civil servants because they could not have children, so they were not tempted to seize power and begin a dynasty. In addition, many in the palace considered eunuchs more reliable than scholar-officials. Finally, as a symbolic assignment of divine authority in the palace system, a constellation of stars was designated as the emperor's; west of the constellation, four stars were known as his "eunuchs." The tension between eunuchs in the service of the emperor and virtuous Confucian officials is a familiar theme in Chinese history. In his History of Government, Samuel Finer writes that reality often needs to be clearly defined. The emperor valued capable eunuchs as advisers, and resistance from "virtuous" officials often stemmed from jealousy. Ray Huang says that eunuchs represented the personal will of the Emperor, and the officials represented the political will of the bureaucracy; a clash between them would have been a clash of ideologies or political agendas. The number of eunuchs in imperial employment fell to 470 by 1912. The Chinese government abolished the eunuch system on November 5, 1924. The last imperial eunuch, Sun Yaoting, died in December 1996. (en) ( 중국 한나라 때 인물 환관(桓寬)에 대해서는 문서를 참고하십시오.) 중국의 환관(宦官)은 관료 가운데 거세된 남자(환자; 宦者)이며 이들은 자신의 성기와 고환을 함에 담아 몸에 지니고 다녔다. 엄밀히 말해, 초기에는 관직이 아닌 궁중노비였으나(신분상으로만 궁중 소속일 뿐 환관의 업무는 궐밖의 노비와 완벽하게 똑같았다.), 나중에 거세된 남자들이 주로 맡게 된 내시/내시직을 환관이라고 부르게 되었다. (ko) Евнухи существовали при дворах практически всех правителей империй и царств Китая. Многие императоры использовали евнухов не только для работы в своих гаремах, но и для выполнения разного рода заданий хозяйственного и административного порядка, позволяя им выполнять значительные роли в системе управления государством. В некоторых случаях, особенно при правлении малолетних императоров, евнухам удавалось занимать ключевые позиции во властных сферах. Хотя большинство евнухов состояли на императорской службе, нередко евнухи имелись и в имениях императорских родственников, местных руководителей и крупнейших землевладельцев. (ru) 宦官在中國又有內臣、內官、太監、公公、寺人、閹人、內侍、中官、中涓、內豎及中貴人等名稱，最早可追溯至甲骨文中曾出现的“”字，西周时开始有使用阉人的记载，《周礼》内有“宫者使守内，以其人道绝也”，西周宦官有“八官”，戰國時，趙國有宦者令，秦國有監，皆宦官之異稱。宦官一詞正式見於《後漢書》，據說此名是出自拱衛在天帝星旁一個叫「宦者」的星座。宦者是曾經閹割之人，近代俗語亦稱為太監。因為在明朝，他們做二十四個官，都稱為某某監之故。太监一詞最早出現於辽國的史書。 一般來說，宦官是負責宮廷雜事的奴僕，不得参與國家政務，惟因為與皇室朝夕相處，遂能博取信賴或者有機可乘，故此歷史上亦存在著宦官掌握國家政務大權的情况。古代許多朝代皆規定宦官不許干政任職，乃因宦官失去生殖器地位低下，且長期受人輕視而心理扭曲，一旦得勢就會變得殘暴，敗壞朝政。歷史也證明宦官掌權皆無好下場，都是各朝代的黑暗時期。 (zh) Євнухи існували при дворах практично всіх правителів імперій та царств Китаю упродовж понад двох тисяч років. Багато імператорів використовували євнухів не тільки для роботи у своїх гаремах, але й для виконання різного роду відповідальних завдань господарського й адміністративного порядку, дозволяючи їм відігравати значну роль в системі управління імперією. В деяких випадках, особливо за правління малолітніх імператорів, євнухам удавалось займати практично позицію першої особи у «вертикалі влади». Хоч більшість євнухів перебували на імператорській службі, нерідко євнухи були і в маєтках імператорських родичів, місцевих керівників та найбільших землевласників. (uk) |
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| dbp:date | 2018-09-25 (xsd:date) |
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| rdfs:comment | ( 중국 한나라 때 인물 환관(桓寬)에 대해서는 문서를 참고하십시오.) 중국의 환관(宦官)은 관료 가운데 거세된 남자(환자; 宦者)이며 이들은 자신의 성기와 고환을 함에 담아 몸에 지니고 다녔다. 엄밀히 말해, 초기에는 관직이 아닌 궁중노비였으나(신분상으로만 궁중 소속일 뿐 환관의 업무는 궐밖의 노비와 완벽하게 똑같았다.), 나중에 거세된 남자들이 주로 맡게 된 내시/내시직을 환관이라고 부르게 되었다. (ko) 宦官在中國又有內臣、內官、太監、公公、寺人、閹人、內侍、中官、中涓、內豎及中貴人等名稱，最早可追溯至甲骨文中曾出现的“”字，西周时开始有使用阉人的记载，《周礼》内有“宫者使守内，以其人道绝也”，西周宦官有“八官”，戰國時，趙國有宦者令，秦國有監，皆宦官之異稱。宦官一詞正式見於《後漢書》，據說此名是出自拱衛在天帝星旁一個叫「宦者」的星座。宦者是曾經閹割之人，近代俗語亦稱為太監。因為在明朝，他們做二十四個官，都稱為某某監之故。太监一詞最早出現於辽國的史書。 一般來說，宦官是負責宮廷雜事的奴僕，不得参與國家政務，惟因為與皇室朝夕相處，遂能博取信賴或者有機可乘，故此歷史上亦存在著宦官掌握國家政務大權的情况。古代許多朝代皆規定宦官不許干政任職，乃因宦官失去生殖器地位低下，且長期受人輕視而心理扭曲，一旦得勢就會變得殘暴，敗壞朝政。歷史也證明宦官掌權皆無好下場，都是各朝代的黑暗時期。 (zh) Eunuchové v Číně existovali na dvorech prakticky všech panovníků čínských států a říší. Mnozí vládci využívali eunuchy nejenom k obsluze svých harémů, ale i k plnění různých úkolů hospodářského a politického charakteru, takže někdy plnili významné role ve správě státu. V některých případech, zvláště za vlády nezletilých panovníků, eunuchové zaujímali klíčové pozice ve vládě. Kastrace v Číně zahrnovala jak odstranění varlat, tak penisu, obojí bylo současně odříznuto nožem. (cs) A eunuch (/ˈjuːnək/ YOO-nək) is a castrated man. Castration has had a social function in history. In China, castration included the removal of the penis and the testicles (emasculation). A knife removed both organs at the same time. Eunuchs have existed in China since about 146 AD, during the reign of Emperor Huan of Han and were common as civil servants by the Qin dynasty. From ancient times to the Sui dynasty, castration was a traditional punishment (one of the Five Punishments) and a means of gaining employment in the imperial service. Some eunuchs, such as the Ming dynasty official Zheng He, gained power that superseded that of the Grand Secretaries. Self-castration was not uncommon, although it was not always performed thoroughly and was later banned. (en) Евнухи существовали при дворах практически всех правителей империй и царств Китая. Многие императоры использовали евнухов не только для работы в своих гаремах, но и для выполнения разного рода заданий хозяйственного и административного порядка, позволяя им выполнять значительные роли в системе управления государством. В некоторых случаях, особенно при правлении малолетних императоров, евнухам удавалось занимать ключевые позиции во властных сферах. (ru) Євнухи існували при дворах практично всіх правителів імперій та царств Китаю упродовж понад двох тисяч років. Багато імператорів використовували євнухів не тільки для роботи у своїх гаремах, але й для виконання різного роду відповідальних завдань господарського й адміністративного порядку, дозволяючи їм відігравати значну роль в системі управління імперією. В деяких випадках, особливо за правління малолітніх імператорів, євнухам удавалось займати практично позицію першої особи у «вертикалі влади». (uk) |
| rdfs:label | Eunuchové v Číně (cs) Eunucos en la Antigua China (es) Eunuchs in China (en) Eunuco (storia della Cina) (it) 중국의 환관 (ko) Евнухи в Китае (ru) 中國宦官 (zh) Євнухи в імперському Китаї (uk) |
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