Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (original) (raw)
Fugitive Slave Act či Fugitive Slave Law (česky doslova „zákon o uprchlých otrocích“) byl zákon, který americký Kongres schválil 18. září 1850 v rámci tzv. kompromisu roku 1850 mezi otrokářským Jihem a protiotrokářskou Stranou svobodné půdy na Severu. Na základě tohoto zákona byla federální vláda zavázána, „aby otroky, kteří uprchli na Sever předávala bez soudního projednání jejich bílým majitelům.“ Ve Sněmovně reprezentantů byl zákon přijat poměrem 109:76 a v Senátu poměrem 27:12. Jde o nejkontroverznější zákon celého výše uvedeného kompromisu. Abolicionisté zákonu přezdívali „Bloodhound Law“ podle psího plemene Bloodhound, které bylo používáno k hledání uprchlých otroků.
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| dbo:abstract | La Llei dels Esclaus Fugitius de 1850 (Fugitive Slave Law o Fugitive Slave Act) fou aprovada pel Congrés dels Estats Units el 18 de setembre de 1850 com una part del Compromís de 1850 i legisla una part dels acords entre els interessos dels esclavistes del Sud dels Estats Units i els dels partidaris de la llibertat dels esclaus del . Aquesta llei fou un dels punts més controvertits del Compromís de 1850 i va augmentar els temors dels del Nord d'una "conspiració del poder ". La llei requeria que tots els esclaus fugitius s'havien de capturar i tornar als seus propietaris i que els funcionaris i els ciutadans dels estats lliures havien de cooperar amb aquesta llei. Els abolicionistes van anomenar-la "Llei del gos" perquè s'utilitzaven gossos per a trobar els esclaus fugitius. (ca) Fugitive Slave Act či Fugitive Slave Law (česky doslova „zákon o uprchlých otrocích“) byl zákon, který americký Kongres schválil 18. září 1850 v rámci tzv. kompromisu roku 1850 mezi otrokářským Jihem a protiotrokářskou Stranou svobodné půdy na Severu. Na základě tohoto zákona byla federální vláda zavázána, „aby otroky, kteří uprchli na Sever předávala bez soudního projednání jejich bílým majitelům.“ Ve Sněmovně reprezentantů byl zákon přijat poměrem 109:76 a v Senátu poměrem 27:12. Jde o nejkontroverznější zákon celého výše uvedeného kompromisu. Abolicionisté zákonu přezdívali „Bloodhound Law“ podle psího plemene Bloodhound, které bylo používáno k hledání uprchlých otroků. (cs) Das Fugitive Slave Law, auch Fugitive Slave Act genannt, war ein US-amerikanisches Bundesgesetz, das die Exekutive der Nordstaaten zwang, entlaufene Sklaven ihren Besitzern in den Südstaaten wieder zu übergeben. Das Gesetz wurde vom Kongress am 18. September 1850 verabschiedet. Es war Teil eines Kompromissversuches zwischen den Nord- und den Südstaaten und einer der umstrittensten Teile dieses Kompromisspaketes. In den Nordstaaten erhöhte es die Furcht vor einer konspirativen Verschwörung der sklavenhaltenden Südstaaten. Innerhalb der schwarzen Bevölkerung im Norden und der Abolitionistenbewegung regte sich gegen das Gesetz großer Protest, der sich in der Personenkritik vor allem gegen Präsident Millard Fillmore, der das Gesetz unterzeichnete, und den die Sklaverei befürwortenden Außenminister Daniel Webster richtete. Abolitionisten nannten das Gesetz abschätzig Bluthundgesetz. Es kam zu Solidaritätsaktionen und Befreiungen von eingefangenen geflohenen Sklaven. Das Oberste Gericht des Bundesstaates Wisconsin erklärte das Gesetz 1854 in einer Verhandlung über eine Gefangenenbefreiung wegen Verstößen gegen die Verfassung für ungültig. Der Oberste Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten erklärte die Entscheidung von Wisconsin jedoch 1859 für nicht zulässig (Ableman v. Booth). Das Gesetz fand letztlich in den Nordstaaten nur relativ selten Anwendung. Eine Reihe von Nordstaaten erließen im Rahmen ihrer Möglichkeiten ergänzende Verordnungen, die beispielsweise verlangten, dass ein Geschworenengericht befinden musste, ob es sich bei jemandem tatsächlich um einen entflohenen Sklaven handelte. Andere Staaten untersagten, dass in lokalen Gefängnissen entflohene Sklaven festgesetzt werden durften, um ihren Rücktransport zu organisieren. Für alle entflohenen Sklaven, die sich in den Nordstaaten niedergelassen hatten, war das Gesetz jedoch existenzbedrohend. Viele von ihnen flohen weiter nach Norden – nicht zuletzt mithilfe der Underground Railroad – und ließen sich in Kanada nieder. (de) The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free-Soilers. The Act was one of the most controversial elements of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a slave power conspiracy. It required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, be returned to the slaver and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Bill", after the dogs that were used to track down people fleeing from slavery. The Act contributed to the growing polarization of the country over the issue of slavery, and was one of the factors that led to the Civil War. (en) La Ley de esclavos fugitivos de 1850 (nombre original: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 o Fugitive Slave Law) de Estados Unidos fue aprobada por el Congreso de este país el 18 de septiembre de 1850, como parte del denominado Compromiso de 1850, que trató de apaciguar el enfrentamiento político existente entre los Estados esclavistas del sur y los Estados libres del norte. La Ley constituyó uno de los elementos más controvertidos del acuerdo de 1850. Esta nueva norma exigía que todos los esclavos fugados que fueran capturados debían ser devueltos a su esclavizadores y que las autoridades y ciudadanos de los estados libres tenían la obligación de cooperar en su detención. Los abolicionistas la apodaron "Ley del sabueso", por los perros que se utilizaban para localizar a los esclavos fugitivos. La aprobación de esta ley contribuyó a la creciente polarización del Estados Unidos en torno a la cuestión de la esclavitud, y se considera una de las causas de la Guerra Civil. Puede decirse que es la pieza de legislación federal más odiada y abiertamente violada en la historia de la nación. (es) Le Fugitive Slave Act (loi sur les esclaves fugitifs) est le nom donné à deux textes de loi du Congrès des États-Unis votés, respectivement, le 12 février 1793 et le 18 septembre 1850 (dans le cadre du compromis de 1850 entre les États Sudistes agraires et esclavagistes et les États Nordistes industriels et abolitionnistes) et statuant sur les modalités d'extradition des esclaves évadés et de leur retour à leur propriétaire. Bien que le problème de l'extradition des auteurs de crimes et de délits soit évoqué dans la Constitution de 1787 (précisément dans la section 2 de l’article IV), la question de la coopération entre les différents États quant l'extradition des esclaves fugitifs n’est pas explicitement mentionnée, en effet un esclave qui fuit un propriétaire pour acquérir sa liberté dans un autre État commet-il un crime ? Devant le flou juridique, les différentes convictions entre esclavagistes et abolitionnistes rendent cette coopération très délicate, voire conflictuelle ce qui pousse le Congrès à légiférer sur ce point précis. (fr) La legge sugli schiavi fuggitivi del 1850 (in inglese: Fugitive Slave Law, o Fugitive Slave Act) fu una legge statunitense approvata dal Congresso degli Stati Uniti il 18 settembre 1850, nell'ambito del Compromesso del 1850 tra gli interessi schiavistici degli Stati del sud del Paese e il Partito del Suolo Libero del nord. Questo provvedimento, promulgato durante la presidenza di Millard Fillmore, fu una delle più controverse tra le leggi adottate nell'ambito del Compromesso, e fece aumentare le paure del nord rispetto a una "cospirazione del potere schiavista". (it) A Lei do Escravo Fugitivo (em inglês: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850) foi aprovada pelo Congresso dos Estados Unidos em 18 de setembro de 1850, como parte do Compromisso de 1850 entre os interesses do Sul na escravidão e os Free-Soilers do Norte. A Lei foi um dos elementos mais controversos do compromisso de 1850 e aumentou os temores do Norte de uma conspiração de poder escravo. Exigia que todos os escravos fugitivos, após a captura, fossem devolvidos ao traficante de escravos e que os funcionários e cidadãos dos estados livres tivessem que cooperar. A Lei contribuiu para a crescente polarização do país sobre a questão da escravidão, e foi um dos fatores que levaram à Guerra Civil. (pt) Закон про рабів-утікачів 1850 (англ. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850) — закон у США, який дозволяв пошук і затримання рабів-утікачів на територіях, де рабство було вже скасовано. Був прийнятий 18 вересня 1850 Конгресом. (uk) Закон о беглых рабах 1850 года в США (англ. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850) — был принят 18 сентября 1850 года Конгрессом США. Закон разрешил поиск и задержание беглых рабов на территориях, где рабство было уже отменено. Закон обязывал население всех штатов активно участвовать в поимке беглых рабов и предусматривал суровое наказание для рабов, тех, кто их укрывал и тех, кто не содействовал поимке раба. Во всех южных и северных штатах учреждались особые уполномоченные по ловле рабов, которым следовало оказывать содействие. Пойманных рабов помещали в тюрьму и под вооружённой охраной возвращали рабовладельцу. Чтобы раб был признан беглым, достаточно было, чтобы любой белый заявил и подтвердил под присягой, что этот негр является бежавшим от него рабом. Принятие закона вынудило многих негров бежать из США в Канаду. Американские аболиционисты встретили принятие закона критикой, организовав митинги протеста. Американский философ и мыслитель Ральф Эмерсон в своём дневнике отметил: «подумать только, этот грязный закон принят в XIX векелюдьми, умеющими читать и писать. Клянусь небом, я не стану выполнять его». (ru) |
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| dbp:longtitle | An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled "An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the Service of their Masters", approved February twelfth, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Fugitive Slave Act či Fugitive Slave Law (česky doslova „zákon o uprchlých otrocích“) byl zákon, který americký Kongres schválil 18. září 1850 v rámci tzv. kompromisu roku 1850 mezi otrokářským Jihem a protiotrokářskou Stranou svobodné půdy na Severu. Na základě tohoto zákona byla federální vláda zavázána, „aby otroky, kteří uprchli na Sever předávala bez soudního projednání jejich bílým majitelům.“ Ve Sněmovně reprezentantů byl zákon přijat poměrem 109:76 a v Senátu poměrem 27:12. Jde o nejkontroverznější zákon celého výše uvedeného kompromisu. Abolicionisté zákonu přezdívali „Bloodhound Law“ podle psího plemene Bloodhound, které bylo používáno k hledání uprchlých otroků. (cs) La legge sugli schiavi fuggitivi del 1850 (in inglese: Fugitive Slave Law, o Fugitive Slave Act) fu una legge statunitense approvata dal Congresso degli Stati Uniti il 18 settembre 1850, nell'ambito del Compromesso del 1850 tra gli interessi schiavistici degli Stati del sud del Paese e il Partito del Suolo Libero del nord. Questo provvedimento, promulgato durante la presidenza di Millard Fillmore, fu una delle più controverse tra le leggi adottate nell'ambito del Compromesso, e fece aumentare le paure del nord rispetto a una "cospirazione del potere schiavista". (it) Закон про рабів-утікачів 1850 (англ. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850) — закон у США, який дозволяв пошук і затримання рабів-утікачів на територіях, де рабство було вже скасовано. Був прийнятий 18 вересня 1850 Конгресом. (uk) La Llei dels Esclaus Fugitius de 1850 (Fugitive Slave Law o Fugitive Slave Act) fou aprovada pel Congrés dels Estats Units el 18 de setembre de 1850 com una part del Compromís de 1850 i legisla una part dels acords entre els interessos dels esclavistes del Sud dels Estats Units i els dels partidaris de la llibertat dels esclaus del . (ca) Das Fugitive Slave Law, auch Fugitive Slave Act genannt, war ein US-amerikanisches Bundesgesetz, das die Exekutive der Nordstaaten zwang, entlaufene Sklaven ihren Besitzern in den Südstaaten wieder zu übergeben. Das Gesetz wurde vom Kongress am 18. September 1850 verabschiedet. Es war Teil eines Kompromissversuches zwischen den Nord- und den Südstaaten und einer der umstrittensten Teile dieses Kompromisspaketes. In den Nordstaaten erhöhte es die Furcht vor einer konspirativen Verschwörung der sklavenhaltenden Südstaaten. (de) The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free-Soilers. The Act contributed to the growing polarization of the country over the issue of slavery, and was one of the factors that led to the Civil War. (en) La Ley de esclavos fugitivos de 1850 (nombre original: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 o Fugitive Slave Law) de Estados Unidos fue aprobada por el Congreso de este país el 18 de septiembre de 1850, como parte del denominado Compromiso de 1850, que trató de apaciguar el enfrentamiento político existente entre los Estados esclavistas del sur y los Estados libres del norte. (es) Le Fugitive Slave Act (loi sur les esclaves fugitifs) est le nom donné à deux textes de loi du Congrès des États-Unis votés, respectivement, le 12 février 1793 et le 18 septembre 1850 (dans le cadre du compromis de 1850 entre les États Sudistes agraires et esclavagistes et les États Nordistes industriels et abolitionnistes) et statuant sur les modalités d'extradition des esclaves évadés et de leur retour à leur propriétaire. (fr) A Lei do Escravo Fugitivo (em inglês: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850) foi aprovada pelo Congresso dos Estados Unidos em 18 de setembro de 1850, como parte do Compromisso de 1850 entre os interesses do Sul na escravidão e os Free-Soilers do Norte. A Lei foi um dos elementos mais controversos do compromisso de 1850 e aumentou os temores do Norte de uma conspiração de poder escravo. Exigia que todos os escravos fugitivos, após a captura, fossem devolvidos ao traficante de escravos e que os funcionários e cidadãos dos estados livres tivessem que cooperar. (pt) Закон о беглых рабах 1850 года в США (англ. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850) — был принят 18 сентября 1850 года Конгрессом США. Закон разрешил поиск и задержание беглых рабов на территориях, где рабство было уже отменено. Американские аболиционисты встретили принятие закона критикой, организовав митинги протеста. Американский философ и мыслитель Ральф Эмерсон в своём дневнике отметил: «подумать только, этот грязный закон принят в XIX векелюдьми, умеющими читать и писать. Клянусь небом, я не стану выполнять его». (ru) |
| rdfs:label | قانون الرقيق الهارب 1850 (ar) Llei dels esclaus fugitius de 1850 dels Estats Units (ca) Fugitive Slave Act (1850) (cs) Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (de) Ley de esclavos fugitivos de 1850 (es) Fugitive Slave Act (fr) Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (en) Fugitive Slave Law (it) Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (pt) Закон о беглых рабах (1850) (ru) Закон про рабів-утікачів (uk) |
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