George Washington and slavery (original) (raw)
Questa voce, non esauriente vuole analizzare il conflitto interiore che nacque nel padre fondatore degli Stati Uniti con l'istituzione della schiavitù. George Washington, purtroppo, poté garantire l'emancipazione dei suoi schiavi solo dopo la sua morte.
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| dbo:abstract | جورج واشنطن، أحد الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة، وأول رئيس للولايات المتحدة عام (1789-1797).يكشف التاريخ عن موقف واشنطن المتغير تجاه الرق والذي كان غير مرتاحًا لمؤسسة العبودية مع أنه كان مالكًا لبعض العبيد الذين احتفظ بهم ولكنه كان يوصي على تحرير هؤلاء العبيد الذي يمتلكهم بعد وفاته. كانت العبودية متأصلة ذلك الوقت في النسيج الاجتماعي والاقتصادي في مستعمرة فرجينيا، وقد ورث واشنطن أول عشرة عبيد له في سن الحادية عشرة عند وفاة والده في عام 1743. وفي مرحلة البلوغ نما استعباده الشخصي بعد حصولة على الميراث وعن طريق الشراء إزداد عدد الرق الذين يملكهم. وفي عام 1759 قدم واشنطن عدد كبير من العبيد كمهر وخدم لزواجه من مارثا واشنطن. عكست مواقف واشنطن المبكرة من العبودية وجهات نظر عدة لمزارعين فرجينيا السائدة بالعبودية ذلك الوقت. ولم يكن في البداية أي مخاوف أخلاقية بشأن رأيه لمؤسسة الاستعباد. إلا أنه أصبح متشككًا بشأن الفعالية الاقتصادية للعبودية قبل حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية. وعلى الرغم من أنه أعرب عن دعمه الخاص لإلغاء الرق من خلال عملية تشريعية تدريجية بعد الحرب، إلا أنه ظل يعتمد على عبيدة في أعمالة. وعند وفاته في عام 1799، كان هناك 317 من العبيد في أراضيه ومسقط رأسه ماونت فيرنون، و 124 مملوكة يخدمونة والباقي من العبيد المملوكين له عند أشخاص آخرين. كان جورج واشنطن سيدًا متطلبًا. حيث قدم لعبيده مستلزمات الحياة الأساسية كالطعام والملابس والسكن والرعاية الطبية مقارنة بتعامل العامة الآخرين مع عبيدهم في ذلك الوقت، حيث لم تكن معامتلهم كافية، في المقابل، توقع واشنطن منهم العمل بجد من شروق الشمس إلى غروبها خلال العمل الذي يستمر ستة أيام في الأسبوع والذي كان عاديًا في ذلك الوقت. عمل حوالي ثلاثة أرباع عبيده في الحقول، بينما عمل الباقون في المقر الرئيسي كخادمات في المنازل وحرفيين. وكان غذائهم حينها عن طريق الصيد، وزراعة الخضروات في أوقات فراغهم، لتوفير المؤن الإضافية الخاصة بهم كالملابس والأدوات المنزلية من دخل من بيع المنتجات التي يزرعونها في أوقات الفراغ. حيث بنوا مجتمعهم الخاص حول الزواج والأسرة، على الرغم من أن واشنطن خصص العبيد للمزارع فقط وفقًا لمتطلبات العمل بغض النظر عن علاقاتهم، في حين عاش العديد من الأزواج بشكل منفصل عن زوجاتهم وأطفالهم. استخدم واشنطن اسلوب كل من المكافأة والعقاب لتشجيع وتأديب عبيده، لكنه أصيب بخيبة أمل مستمرة عندما فشلوا في تلبية معاييره الصارمة. حيث قاوموا الإستعباد بوسائل مختلفة، بما في ذلك القيام بالسرقة لتكملة الطعام والملابس وكمصدر آخر للدخل، أو من خلال التظاهر بالمرض والفرار. كانت الشكوك الذاتية أو معارضة واشنطن الأولى حول العبودية من الناحية الاقتصادية فقط، وذلك بعد قيامة لتغيير محاصيلة من التبغ إلى محاصيل الحبوب في ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر مما تركه مع عدد فائض ومكلف من العبيد. وكقائد عام للجيش القاري في عام 1775، رفض في البداية قبول الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي في الجيش، سواء حرًا أو عبيدًا، في جميع الرتب، لكنه عكس هذا الموقف بسبب متطلبات الحرب. وظهرت الإشارة الأولى للشك الأخلاقي اتجاه العبودية خلال جهود بيع بعض عبيده في عام 1778، عندما أعرب واشنطن عن كرهه لبيعهم في مكان عام ورغبته في عدم تقسيم عائلات العبيد نتيجة البيع. لم تظهر كلماته وأفعاله العامة في نهاية الحرب الثورية الأمريكية عام 1783 أي مشاعر معادية للعبودية. من الناحية السياسية، كان واشنطن قلقا من أن مثل هذه القضية الخلافية مثل العبودية لا ينبغي أن تهدد الوحدة الوطنية، ولم يتحدث علنًا عن المؤسسة بشكل خاص، نظر واشنطن في تحرير جميع العبيد الذين امتلكهم في منتصف عام 1790، لكنه لم يتمكن من فعل ذلك بسبب إعتماده الإقتصادي عليهم ورفض عائلته التعاون بشأنهم. الا انه نصت إرادته على تحرير عبيده، كان الأب المؤسس الوحيد الذي يملك العبيد ويريد القيام بذلك. لأن العديد من عبيده كانوا متزوجين من عبيد زوجتة مارثا واشنطن، الذين لم يستطع تحريرهم قانونيًا، اشترط واشنطن أنه، باستثناء خادمه ويليام لي، الذي قام بتحريرة على الفور، سيتم تحرير عبيده عند وفاة زوجتة مارثا. والتي قامت بتحرريهم في عام 1801، قبل عام من وفاتها، ولكن تم نقل عبيدها إلى أحفادها وظلوا في العبودية. (ar) The history of George Washington and slavery reflects Washington's changing attitude toward enslavement. The preeminent Founding Father of the United States and a hereditary slaveowner, Washington became increasingly uneasy with it. Slavery was then a longstanding institution dating back over a century in Virginia where he lived; it was also longstanding in other American colonies and in world history. Washington’s will provided for the immediate emancipation of one of his slaves, and additionally required his remaining 123 slaves to serve his wife and be freed no later than her death, so they ultimately became free one year after his death. Black slavery was ingrained in the economic and social fabric of the Colony of Virginia where Washington grew up. A third generation slave-owner, at 11 years of age upon the death of his father in 1743, he inherited his first ten slaves. In adulthood his personal slaveholding grew through inheritance, purchase and the natural increase of children born into slavery. In 1759, he gained control of dower slaves belonging to the Custis estate on his marriage to Martha Dandridge Custis. Washington's early attitudes to slavery reflected the prevailing Virginia planter views of the day and he initially demonstrated no moral qualms about the institution. In 1774, Washington publicly denounced the slave trade on moral grounds in the Fairfax Resolves. After the war, he expressed support for the abolition of slavery by a gradual legislative process, a view he shared widely but always in private, and he remained dependent on enslaved labor. Washington had a strong work ethic and demanded the same from both hired workers and from the enslaved people who were forced to work at his command. He provided his enslaved population with basic food, clothing and accommodation comparable to general practice at the time, which was not always adequate, and with medical care. In return, he forced them to work diligently from sunrise to sunset over the six-day working week that was standard at the time. Some three-quarters of his enslaved workers labored in the fields, while the remainder worked at the main residence as domestic servants and artisans. They supplemented their diet by hunting, trapping, and growing vegetables in their free time, and bought extra rations, clothing and housewares with income from the sale of game and produce. They built their own community around marriage and family, though because Washington allocated the enslaved to farms according to the demands of the business generally without regard for their relationships, many husbands lived separately from their wives and children during the work week. Washington used both reward and punishment to manage his enslaved population, but was constantly disappointed when they failed to meet his exacting standards. A significant proportion of the enslaved population at the Mount Vernon estate resisted their enslavement by various means, such as theft to supplement food and clothing and to provide income, feigning illness, and escaping. As commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1775, he initially refused to accept African-Americans, free or enslaved, into the ranks, but bowed to the demands of war, and thereafter led a racially integrated army. In 1778, Washington expressed moral aversion to selling some of his enslaved workers at a public venue or splitting their families. At war’s end, Washington demanded without success that the British respect the preliminary peace treaty which he said required return of escaped slaves without exception. His public statement on resigning his commission, addressing challenges facing the new confederation, made no explicit mention of slavery. Politically, Washington felt that the divisive issue of American slavery threatened national cohesion, he never spoke publicly about it, and signed laws that protected slavery as well as laws that curtailed slavery. Privately, Washington considered plans in the mid 1790s to free his enslaved population. Those plans failed because of his inability to raise the finances necessary, the refusal of his family to approve emancipation of the dower slaves, and his own aversion to separating enslaved families. By the time of Washington's death in 1799 there were 317 enslaved people at Mount Vernon. 124 were owned outright by Washington, 40 were rented, and the remainder were owned by the estate of Martha Washington’s first husband, Daniel Parke Custis, on behalf of their grandchildren. Washington’s will was widely published upon his death in 1799, and provided for the eventual emancipation of the enslaved population owned by him, one of the few slave-owning founders to do so. Because many of his slaves were married to the dower slaves, whom he could not legally free, the will said that, except for his valet William Lee who was freed immediately, the use of his enslaved workers was bequeathed to his widow Martha until her death. She felt unsafe being surrounded by slaves whose freedom depended on her death, and exercised her right to free them in 1801, but neither Martha nor George Washington had any legal power to decide the fate of the dower slaves, the use of whom was inherited by her grandchildren when she died in 1802. (en) Questa voce, non esauriente vuole analizzare il conflitto interiore che nacque nel padre fondatore degli Stati Uniti con l'istituzione della schiavitù. George Washington, purtroppo, poté garantire l'emancipazione dei suoi schiavi solo dopo la sua morte. (it) Отношение Джорджа Вашингтона к рабству менялось в течение его жизни. Первый президент и отец-основатель США был рабовладельцем, но воспринимал рабство всё более и более критически, размышлял о необходимости эмансипации рабов и освободил своих собственных рабов после своей смерти. Своих первых рабов он получил по наследству после смерти отца в 1743 году, когда Вашингтону было всего 10 лет. Сначала их было всего 10, но это количество росло; Вашингтон получал их по наследству, покупал, а также оно увеличивалось из-за естественного прироста. В 1759 году, после брака с Мартой Кастис, под его управление перешли рабы хозяйства Кастисов. В ранние годы жизни Вашингтон воспринимал рабство, как обычный вирджинский плантатор того времени и не задумывался над морально-этической стороной этого института. Он впервые задумался над экономической эффективностью рабства перед Войной за независимость, когда переключился с табака на зерновые культуры, более сложные в производстве. В 1774 году он уже открыто осудил работорговлю в Фэрфаксских резолюциях. После войны он был сторонником постепенного освобождения рабов, и высказывался об этом часто, хотя и не публично. На момент его смерти в 1799 году в его хозяйстве оставалось 317 рабов; 124 принадлежали лично ему, остальные находились в его управлении, не будучи его собственностью. Вашингтону был присущ культ труда, и он был требователен как к наёмным рабочим, так и к тем, кто работал на него подневольно. Он обеспечивал рабов едой, одеждой и жильём согласно нормам того времени, а также и медицинским уходом. В ответ он ожидал от них работы от восхода до заката 6 дней в неделю, как это было принято в то время. Примерно три четверти его рабов работали в полях, а остальные находились при усадьбе в роли домашних слуг и мастеровых. Рабы могли обеспечивать себе дополнительное пропитание охотой и выращиванием овощей, а также могли покупать себе продовольствие, одежду и предметы домашнего быта за деньги, вырученные с продажи дичи или произведённых товаров. Они вступали в браки и создавали семьи, хотя Вашингтон распределял рабочих по фермам в соответствии с нуждами бизнеса без учёта родственных связей, поэтому многие мужья жили отдельно от жён и детей всю рабочую неделю. Для управления невольниками Вашингтон использовал награды и наказания, но так и не смог добиться от них желаемой работоспособности. Многие рабы сопротивлялись установленной системе, воруя еду и одежду, симулируя болезни или сбегая с плантации. (ru) |
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| dbp:author | 0001-08-17 (xsd:gMonthDay) Associate Curator (en) George Washington's Mount Vernon (en) Jessie MacLeod (en) Thomas Jefferson, 1799 (en) Thomas Jefferson, 1814 (en) Statement attributed to George Washington that appears in the notebook of David Humphreys, c.1788/1789 (en) |
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| dbp:quote | The unfortunate condition of the persons, whose labour in part I employed, has been the only unavoidable subject of regret. To make the Adults among them as easy & as comfortable in their circumstances as their actual state of ignorance & improvidence would admit; & to lay a foundation to prepare the rising generation for a destiny different from that in which they were born; afforded some satisfaction to my mind, & could not I hoped be displeasing to the justice of the Creator. (en) Slavery was a system in which enslaved people lived in fear; fear of being sold, fear of being separated from their families or their children or their parents, fear of not being in control of their bodies or their lives, fear of never knowing freedom. No matter what their clothing was like, no matter what food they ate, no matter what their quarters looked like, enslaved people lived with that fear. And that was the psychological violence of slavery. That's how slave owners maintained control over enslaved people. (en) I think I knew General Washington intimately and thoroughly; and were I called on to delineate his character it should be in terms like these....He was, indeed, in every sense of the words, a wise, a good, and a great man....in nothing bad, in few points indifferent; and it may truly be said that never did nature and fortune combine more perfectly to make a man great and to place him in the same constellation with whatever worthies have merited from man an everlasting remembrance. (en) It is demonstrably clear that on this Estate I have more working Negroes by a full moiety, than can be employed to any advantage in the farming system; and I shall never turn to Planter thereon...To sell the surplus I cannot, because I am principled against this kind of traffic in the human species... (en) George Washington is a hard master, very severe, a hard husband, a hard father, a hard governor. From his childhood he always ruled and ruled severely. He was first brought up to govern slaves, he then governed an army, then a nation. He thinks hard of all, is despotic in every respect, he mistrusts every man, thinks every man a rogue and nothing but severity will do. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Questa voce, non esauriente vuole analizzare il conflitto interiore che nacque nel padre fondatore degli Stati Uniti con l'istituzione della schiavitù. George Washington, purtroppo, poté garantire l'emancipazione dei suoi schiavi solo dopo la sua morte. (it) جورج واشنطن، أحد الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة، وأول رئيس للولايات المتحدة عام (1789-1797).يكشف التاريخ عن موقف واشنطن المتغير تجاه الرق والذي كان غير مرتاحًا لمؤسسة العبودية مع أنه كان مالكًا لبعض العبيد الذين احتفظ بهم ولكنه كان يوصي على تحرير هؤلاء العبيد الذي يمتلكهم بعد وفاته. كانت العبودية متأصلة ذلك الوقت في النسيج الاجتماعي والاقتصادي في مستعمرة فرجينيا، وقد ورث واشنطن أول عشرة عبيد له في سن الحادية عشرة عند وفاة والده في عام 1743. وفي مرحلة البلوغ نما استعباده الشخصي بعد حصولة على الميراث وعن طريق الشراء إزداد عدد الرق الذين يملكهم. وفي عام 1759 قدم واشنطن عدد كبير من العبيد كمهر وخدم لزواجه من مارثا واشنطن. عكست مواقف واشنطن المبكرة من العبودية وجهات نظر عدة لمزارعين فرجينيا السائدة بالعبودية ذلك الوقت. ولم يكن في البداية أي مخاوف أخلاقية بشأن رأيه لمؤسسة الاستعباد. إلا أنه أص (ar) The history of George Washington and slavery reflects Washington's changing attitude toward enslavement. The preeminent Founding Father of the United States and a hereditary slaveowner, Washington became increasingly uneasy with it. Slavery was then a longstanding institution dating back over a century in Virginia where he lived; it was also longstanding in other American colonies and in world history. Washington’s will provided for the immediate emancipation of one of his slaves, and additionally required his remaining 123 slaves to serve his wife and be freed no later than her death, so they ultimately became free one year after his death. (en) Отношение Джорджа Вашингтона к рабству менялось в течение его жизни. Первый президент и отец-основатель США был рабовладельцем, но воспринимал рабство всё более и более критически, размышлял о необходимости эмансипации рабов и освободил своих собственных рабов после своей смерти. Своих первых рабов он получил по наследству после смерти отца в 1743 году, когда Вашингтону было всего 10 лет. Сначала их было всего 10, но это количество росло; Вашингтон получал их по наследству, покупал, а также оно увеличивалось из-за естественного прироста. В 1759 году, после брака с Мартой Кастис, под его управление перешли рабы хозяйства Кастисов. В ранние годы жизни Вашингтон воспринимал рабство, как обычный вирджинский плантатор того времени и не задумывался над морально-этической стороной этого институт (ru) |
| rdfs:label | جورج واشنطن والعبودية (ar) George Washington and slavery (en) George Washington e la schiavitù (it) Джордж Вашингтон и рабство (ru) |
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