Haitian Revolution (original) (raw)

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Haitská revoluce (1791–1804) byla vzpourou otroků ve francouzské kolonii Saint-Domingue, která vyústila k zrušení otroctví, založení republiky Haiti, druhého nezávislého národního státu na Americkém kontinentu. Temnou stránkou Haitské revoluce však bylo vyvraždění většiny bělošského obyvatelstva Haiti.

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dbo:abstract Haitská revoluce (1791–1804) byla vzpourou otroků ve francouzské kolonii Saint-Domingue, která vyústila k zrušení otroctví, založení republiky Haiti, druhého nezávislého národního státu na Americkém kontinentu. Temnou stránkou Haitské revoluce však bylo vyvraždění většiny bělošského obyvatelstva Haiti. (cs) الثورة الهايتية هي تمرد ناجح قاده العبيد الذين أعتقوا أنفسهم ضد الحكم الاستعماري الفرنسي في سان دومينغو، والتي تُشكل اليوم دولة هايتي المستقلة. بدأت الثورة في الثاني والعشرين من شهر أغسطس عام 1791، وانتهت عام 1804 باستقلال المستعمرة السابقة. شارك السود والخلاسيون (مولاتو) والفرنسيون والإسبان والبريطانيون في ثورة هايتي، وبرز العبد السابق توسان لوفرتور ليصبح واحدًا من الأبطال الذين سحروا الجماهير. ثورة هايتي هي تمرد العبيد الوحيد الذي أدى إلى تأسيس دولة خالية من العبودية ولا يحكمها البيض أو القادة السابقون. تُعتبر ثورة هايتي اليوم لحظة فارقة في تاريخ العالم الأطلسي. ظهر تأثير ثورة هايتي على مؤسسة العبودية عبر الأمريكيتين. فتبع انتهاء الحكم الفرنسي وإلغاء العبودية في المستعمرة المزيد من الانتصارات في مجال الدفاع عن تلك الحريات التي ثار سكان هايتي من أجلها، وبتعاون جميع الأحرار من مختلف أعراقهم، واستقلالهم عن الأوروبيين البيض. مثلت الثورة أكبر انتفاضة للعبيد منذ تمرد سبارتاكوس الفاشل ضد الجمهورية الرومانية قبل نحو 1900 سنة، وتحدت ثورة هايتي المعتقدات الأوروبية القديمة حول دونية السود وفشل الخاضعين للاستعمار بتحقيق حرياتهم والحفاظ عليها. ألهم تماسك تنظيم الثوار وفعاليته في تلك الأوقات الصعبة الكثيرَ من القصص التي صدمت وأرعبت مُلاك العبيد في نصف الكرة الأرضية. (ar) La Revolució haitiana (1791-1804) va ser una revolta d'esclaus a la colònia francesa de Saint Domingue que va culminar amb l'abolició de l'esclavitud i la independència del país que va esdevenir la República d'Haití. És l'única revolta d'esclaus que ha culminat amb la creació d'un estat independent i una de les més importants de la història, que va ocórrer a un moment clau de la història d'Europa i d'Amèrica. (ca) La haitia revolucio okazis inter 1791 kaj 1804 kaj estis la unua sukcesa ribelo de sklavoj en la okcidenta duonglobo. Ĝi rezultigis la ekeston de la libera nigrula respubliko Haitio. (eo) La revolución haitiana (1791-1804) fue el primer movimiento revolucionario de América Latina​ que culminó con la abolición de la esclavitud en la colonia francesa de Saint-Domingue y la proclamación del Primer Imperio de Haití. Saint-Domingue pasó de ser una colonia regida por un sistema de castas, la posesión colonial más rica de su tiempo,​ a ser el lugar donde se produjo la única rebelión de esclavos exitosa de la historia, además de ser una de las revoluciones más radicales.​ (es) Als Haitianische Revolution werden der Sklavenaufstand in der französischen Kolonie Saint-Domingue von 1791 und die nachfolgenden Ereignisse bezeichnet. Sie führte am 1. Januar 1804 zur Umwandlung der Kolonie in den Staat Haiti – den ersten unabhängigen Staat in Lateinamerika und den ersten, der durch ehemalige Sklaven geformt wurde. (de) Haitiko Iraultza (frantsesez: Révolution haïtienne) Frantziar kolonialismoaren eta esklabotzaren aurkako arrakastatsua izan zen. Saint-Dominguen frantziarrek zuten agintearen aurka altxatu ziren, Haitiren independentziara eramango zuena. 1791an hasi zen eta 1804an bukatu zen, koloniaren independentziarekin. Esklabotzaren aurkako altxamendu bakarra izan zen estatu berri baten sorrera ekarri zuena. Gainera, esklabotza bera ezeztatu eta zuriak ez zirenen agintea ekarriko zuen bakarra izan zen. Haitiko Iraultzaren ikertzaileen arabera arrazismoaren aurkako momentu historiko definitorioa izan zen. Esklabotzaren instituzioan eragina izan zuen Ameriketan. Frantziar agintearen bukaera eta esklabotzaren abolizioaren ondoren, euren eskubide berrien kudeaketa arrakastatsua izan zen, mulatoekin batera, Europako zurien aurrean independentzia mantenduz. Espartakok 1.900 urte lehenago Erromako Errepublikaren aurka osteko esklabo-matxinadarik handiena izan zen. Beltzen gutxiespenaren inguruan zeuden klitxeak aldatu zituen eta esklaboek euren askatasuna mantentzeko zuten gaitasun ezaren ideia bertan behera utzi zuen. Esklabo jabeek beldurra hartu zioten egoerari, esklabuek zuten antolatzeko gaitasuna ikusita. (eu) The Haitian Revolution (French: révolution haïtienne French pronunciation: ​[ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ a.i.sjɛn]; Haitian Creole: revolisyon ayisyen) was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and Polish participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerging as Haiti's most charismatic hero. The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery (though not from forced labour) and ruled by non-whites and former captives. It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World. The revolution's effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas. The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms the former slaves won and, with the collaboration of already free people of color, their independence from white Europeans. The revolution represented the largest slave uprising since Spartacus' unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier, and challenged long-held European beliefs about alleged black inferiority and about slaves' ability to achieve and maintain their own freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened slave owners in the hemisphere. (en) La révolution haïtienne constitue la première révolte d’esclaves réussie du monde moderne. Les historiens situent traditionnellement son départ lors de la cérémonie vaudoue du Bois-Caïman, en août 1791. Après treize années de conflit armé qui entrainent des dizaines de milliers de morts et l'émigration massive de quasiment toute la population blanche de la colonie, elle établit en 1804 Haïti en tant que premier peuple noir libre du Nouveau Monde, succédant à la colonie française de Saint-Domingue, mais sans que les conflits armés cessent ensuite. (fr) Revolusi Haiti (1791-1804) merupakan periode konflik koloni Prancis di Saint-Domingue, yang memuncak dalam penghapusan perbudakan di sana dan mendirikan republik Haiti. Meskipun ratusan pemberontakan terjadi di Dunia Baru selama berabad-abad perbudakan, hanya satu Haiti, yang dimulai pada 1791, berhasil dalam mencapai kemerdekaan tetap berdasarkan suatu bangsa baru. Revolusi Haiti dianggap sebagai momen menentukan dalam sejarah Afrika di Dunia Baru. Meskipun pemerintahan independen telah diciptakan di Haiti, masyarakat yang terus menjadi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pola yang didirikan di bawah pemerintahan kolonial Prancis. Prancis mendirikan sistem pemerintahan minoritas menguasai orang miskin buta huruf dengan menggunakan kekerasan dan ancaman. Karena perkebunan banyak yang disediakan untuk ras campuran anak-anak mereka oleh perempuan Afrika dengan memberikan mereka pendidikan dan (untuk pria) pelatihan dan hidangan utama ke dalam militer Prancis, keturunan Mulatto menjadi elit di Haiti setelah revolusi. Pada saat perang, banyak yang menggunakan modal sosial mereka untuk memperoleh kekayaan, dan beberapa lahan yang sudah dimiliki. Beberapa orang diidentifikasi lebih dengan penjajah Prancis dibandingkan dengan budak, dan terkait dalam kalangan mereka sendiri. Dominasi politik dan ekonomi setelah revolusi menciptakan lagi masyarakat dua kasta, seperti orang Haiti yang sebagian besar petani subsisten di pedesaan. Selain itu, masa depan negara yang baru lahir itu praktis "digadaikan" ke bank-bank Prancis pada tahun 1820-an, karena terpaksa membuat ganti rugi besar untuk `pemilik budak` Prancis dalam rangka menerima pengakuan Prancis dan mengakhiri isolasi politik dan ekonomi bangsa. Pembayaran ini mungkin memiliki dampak ekonomi dan kesejahteraan secara permanen bagi Haiti. (in) La rivoluzione haitiana (in francese: Révolution haïtienne) fu una rivolta scoppiata per l'abolizione della schiavitù e contro il colonialismo da parte di un gruppo di schiavi liberati contro il governo coloniale francese a Saint-Domingue, attuale Haiti. Essa incominciò il 22 agosto 1791 alle 22:00, e si concluse nel 1804 con l'indipendenza della colonia. Era all'epoca l'unico stato che si era costituito in nazione indipendente grazie a una rivolta di schiavi e che fosse governato da non bianchi ma da ex prigionieri. Essa fu uno dei momenti chiave nella storia del razzismo del Mondo Atlantico e, stando ad alcuni storici, "ha sovvertito il linguaggio stesso dell'Illuminismo fornendo a quest'ultimo un significato che esso non aveva prima di allora". I suoi effetti, e in particolare le norme contrarie alla schiavitù, ebbero un notevole influsso sulla politica schiavista nelle Americhe. La fine del governo francese e l'abolizione della schiavitù nell'ex colonia venne celebrata anche per la collaborazione con i mulatti contro gli europei. Rappresentò la più grande insurrezione di schiavi dall'epoca di Spartaco contro la Repubblica romana circa 1900 anni prima. Essa contribuì fortemente a cambiare il credo comune sul ruolo di inferiorità delle persone di colore e sulla capacità degli schiavi di ottenere e mantenere la loro libertà. La capacità organizzativa dei ribelli e la loro tenacia scioccò e spaventò molti schiavisti. (it) 아이티 혁명(프랑스어: Haitian Revolution, 1791년 ~ 1804년)는 프랑스 식민지 생도맹그에서 일어나 그 결과로 노예제가 폐지되고 아프리카 출신의 사람들이 지배하는 최초의 공화국인 아이티를 세운 혁명을 말한다. 노예제가 시행되었던 시절 동안 신세계에서 수백개의 반란이 일어났지만, 1791년에 일어났던 생도맹그의 반란만이 새 나라로의 영원한 독립을 성공적으로 이뤄냈다. 아이티 혁명은 신세계 아프리카인의 역사에서 중대한 전환점으로 손꼽힌다. 하지만 독립 정부가 아이티에 세워진 뒤에도, 아이티 사회에서는 프랑스 식민 지배 아래서 나타났던 현상이 그대로 지속됐다. 혁명 이전, 소수의 프랑스인들은 글을 읽을 줄 모르는 다수의 가난한 사람을 폭력과 협박을 통해 다스렸다. 당시 지배층 남성과 아프리카계 여성 사이의 혼혈아이들이 태어났고, 이런 혼혈 아이들은 다른 아이들과 달리 (남자아이들은) 교육과 훈련을 받아 군대에 들어갔기 때문에 물라토의 후손들은 혁명 이후에 아이티의 엘리트 계급이 되었다. 혁명이 일어날 때 즈음, 많은 혼혈인들은 이미 부를 쌓을만한 사회적 자본을 가지고 있었고, 일부는 이미 토지를 가지고 있기도 했다. 일부 혼혈인들은 자기 자신을 프랑스의 노예라기 보다는 지배층이라고 생각해 프랑스 출신의 식민지 지도층과만 교제를 하는 경우도 있었다. 혁명 뒤에도 이런 자들이 정치와 경제를 쥐고 있었기 때문에, 농부였던 다른 대부분의 아이티 사람들과 두 개의 사회적 계급을 만들었다. 또 1820년대에는 프랑스 은행들이 아이티를 새로운 국가로 인정하고 아이티에 대한 정치적, 경제적 봉쇄를 풀기 위해 아이티가 노예주들에게 배상하기를 요구했기 때문에 국가의 미래는 배상을 하는데 돈을 빌려주었던 프랑스 은행들에 저당잡힌 것과 마찬가지였다. 거액의 노예주에 대한 배상은 아이티의 경제에 지속적으로 영향을 미쳤다. (ko) De Haïtiaanse Revolutie (1791—1804) was een slavenopstand in de toenmalige Franse kolonie Saint-Domingue en leidde tot de vrije zwarte republiek Haïti. De katalysator voor deze opstand was de Franse Revolutie. De opstand slaagde doordat er een overmacht van vijftien keer zoveel slaven als kolonisten was. Daarnaast kwamen de Fransen ook in een oorlog met Groot-Brittannië en Spanje terecht. De revolutie bestond uit twee oorlogen. (nl) ハイチ革命（ハイチかくめい、仏:Révolution haïtienne, 1791年 - 1804年）は、西半球で起こったアフリカ人奴隷の反乱の中でも最も成功した革命。これにより、自由黒人の共和国としてハイチが建国された。革命が起こった時、ハイチはサン＝ドマングと呼ばれるフランスの植民地であった。 この革命によって、アフリカ人とアフリカ人を先祖に持つ人々がフランスの植民地統治から解放されただけでなく、奴隷状態からも解放された。奴隷が世界中で使われていた時代に多くの奴隷の反乱が起こったが、サン＝ドマングの反乱だけが成功し、全土を恒久的に解放できた。 (ja) A Revolução Haitiana (francês: révolution haïtienne; crioulo haitiano: revolisyon ayisyen) foi uma insurreição bem-sucedida de escravos auto-libertados contra o domínio colonial francês em Saint-Domingue, agora o estado soberano do Haiti. A revolta começou em 22 de agosto de 1791, e terminou em 1804 com a independência da ex-colônia. Envolveu participantes negros, mestiços, franceses, espanhóis, britânicos e poloneses - com o ex-escravo Toussaint Louverture emergindo como o herói mais carismático do Haiti. Louverture teve um papel de grande importância na Revolução Haitiana, uma vez que foi o responsável por liderar e por mobilizar a grande revolta negra em prol da necessidade de instaurar a liberdade e a igualdade em Saint-Domingue. A revolução foi a única revolta de escravos que levou à fundação de um estado que estava livre da escravidão (embora não do trabalho forçado) e governado por não-brancos e ex-cativos. É agora é visto como um momento decisivo na história do Novo Mundo. Os efeitos da revolução sobre a instituição da escravidão foram sentidos em todas as Américas. O fim do domínio francês e a abolição da escravidão na ex-colônia foram seguidos por uma defesa bem-sucedida das liberdades conquistadas pelos ex-escravos e, com a colaboração de pessoas de cor já livres, sua independência dos europeus brancos. A revolução representou a maior revolta de escravos desde a revolta mal sucedida de Espártaco contra a República Romana quase 1 900 anos antes, e desafiou crenças europeias de longa data sobre a suposta inferioridade negra e sobre a capacidade dos escravos de alcançar e manter sua própria liberdade. A capacidade organizacional e a tenacidade dos rebeldes sob pressão inspiraram histórias que chocaram e assustaram os proprietários de escravos no hemisfério. Desde a chegada dos primeiros escravizados ao ano da Revolução Haitiana, aqueles que acompanhavam, no Ocidente, as revoltas feitas pelos escravizados tratavam essas rebeliões de modo ambíguo: ao mesmo tempo que esses observadores não admitiam essas revoltas - caso contrário, seria conferida "humanidade" aos escravizados, conforme ontologia vigente -, eles também precisavam tomar ações diante dessas rebeliões, a fim de contê-las. Assim, na medida em que a existência dessas revoltas não era confessada, atitudes para suprimi-las também eram engendradas. Desse modo, aqueles que viviam no cotidiano a realidade das experiências escravistas, como os fazendeiros, deixaram diversos registros nos quais eles expõem suas opiniões ambíguas a respeito das revoltas escravas. Todavia esses escravocratas também se utilizavam de crenças fortemente enraizadas sobre as pessoas pretas escravizadas com o objetivo de diminuir e de não admitir a força da agência desses indivíduos. Os acontecimentos revolucionários em Saint-Domingue geraram impactos gigantescos na Europa, mas em especial, na França. A própria França dispunha de uma forte dependência em relação à ilha de Saint-Domingue, uma vez que a ilha lhe proporcionava um vantajoso retorno econômico por meio da intensa produção de açúcar, de café e do tráfico de escravizados negros. Apesar de todas essas relações e conexões entre França e Saint-Domingue, grande parte da historiografia tradicional trata a Revolução Haitiana como um movimento completamente avulso e desagregado do contexto da Revolução Francesa. Com a vitória de Saint-Domingue, a França perdeu uma de suas colônias mais importantes e lucrativas, bem como, durante as batalhas travadas, contou com a perda de muitos soldados franceses. Assim, a Revolução Haitiana foi um acontecimento de grande importância no cenário da Revolução Francesa: ambos os acontecimentos estiveram, de certa forma, intrincados. (pt) Гаитянская революция — единственное в истории успешное восстание рабов, произошедшее во французской колонии Сан-Доминго в 1791—1803 годах, в результате которого колония (сменившая название на Гаити) получила независимость. Великобритания и Испания пытались отнять у Франции её колонию, но их войска потерпели поражение. Прибывшим на остров войскам Наполеона также не удалось подавить восстание. Гаити стало первым независимым государством в Латинской Америке. Революция началась 22 августа 1791 года и закончилась в 1804 году независимостью бывшей колонии. В ней участвовали негры, мулаты, французы, испанцы и британцы, а бывший раб Туссен-Лувертюр стал самым харизматичным героем Гаити. Это было единственное восстание рабов, которое привело к созданию государства, которое было свободно от рабства и управлялось бывшими рабами. В настоящее время это событие широко рассматривается как определяющий момент в истории Атлантического мира. Влияние гаитянской революции на институт рабства ощущалось по всей Америке. После окончания французского правления и отмены рабства в бывшей колонии последовала успешная защита завоеванных ими свобод и их независимость от белых европейцев. Революция представляет собой самое крупное восстание рабов со времен неудачного восстания Спартака против Римской республики за 1900 лет до этого. Оно поставило под сомнение давние европейские убеждения о предполагаемой неполноценности чернокожих и о способности порабощённых людей достигать и поддерживать свою собственную свободу. Организационный потенциал и упорство повстанцев напугали рабовладельцев в Западном полушарии. (ru) Rewolucja haitańska – walki czarnoskórej i mulackiej części mieszkańców Saint-Domingue z siłami francuskimi w latach 1790-1804. Do ogólnych przyczyn wybuchu walk wyzwoleńczych zalicza się przede wszystkim głębokie zróżnicowanie statusu społecznego i materialnego mieszkańców wyspy, szczególnie ciężkie położenie niewolników. Bezpośrednią przyczyną wybuchu walk w końcu maja 1790 był napływ wieści z ogarniętego rewolucją Królestwa Francji o uchwaleniu przez Konstytuantę równości praw mieszkańców kolonii. W wyniku walk doszło do zerwania z metropolią i utworzenia nowego państwa noszącego dziś nazwę Haiti. (pl) Гаїтянська революція (фр. Révolution haïtienne) охоплює події 1791—1804 років у тодішній французькій колонії Сен-Доменґ (фр. Saint-Domingue), які призвели до незалежності Гаїті. Вважається, що це перше вдале повстання рабів у сучасній історії. (uk) Den haitiska revolutionen var en framgångsrik revolution i vilken slavar på den franska kolonin Saint-Domingue frigjorde sig själva och gjorde uppror mot och avsatte det koloniala styret, avskaffade slaveri, och etablerade den självständiga staten Haiti. Den haitiska revolutionen betecknas ta sin början i och med ett organiserat slavuppror i augusti 1791, och få sitt slut i och med den haitiska självständighetsförklaringen 1804. Genom revolutionen frigjorde sig afrikaner och personer av afrikansk härstamning från fransk kolonisation och slaveri. Även om hundratals slavuppror ägde rum under slavtiden så var det bara revolutionen på Saint-Domingue 1791 som var tillräckligt framgångsrik för att helt och hållet frigöra en hel ö. Haiti är den moderna historiens första svarta republik. Den gick från att vara en fransk koloni till en självstyrande stat genom en process som har haft bestående konsekvenser. Systemet som slavägarna etablerade visade på effektiviteten som våldet kunde föra med sig. Detta våldsbaserade system överlevde revolutionen och fortsatte under den nyfödda svarta republiken, då en ljushyad elit tog den politiska och ekonomiska makten. Historiker har traditionellt identifierat en specifik vodooceremoni, utförd i augusti 1791 av prästen , som revolutionens utlösning. I verkligheten var bakgrunden till revolten mer komplex. (sv) 海地革命是指海地推翻殖民統治，成為獨立國家的革命。它是西半球第一個成功的奴隸反叛，並且將海地建立成了第一個自由、並且是以黑人為多數社會的共和國。當時，海地是法國的殖民地。 這場革命從1791年開始，在图森·路维杜尔的领导下反抗法国；1794-1798年间，击败先后入侵的西班牙、法国军队；1801年起义波及东部的圣多明各，全岛宣布自治；1802年拿破崙派遣其妹夫勒克萊爾率庞大的舰队和陆军3万人入侵，试图复辟殖民統治，诱捕了图森·路维杜尔；后海地人民在德萨林的领导下，继续战斗；而後法軍取得皮洛士式胜利，撤出海地。 歷經十餘年的掙扎，海地人終於在1804年1月發表了《海地獨立宣言》，正式地脫離法國統治，成為一個獨立的國家。 (zh)
dbo:causalties 200,000 dead British: 45,000 dead Haitians:
dbo:combatant French Republic 1791–1793 Kingdom of France(until 1792) Spain( (from 1793) ) St. Dominican Rebels St. Dominican Royalists
dbo:commander dbr:Vincent_Ogé dbr:John_Loring_(died_1808) dbr:Georges_Biassou dbr:Thomas_Maitland_(British_Army_officer) dbr:André_Rigaud dbr:Louis_Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse dbr:Léger-Félicité_Sonthonax dbr:Sir_John_Duckworth,_1st_Baronet dbr:François_Capois dbr:Toussaint_Louverture dbr:Alexandre_Pétion dbr:Dutty_Boukman dbr:Henri_Christophe dbr:Jean-Jacques_Dessalines dbr:Federico_Carlos_Gravina_y_Nápoli dbr:Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772) dbr:Donatien-Marie-Joseph_de_Vimeur,_vicomte_de_Rochambeau dbr:Philibert_François_Rouxel_de_Blanchelande dbr:Napoleon_Bonaparte dbr:Joaquín_García_y_Moreno dbr:Paul-Louis_Dubuc
dbo:date 1791-08-21 (xsd:date)
dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict dbr:French_Revolutionary_Wars dbr:Atlantic_Revolutions dbr:Napoleonic_Wars
dbo:place dbr:Saint-Domingue
dbo:result Haitian victory * French colonial government expelled *Massacre of the French
dbo:strength 31,000 86 warships and frigates Regular army: 55,000 Regular army: 60,000 Volunteers: 100,000+
dbo:territory dbr:First_Empire_of_Haiti
dbo:thumbnail wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Revolucion_Haitiana.png?width=300
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dbp:author The French historian Paul Fregosi (en)
dbp:bot InternetArchiveBot (en)
dbp:caption (en)
dbp:casualties 200000 (xsd:integer) (en) British: 45,000 dead (en) France: 75,000 dead (en) Haitians: (en) White colonists: 25,000 (en)
dbp:combatant 1791 (xsd:integer) Kingdom of France (en) (en) French Republic (en) Spain( ) (en) St. Dominican Rebels (en) St. Dominican Royalists (en)
dbp:combatant1a 1793 (xsd:integer) (en) French Republic (en) St. Dominican Rebels (en)
dbp:combatant1b 1798 (xsd:integer) (en) Louverture Loyalists (en)
dbp:combatant1c 1802 (xsd:integer) United Kingdom (en) (en) Armée Indigène (en) Polish Rebels (en)
dbp:combatant2a 1793 (xsd:integer) (en) Spain( ) (en) St. Dominican Royalists (en)
dbp:combatant2b 1798 (xsd:integer) Spain (en) (en) Rigaud Loyalists (en)
dbp:combatant2c 1802 (xsd:integer) France (en) Spain (en) (en) Polish Legions (en)
dbp:commander 1791 (xsd:integer) 1793 (xsd:integer) 1798 (xsd:integer) 1802 (xsd:integer) (en) Napoleon Bonaparte (en) Henri Christophe (en) Charles Leclerc (en) André Rigaud (en) Toussaint Louverture (en) Alexandre Pétion (en) John Duckworth (en) Federico Gravina (en) Villaret de Joyeuse (en) John Loring (en) Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (en) Jean-Jacques Dessalines (en) Vicomte de Rochambeau (en) Dutty Boukman (en) François Capois (en) Georges Biassou (en) Joaquín Moreno (en) Paul-Louis Dubuc (en) Thomas Maitland (en) Vincent Ogé (en) Viscount de Blanchelande (en)
dbp:conflict Haitian Revolution (en)
dbp:date 0001-08-21 (xsd:gMonthDay) 2011-07-30 (xsd:date) 2020-11-14 (xsd:date) (en) July 2018 (en)
dbp:expiry indefinite (en)
dbp:fixAttempted yes (en)
dbp:imageSize 300 (xsd:integer)
dbp:partof the Atlantic Revolutions, French Revolutionary Wars, and Napoleonic Wars. (en)
dbp:place dbr:Saint-Domingue
dbp:result Haitian victory * French colonial government expelled * Massacre of the French (en)
dbp:small yes (en)
dbp:strength 86 (xsd:integer) 31000 (xsd:integer) (en) Regular army: 55,000 (en) Regular army: 60,000 (en) Volunteers: 100,000+ (en)
dbp:territory Independent Empire of Haiti established (en)
dbp:text "Whites, mulattos and blacks loathed each other. The poor whites couldn't stand the rich whites, the rich whites despised the poor whites, the middle-class whites were jealous of the aristocratic whites, the whites born in France looked down upon the locally born whites, mulattoes envied the whites, despised the blacks and were despised by the whites; free Negroes brutalized those who were still slaves, Haitian born blacks regarded those from Africa as savages. Everyone—quite rightly—lived in terror of everyone else. ...Haiti was hell, but Haiti was rich". (en)
dbp:url https://web.archive.org/web/20110730105531/https:/www.pbs.org/egaliteforall/ https://web.archive.org/web/20201114000543/https:/library.brown.edu/haitihistory/7.html
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rdfs:comment Haitská revoluce (1791–1804) byla vzpourou otroků ve francouzské kolonii Saint-Domingue, která vyústila k zrušení otroctví, založení republiky Haiti, druhého nezávislého národního státu na Americkém kontinentu. Temnou stránkou Haitské revoluce však bylo vyvraždění většiny bělošského obyvatelstva Haiti. (cs) La Revolució haitiana (1791-1804) va ser una revolta d'esclaus a la colònia francesa de Saint Domingue que va culminar amb l'abolició de l'esclavitud i la independència del país que va esdevenir la República d'Haití. És l'única revolta d'esclaus que ha culminat amb la creació d'un estat independent i una de les més importants de la història, que va ocórrer a un moment clau de la història d'Europa i d'Amèrica. (ca) La haitia revolucio okazis inter 1791 kaj 1804 kaj estis la unua sukcesa ribelo de sklavoj en la okcidenta duonglobo. Ĝi rezultigis la ekeston de la libera nigrula respubliko Haitio. (eo) La revolución haitiana (1791-1804) fue el primer movimiento revolucionario de América Latina​ que culminó con la abolición de la esclavitud en la colonia francesa de Saint-Domingue y la proclamación del Primer Imperio de Haití. Saint-Domingue pasó de ser una colonia regida por un sistema de castas, la posesión colonial más rica de su tiempo,​ a ser el lugar donde se produjo la única rebelión de esclavos exitosa de la historia, además de ser una de las revoluciones más radicales.​ (es) Als Haitianische Revolution werden der Sklavenaufstand in der französischen Kolonie Saint-Domingue von 1791 und die nachfolgenden Ereignisse bezeichnet. Sie führte am 1. Januar 1804 zur Umwandlung der Kolonie in den Staat Haiti – den ersten unabhängigen Staat in Lateinamerika und den ersten, der durch ehemalige Sklaven geformt wurde. (de) La révolution haïtienne constitue la première révolte d’esclaves réussie du monde moderne. Les historiens situent traditionnellement son départ lors de la cérémonie vaudoue du Bois-Caïman, en août 1791. Après treize années de conflit armé qui entrainent des dizaines de milliers de morts et l'émigration massive de quasiment toute la population blanche de la colonie, elle établit en 1804 Haïti en tant que premier peuple noir libre du Nouveau Monde, succédant à la colonie française de Saint-Domingue, mais sans que les conflits armés cessent ensuite. (fr) De Haïtiaanse Revolutie (1791—1804) was een slavenopstand in de toenmalige Franse kolonie Saint-Domingue en leidde tot de vrije zwarte republiek Haïti. De katalysator voor deze opstand was de Franse Revolutie. De opstand slaagde doordat er een overmacht van vijftien keer zoveel slaven als kolonisten was. Daarnaast kwamen de Fransen ook in een oorlog met Groot-Brittannië en Spanje terecht. De revolutie bestond uit twee oorlogen. (nl) ハイチ革命（ハイチかくめい、仏:Révolution haïtienne, 1791年 - 1804年）は、西半球で起こったアフリカ人奴隷の反乱の中でも最も成功した革命。これにより、自由黒人の共和国としてハイチが建国された。革命が起こった時、ハイチはサン＝ドマングと呼ばれるフランスの植民地であった。 この革命によって、アフリカ人とアフリカ人を先祖に持つ人々がフランスの植民地統治から解放されただけでなく、奴隷状態からも解放された。奴隷が世界中で使われていた時代に多くの奴隷の反乱が起こったが、サン＝ドマングの反乱だけが成功し、全土を恒久的に解放できた。 (ja) Rewolucja haitańska – walki czarnoskórej i mulackiej części mieszkańców Saint-Domingue z siłami francuskimi w latach 1790-1804. Do ogólnych przyczyn wybuchu walk wyzwoleńczych zalicza się przede wszystkim głębokie zróżnicowanie statusu społecznego i materialnego mieszkańców wyspy, szczególnie ciężkie położenie niewolników. Bezpośrednią przyczyną wybuchu walk w końcu maja 1790 był napływ wieści z ogarniętego rewolucją Królestwa Francji o uchwaleniu przez Konstytuantę równości praw mieszkańców kolonii. W wyniku walk doszło do zerwania z metropolią i utworzenia nowego państwa noszącego dziś nazwę Haiti. (pl) Гаїтянська революція (фр. Révolution haïtienne) охоплює події 1791—1804 років у тодішній французькій колонії Сен-Доменґ (фр. Saint-Domingue), які призвели до незалежності Гаїті. Вважається, що це перше вдале повстання рабів у сучасній історії. (uk) 海地革命是指海地推翻殖民統治，成為獨立國家的革命。它是西半球第一個成功的奴隸反叛，並且將海地建立成了第一個自由、並且是以黑人為多數社會的共和國。當時，海地是法國的殖民地。 這場革命從1791年開始，在图森·路维杜尔的领导下反抗法国；1794-1798年间，击败先后入侵的西班牙、法国军队；1801年起义波及东部的圣多明各，全岛宣布自治；1802年拿破崙派遣其妹夫勒克萊爾率庞大的舰队和陆军3万人入侵，试图复辟殖民統治，诱捕了图森·路维杜尔；后海地人民在德萨林的领导下，继续战斗；而後法軍取得皮洛士式胜利，撤出海地。 歷經十餘年的掙扎，海地人終於在1804年1月發表了《海地獨立宣言》，正式地脫離法國統治，成為一個獨立的國家。 (zh) الثورة الهايتية هي تمرد ناجح قاده العبيد الذين أعتقوا أنفسهم ضد الحكم الاستعماري الفرنسي في سان دومينغو، والتي تُشكل اليوم دولة هايتي المستقلة. بدأت الثورة في الثاني والعشرين من شهر أغسطس عام 1791، وانتهت عام 1804 باستقلال المستعمرة السابقة. شارك السود والخلاسيون (مولاتو) والفرنسيون والإسبان والبريطانيون في ثورة هايتي، وبرز العبد السابق توسان لوفرتور ليصبح واحدًا من الأبطال الذين سحروا الجماهير. ثورة هايتي هي تمرد العبيد الوحيد الذي أدى إلى تأسيس دولة خالية من العبودية ولا يحكمها البيض أو القادة السابقون. تُعتبر ثورة هايتي اليوم لحظة فارقة في تاريخ العالم الأطلسي. (ar) The Haitian Revolution (French: révolution haïtienne French pronunciation: ​[ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ a.i.sjɛn]; Haitian Creole: revolisyon ayisyen) was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and Polish participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerging as Haiti's most charismatic hero. The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery (though not from forced labour) and ruled by non-whites and former captives. It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World. (en) Haitiko Iraultza (frantsesez: Révolution haïtienne) Frantziar kolonialismoaren eta esklabotzaren aurkako arrakastatsua izan zen. Saint-Dominguen frantziarrek zuten agintearen aurka altxatu ziren, Haitiren independentziara eramango zuena. 1791an hasi zen eta 1804an bukatu zen, koloniaren independentziarekin. Esklabotzaren aurkako altxamendu bakarra izan zen estatu berri baten sorrera ekarri zuena. Gainera, esklabotza bera ezeztatu eta zuriak ez zirenen agintea ekarriko zuen bakarra izan zen. Haitiko Iraultzaren ikertzaileen arabera arrazismoaren aurkako momentu historiko definitorioa izan zen. (eu) Revolusi Haiti (1791-1804) merupakan periode konflik koloni Prancis di Saint-Domingue, yang memuncak dalam penghapusan perbudakan di sana dan mendirikan republik Haiti. Meskipun ratusan pemberontakan terjadi di Dunia Baru selama berabad-abad perbudakan, hanya satu Haiti, yang dimulai pada 1791, berhasil dalam mencapai kemerdekaan tetap berdasarkan suatu bangsa baru. Revolusi Haiti dianggap sebagai momen menentukan dalam sejarah Afrika di Dunia Baru. (in) La rivoluzione haitiana (in francese: Révolution haïtienne) fu una rivolta scoppiata per l'abolizione della schiavitù e contro il colonialismo da parte di un gruppo di schiavi liberati contro il governo coloniale francese a Saint-Domingue, attuale Haiti. Essa incominciò il 22 agosto 1791 alle 22:00, e si concluse nel 1804 con l'indipendenza della colonia. Era all'epoca l'unico stato che si era costituito in nazione indipendente grazie a una rivolta di schiavi e che fosse governato da non bianchi ma da ex prigionieri. Essa fu uno dei momenti chiave nella storia del razzismo del Mondo Atlantico e, stando ad alcuni storici, "ha sovvertito il linguaggio stesso dell'Illuminismo fornendo a quest'ultimo un significato che esso non aveva prima di allora". (it) 아이티 혁명(프랑스어: Haitian Revolution, 1791년 ~ 1804년)는 프랑스 식민지 생도맹그에서 일어나 그 결과로 노예제가 폐지되고 아프리카 출신의 사람들이 지배하는 최초의 공화국인 아이티를 세운 혁명을 말한다. 노예제가 시행되었던 시절 동안 신세계에서 수백개의 반란이 일어났지만, 1791년에 일어났던 생도맹그의 반란만이 새 나라로의 영원한 독립을 성공적으로 이뤄냈다. 아이티 혁명은 신세계 아프리카인의 역사에서 중대한 전환점으로 손꼽힌다. (ko) A Revolução Haitiana (francês: révolution haïtienne; crioulo haitiano: revolisyon ayisyen) foi uma insurreição bem-sucedida de escravos auto-libertados contra o domínio colonial francês em Saint-Domingue, agora o estado soberano do Haiti. A revolta começou em 22 de agosto de 1791, e terminou em 1804 com a independência da ex-colônia. Envolveu participantes negros, mestiços, franceses, espanhóis, britânicos e poloneses - com o ex-escravo Toussaint Louverture emergindo como o herói mais carismático do Haiti. Louverture teve um papel de grande importância na Revolução Haitiana, uma vez que foi o responsável por liderar e por mobilizar a grande revolta negra em prol da necessidade de instaurar a liberdade e a igualdade em Saint-Domingue. A revolução foi a única revolta de escravos que levou à (pt) Den haitiska revolutionen var en framgångsrik revolution i vilken slavar på den franska kolonin Saint-Domingue frigjorde sig själva och gjorde uppror mot och avsatte det koloniala styret, avskaffade slaveri, och etablerade den självständiga staten Haiti. Den haitiska revolutionen betecknas ta sin början i och med ett organiserat slavuppror i augusti 1791, och få sitt slut i och med den haitiska självständighetsförklaringen 1804. (sv) Гаитянская революция — единственное в истории успешное восстание рабов, произошедшее во французской колонии Сан-Доминго в 1791—1803 годах, в результате которого колония (сменившая название на Гаити) получила независимость. Великобритания и Испания пытались отнять у Франции её колонию, но их войска потерпели поражение. Прибывшим на остров войскам Наполеона также не удалось подавить восстание. Гаити стало первым независимым государством в Латинской Америке. (ru)
rdfs:label Haitian Revolution (en) الثورة الهايتية (ar) Revolució haitiana (ca) Haitská revoluce (cs) Haitianische Revolution (de) Haitia revolucio (eo) Revolución haitiana (es) Haitiko Iraultza (eu) Revolusi Haiti (in) Révolution haïtienne (fr) Rivoluzione haitiana (it) 아이티 혁명 (ko) ハイチ革命 (ja) Rewolucja haitańska (pl) Haïtiaanse Revolutie (nl) Revolução Haitiana (pt) Гаитянская революция (ru) Haitiska revolutionen (sv) Гаїтянська революція (uk) 海地革命 (zh)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Haitian_Declaration_of_Independence dbr:Haitianism dbr:Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)
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