History of paper (original) (raw)
المخطوطات الورقية عبر العصور : كل الناس يعلمون ما يؤديه الورق من خدمات في ميادين: الكتابة والطباعة وحتى . لكن قد لا يعرف إلا القليل منهم حكاية ماضيه وتطوراته.إن فكرة استخدام مادة صالحة للرسم والكتابة لقديمة العهد، وقد نقش الإنسان البدائي أشكالاً ورموزاً على الخشب أو على الحجر على جوانب الكهوف والمغارات القديمة. ثم بدأ يكتب على ، وعلى اللحاء، ثم على العظام وعلى صفحات من خزف مطلي ، ثم على صفائح من رصاص أو من معادن أخرى، حتى فكر المصريون القدامى في استخدام لحاء نبات البردي (Papyrus) وهي كلمة اشتقت منها كلمة (Paper) وانتشر استعمال البردي في مصر القديمة ثم في اليونان وإيطاليا، وبقي ورق البردي طوال قرون عديدة الوسيلة الوحيدة للكتابة في مصر وإيطاليا واليونان ومستعمراتها.
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| dbo:abstract | المخطوطات الورقية عبر العصور : كل الناس يعلمون ما يؤديه الورق من خدمات في ميادين: الكتابة والطباعة وحتى . لكن قد لا يعرف إلا القليل منهم حكاية ماضيه وتطوراته.إن فكرة استخدام مادة صالحة للرسم والكتابة لقديمة العهد، وقد نقش الإنسان البدائي أشكالاً ورموزاً على الخشب أو على الحجر على جوانب الكهوف والمغارات القديمة. ثم بدأ يكتب على ، وعلى اللحاء، ثم على العظام وعلى صفحات من خزف مطلي ، ثم على صفائح من رصاص أو من معادن أخرى، حتى فكر المصريون القدامى في استخدام لحاء نبات البردي (Papyrus) وهي كلمة اشتقت منها كلمة (Paper) وانتشر استعمال البردي في مصر القديمة ثم في اليونان وإيطاليا، وبقي ورق البردي طوال قرون عديدة الوسيلة الوحيدة للكتابة في مصر وإيطاليا واليونان ومستعمراتها. (ar) Paper is a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. The first paper-like plant-based writing sheet was papyrus in Egypt (4th Century BC), but the first true paper, the first true papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25–220 AD), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. This plant-puree conglomerate produced by pulp mills and paper mills was used for writing, drawing, and money. During the 8th century, Chinese paper making spread to the Islamic world, replacing papyrus. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-based parchment and wood panels. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills using waterwheels in Spain. Later improvements to the papermaking process came in 19th century Europe with the invention of wood-based papers. Although there were precursors such as papyrus in the Mediterranean world and amate in the pre-Columbian Americas, these are not considered true paper. Nor is true parchment considered paper: used principally for writing, parchment is heavily prepared animal skin that predates paper and possibly papyrus. In the 20th century with the advent of plastic manufacture, some plastic "paper" was introduced, as well as paper-plastic laminates, paper-metal laminates, and papers infused or coated with different substances to produce special properties. (en) L'histoire du papier proprement dit, composé par des fibres de cellulose agglomérées, commence en Chine il y a 2 000 ans. Le papier se transmet par l'Asie centrale et l'empire arabo-musulman jusqu'en Europe, ses producteurs l'adaptant aux instruments d'écriture de chaque région. L'imprimerie stimule sa consommation. Au XIXe siècle, l'industrialisation provoque un changement radical de matière première, passant du chiffon au bois. On s'aperçoit cent ans plus tard que ce papier résiste beaucoup moins bien dans le temps, amenant de nouvelles précautions pour produire un papier non acide. (fr) 다음은 종이의 역사에 관한 설명이다. 문자를 글로 남겨 두기 위해 고대 이집트에서 양피지가, 아시아에서는 얇은 죽편이 사용되었다. 또 고대 이집트(B.C.3000년경)에서 파피루스라고 하는 풀의 섬유로 종이와 비슷한 것을 만들었는데, 이것이 오늘날 영어의 'paper'의 어원이 되었다. 현재 사용되고 있는 종이(식물에서 셀룰로오스를 뽑아 내 이것을 체 같은 것으로 걸러서 만든 것)를 처음으로 만든 사람은 중국의 채륜(105년)인데, 그는 삼·아마 등에서 섬유를 분리하여 이것을 얇은 막상으로 걸러서 떠내어 종이를 만들었다. 이 방법은 후에 710년경 중국인 포로에 의해 사마르칸드에 전파되었으며, 12세기에 이르러 무어인이 에스파냐에 도입하여 점차로 유럽에 퍼지게 된 것이다. 그 후 7세기 동안 유럽에서는 식물섬유·넝마를 원료로 하는 수공적인 제지가 행해졌고, 19세기에 이르러서야 기계화가 시작되어 1798년에 로베르가 연속식 초조기를 고안하고, 1808년에 푸르드리니어 형제가 개량·제작에 성공하였으며, 또한 이와 거의 동시에 디킨슨이 환망식 초지기를 발명하였다. 인쇄술의 발달은 제지기술의 발달을 초래하였으며, 이에 따른 원료의 대량생산이 요구됨으로써 1840년에 켈러의 쇄목펄프 발명을 시작으로 1854년에 소다 펄프가, 1866년에 아황산 펄프가, 1884년에 크래프트 펄프가 발명되었다. 한국은 예부터 닥나무의 인피섬유를 이용한 한지가 사용되었으며, 1902년에 기계에 의한 제지술이 일본으로부터 도입되어 오늘에 이르고 있다. 이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 "종이의 역사" 항목을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다. (ko) Produktion av papper, tillverkat genom avvattning av en fibersuspension, utvecklades först i Kina runt år 100 efter Kristus. Dessförinnan och under ytterligare mer än tusen år tillverkades i flera olika kulturer produkter för skrivändamål från till exempel pappersmullbärsträdet (Broussonetia papyrifera), nässelbast, papyrusväxten, gräs och andra växter med sådana egenskaper som gjorde dem lämpliga för att skapa en arkstruktur. Vidare användes för skrivändamål läder (pergament) och även lertavlor och stentavlor, såsom till exempel runstenar. (sv) 纸是一种非编制薄片，传统上是由处理过的植物纤维和纺织纤维组合而成，主要用于书写、艺术创作和包装，通常呈白色。大约在公元前3000年，古埃及人就开始使用莎草纸，并将这种特产出口到古希腊等古代地中海文明地区，甚至遥远的欧洲内陆和西亚。莎草纸消亡以后，制作莎草纸的传统技术也因缺乏记载而失传。 根据中国史料记录，中国地区最早的造纸工艺见于东汉时期（公元25-220年），归功于宫廷官员蔡伦。8世纪，中国的造纸术传播到伊斯兰世界，出现了用来造纸和造币的制浆厂和造纸厂。到11世纪，造纸术进入欧洲。到13世纪，西班牙的造纸厂利用水车改进了造纸工艺。后来在19世纪，随着木浆纸的发明，欧洲对造纸工艺进一步做出了改进。 尽管地中海世界和哥伦布以前的美洲分别存在莎草纸和这样的书写介质，但这些材料并不被定义为真正的纸张。羊皮纸，一种兽皮经过复杂加工做成的书写材料，比纸更早，甚至可能早于莎草纸，它同样也不被视为纸张。20世纪，随着塑料制品的出现，出现了一类塑料“纸”，还有含有塑料或金属的各类复合纸，以及注入或涂覆有不同材料的纸，这些材料赋予了纸张特殊的性能。 (zh) |
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| dbp:footer | The Weber manuscripts were discovered in Kucha , now preserved in the Bodleian Library . They are a collection of 9 manuscript fragments, originally created on paper, and dated to the 5th to 6th century CE. Four were on Nepalese-origin paper , others on Central Asian paper . Eight in good Sanskrit language written in two scripts, one in grammatically poor, mixed Sanskrit and Pali. (en) |
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| dcterms:subject | dbc:Industrial_history dbc:Forest_history dbc:History_of_technology dbc:Paper |
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| rdfs:comment | المخطوطات الورقية عبر العصور : كل الناس يعلمون ما يؤديه الورق من خدمات في ميادين: الكتابة والطباعة وحتى . لكن قد لا يعرف إلا القليل منهم حكاية ماضيه وتطوراته.إن فكرة استخدام مادة صالحة للرسم والكتابة لقديمة العهد، وقد نقش الإنسان البدائي أشكالاً ورموزاً على الخشب أو على الحجر على جوانب الكهوف والمغارات القديمة. ثم بدأ يكتب على ، وعلى اللحاء، ثم على العظام وعلى صفحات من خزف مطلي ، ثم على صفائح من رصاص أو من معادن أخرى، حتى فكر المصريون القدامى في استخدام لحاء نبات البردي (Papyrus) وهي كلمة اشتقت منها كلمة (Paper) وانتشر استعمال البردي في مصر القديمة ثم في اليونان وإيطاليا، وبقي ورق البردي طوال قرون عديدة الوسيلة الوحيدة للكتابة في مصر وإيطاليا واليونان ومستعمراتها. (ar) L'histoire du papier proprement dit, composé par des fibres de cellulose agglomérées, commence en Chine il y a 2 000 ans. Le papier se transmet par l'Asie centrale et l'empire arabo-musulman jusqu'en Europe, ses producteurs l'adaptant aux instruments d'écriture de chaque région. L'imprimerie stimule sa consommation. Au XIXe siècle, l'industrialisation provoque un changement radical de matière première, passant du chiffon au bois. On s'aperçoit cent ans plus tard que ce papier résiste beaucoup moins bien dans le temps, amenant de nouvelles précautions pour produire un papier non acide. (fr) Produktion av papper, tillverkat genom avvattning av en fibersuspension, utvecklades först i Kina runt år 100 efter Kristus. Dessförinnan och under ytterligare mer än tusen år tillverkades i flera olika kulturer produkter för skrivändamål från till exempel pappersmullbärsträdet (Broussonetia papyrifera), nässelbast, papyrusväxten, gräs och andra växter med sådana egenskaper som gjorde dem lämpliga för att skapa en arkstruktur. Vidare användes för skrivändamål läder (pergament) och även lertavlor och stentavlor, såsom till exempel runstenar. (sv) 纸是一种非编制薄片，传统上是由处理过的植物纤维和纺织纤维组合而成，主要用于书写、艺术创作和包装，通常呈白色。大约在公元前3000年，古埃及人就开始使用莎草纸，并将这种特产出口到古希腊等古代地中海文明地区，甚至遥远的欧洲内陆和西亚。莎草纸消亡以后，制作莎草纸的传统技术也因缺乏记载而失传。 根据中国史料记录，中国地区最早的造纸工艺见于东汉时期（公元25-220年），归功于宫廷官员蔡伦。8世纪，中国的造纸术传播到伊斯兰世界，出现了用来造纸和造币的制浆厂和造纸厂。到11世纪，造纸术进入欧洲。到13世纪，西班牙的造纸厂利用水车改进了造纸工艺。后来在19世纪，随着木浆纸的发明，欧洲对造纸工艺进一步做出了改进。 尽管地中海世界和哥伦布以前的美洲分别存在莎草纸和这样的书写介质，但这些材料并不被定义为真正的纸张。羊皮纸，一种兽皮经过复杂加工做成的书写材料，比纸更早，甚至可能早于莎草纸，它同样也不被视为纸张。20世纪，随着塑料制品的出现，出现了一类塑料“纸”，还有含有塑料或金属的各类复合纸，以及注入或涂覆有不同材料的纸，这些材料赋予了纸张特殊的性能。 (zh) Paper is a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. The first paper-like plant-based writing sheet was papyrus in Egypt (4th Century BC), but the first true paper, the first true papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25–220 AD), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. This plant-puree conglomerate produced by pulp mills and paper mills was used for writing, drawing, and money. During the 8th century, Chinese paper making spread to the Islamic world, replacing papyrus. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-based parchment and wood panels. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills using waterwheels in Spain. Later imp (en) 다음은 종이의 역사에 관한 설명이다. 문자를 글로 남겨 두기 위해 고대 이집트에서 양피지가, 아시아에서는 얇은 죽편이 사용되었다. 또 고대 이집트(B.C.3000년경)에서 파피루스라고 하는 풀의 섬유로 종이와 비슷한 것을 만들었는데, 이것이 오늘날 영어의 'paper'의 어원이 되었다. 현재 사용되고 있는 종이(식물에서 셀룰로오스를 뽑아 내 이것을 체 같은 것으로 걸러서 만든 것)를 처음으로 만든 사람은 중국의 채륜(105년)인데, 그는 삼·아마 등에서 섬유를 분리하여 이것을 얇은 막상으로 걸러서 떠내어 종이를 만들었다. 이 방법은 후에 710년경 중국인 포로에 의해 사마르칸드에 전파되었으며, 12세기에 이르러 무어인이 에스파냐에 도입하여 점차로 유럽에 퍼지게 된 것이다. 그 후 7세기 동안 유럽에서는 식물섬유·넝마를 원료로 하는 수공적인 제지가 행해졌고, 19세기에 이르러서야 기계화가 시작되어 1798년에 로베르가 연속식 초조기를 고안하고, 1808년에 푸르드리니어 형제가 개량·제작에 성공하였으며, 또한 이와 거의 동시에 디킨슨이 환망식 초지기를 발명하였다. 인쇄술의 발달은 제지기술의 발달을 초래하였으며, 이에 따른 원료의 대량생산이 요구됨으로써 1840년에 켈러의 쇄목펄프 발명을 시작으로 1854년에 소다 펄프가, 1866년에 아황산 펄프가, 1884년에 크래프트 펄프가 발명되었다. (ko) |
| rdfs:label | تاريخ الورق (ar) Histoire du papier (fr) History of paper (en) 종이의 역사 (ko) Papperets historia (sv) 纸的历史 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Dunhuang_manuscripts |
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