Line of Control (original) (raw)
Die Line of Control (LoC) ist eine Demarkationslinie, die den faktischen Grenzverlauf zwischen zwei militärisch oder polizeilich kontrollierten Territorien markiert.
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dbo:abstract | Linie kontroly (anglicky: Line of Control, odtud zkratka LOC) je název hranice, která de facto odděluje indickou a pákistánskou část bývalého knížecího státu Džammú a Kašmír, který je dnes rozdělen mezi obě země. Pákistánem spravovaná část je rozdělená na dvě oblasti, které se nazývají Gilgit - Baltistán a Azád Kašmír, indické části zůstal název Džammú a Kašmír. Linie kontroly byla ustanovena v roce 1948 po konci první kašmírské války. V té době však nesla název Linie příměří. V prosinci roku 1971 proběhla další indicko-pákistánská válka a v červenci 1972 byla mezi Pákistánem a Indií uzavřena dohoda v Šimla, jejímž výsledkem bylo mimo jiné i přejmenování linie příměří na Linii kontroly. V průběhu následujících let se Linie kontroly stala předmětem dalších, větších i menších indicko-pákistánských sporů. Linie kontroly je dlouhá přes 700 km a hlídají ji vojska OSN. Přístup k ní je povolen pouze na zvláštní povolení, které vydávají bezpečnostní složky. (cs) Die Line of Control (LoC) ist eine Demarkationslinie, die den faktischen Grenzverlauf zwischen zwei militärisch oder polizeilich kontrollierten Territorien markiert. (de) El término Línea de Control (LOC por sus siglas en inglés) se emplea para referirse a la frontera militar establecida entre la India y Pakistán en el territorio del antiguo estado principesco de Jammu y Cachemira. Esta frontera carece de reconocimiento internacional. Se conoció en un principio como «Línea de alto el fuego» y luego, tras el del 3 de julio de 1972, recibió el nombre de «Línea de Control». La parte del antiguo estado principesco que está bajo control indio forma el territorio de Jammu y Cachemira, en tanto las regiones controladas por Pakistán se reparten entre las provincias de Gilgit-Baltistán y Azad Cachemira. El punto más septentrional de la Línea de Control se denomina NJ9842. Otra línea de armisticio separa la parte india, Jammu y Cachemira, de la parte china, llamada Aksai Chin. Se encuentra más hacia el este y se denomina Línea Actual de Control (Line of Actual Control, LAC, en inglés). (es) The Line of Control (LoC) is a military control line between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the de facto border. It was established as part of the Simla Agreement at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Both nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as the "Line of Control" and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions. Apart from minor details, the line is roughly the same as the original 1949 cease-fire line. The part of the former princely state under Indian control is divided into the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The Pakistani-controlled section is divided into Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as NJ9842, beyond which lies the Siachen Glacier, which became a bone of contention in 1984. To the south of the Line of Control, (Sangam, Chenab River, Akhnoor), lies the border between Pakistani Punjab and the Jammu province, which has an ambiguous status: India regards it as an "international boundary", and Pakistan calls it a "working border". Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin. Lying further to the east, it is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC). (en) La ligne de contrôle (Line of Control (LoC) en anglais) est le nom donné par l'Organisation des Nations unies à la ligne de cessez-le-feu issue de l' du 1er janvier 1949 après la Première Guerre indo-pakistanaise. À cette date, son étanchéité est assurée par une force d'observation sous mandat international. (fr) Istilah Garis Kendali (Line of Control atau disingkat LoC; disebut juga Garis Kontrol) mengacu pada garis kendali militer antara bagian wilayah kerajaan Jammu dan Kashmir yang dikendalikan oleh India dan Pakistan—sebuah garis yang bukan merupakan batas internasional yang diakui secara hukum, tetapi merupakan perbatasan de facto. Awalnya dikenal sebagai Garis Gencatan Senjata, garis tersebut dinamakan ulang sebagai "Garis Kendali" mengikuti Perjanjian Simla, yang ditandatangani pada 3 Juli 1972. Bagian dari wilayah kerajaan sebelumnya yang berada di bawah kendali India dikenal sebagai negara bagian Jammu dan Kashmir. Bagian yang dikuasai Pakistan dibagi menjadi Azad Jammu dan Kashmir serta Gilgit–Baltistan. Titik paling utara dari Garis Kendali dikenal sebagai NJ9842. Perbatasan India–Pakistan memanjang terus dari titik paling selatan LoC. Garis gencatan senjata lain memisahkan negara bagian Jammu dan Kashmir yang dikuasai India dari daerah yang dikuasai Tiongkok yang dikenal sebagai Aksai Chin. Berada lebih jauh ke sebelah timur, garis tersebut dikenal sebagai Garis Kontrol Aktual (Line of Actual Control; LAC). Mantan Presiden Amerika Serikat Bill Clinton telah merujuk pada anak benua India dan Garis Kendali Kashmir, khususnya, sebagai salah satu tempat paling berbahaya di dunia. (in) La linea di controllo (in inglese Line of Control, abbreviata in LOC) è il nome dato alla linea di demarcazione militare che divide le zone del Kashmir controllate dall'India da quelle controllate dal Pakistan; la linea non costituisce legalmente un confine internazionale (poiché entrambe le nazioni rivendicano il controllo dei territori amministrati dall'altra), ma de facto svolge questa funzione. La "linea di controllo" non deve essere confusa con la "linea di controllo effettivo", che invece delimita il confine, parimenti conteso, tra India e Cina. (it) 管理ライン(かんりライン、LoC: Line of Control)とは、かつてのジャンムー・カシュミール藩王国の領域における、インドとパキスタンとの支配地域を分ける軍事境界線である。法的な国境ではないが、印パ間の事実上の国境として機能している。 元々は停戦ライン(Cease-fire Line)と呼ばれていたが、1972年7月3日に署名されたシムラ協定によって「管理ライン」として再定義された。インドの支配地域はジャンムー・カシミール連邦直轄領およびラダック連邦直轄領(旧ジャンムー・カシミール州の一部)であり、パキスタンの支配地域はアザド・カシミールとギルギット・バルティスタン州に分かれている。管理ラインの最北端はNJ9842と呼ばれている。管理ラインの最南端からは、(法的に認められた)印パ国境が続いている。 管理ラインはカシミールを2つの部分に分割し、当時カシミール渓谷の唯一の出入口だったジェラム渓谷ルートを閉鎖した。 今日まで存在するこの領土区分は、多くの村を分断し、離散家族を生んだ。 印パ間の管理ラインの東方には、インドと中華人民共和国の支配地域を分ける別の停戦ラインがあり、実効支配線(LAC: Line of Actual Control)と呼ばれている。 元米国大統領ビル・クリントンは、特にインド亜大陸とカシミールの管理ラインを、世界で最も危険な場所の一つと呼んだ。 (ja) De Line of Control (Engels voor lijn die bewaakt wordt) is de bestandslijn door Jammu en Kasjmir die het door India bestuurde deel (oranje) van het door Pakistan bestuurde deel (groen) scheidt. Deze bestandslijn was de frontlijn op het moment dat de wapenstilstand werd getekend aan het einde van de Eerste Kasjmiroorlog in 1948. Hoewel tijdens de Tweede Kasjmiroorlog van 1965, de Indo-Pakistaanse Oorlog van 1971 en de Kargil-oorlog van 1999 troepen van beide landen over de lijn trokken en kortstondig gebied aan de andere kant bezetten, werd bij de wapenstilstanden aan het einde van deze conflicten telkens weer vrijwel dezelfde lijn hersteld als de facto grens. De naam "Line of Control" werd pas bij het Verdrag van Shimla in 1972 aan de lijn gegeven. Zowel India als Pakistan noemen het deel van Kasjmir dat onder het bestuur van het andere land valt "bezet Kasjmir". De Pakistanen noemen het Pakistaanse deel van Kasjmir, in feite een hooguit 30 km brede strook land, Azad Kasjmir (Urdu voor "vrij Kasjmir"). Het noordwesten van de voormalige vorstenstaat Jammu en Kasjmir vormt tegenwoordig de Pakistaanse regio Gilgit-Baltistan en hoort sinds 1947 niet meer bij Kasjmir. India heeft deze afsplitsing nooit erkend en beschouwt het gehele gebied als onderdeel van zijn unieterritoria Jammu en Kasjmir en Ladakh. (nl) Линия контроля (англ. Line of Control; LOC) — демаркационная линия между Индией и Пакистаном, проведённая по бывшему княжеству Джамму и Кашмир — непризнанная юридически, но de facto граница. Первоначально называлась «Линия прекращения огня», но была переименована в «Линию контроля» после , 3 июля 1972. Индийская часть княжества стала известна как Джамму и Кашмир. Пакистан создал Гилгит-Балтистан и Азад Кашмир. Северная точка линии называется . Существует также Линия фактического контроля (LAC), учитывающая китайские претензии на Аксай-Чин. (ru) Індійський мур, також відомий як Азійський Берлінський мур, — оборонні споруди довжиною 550 км, що зведені Індією уздовж 740-кілометрової — демаркаційна лінія між Індією і Пакистаном, проведена скрізь колишнє князівство Джамму і Кашмір — невизнаний юридично, але фактично кордон. (uk) O termo Linha de Controle (LoC) refere-se à linha de controle militar entre Índia e Paquistão, na região da Caxemira. Recebeu essa designação após o Acordo de Simla, formalizado em dezembro de 1971. A porção indiana do território representa o estado de Jammu e Caxemira; a paquistanesa, as Áreas do Norte e a Caxemira Livre. Houve propostas na imprensa indiana para regularizar a LoC como a fronteira internacional entre os dois países; isto, contudo, é contra a política governamental da Índia. O Paquistão também deseja soberania sobre toda a área. A LoC foi palco várias guerras indo-paquistanesas, a última das quais em 1999, na Guerra de Kargil. Houve frequentes duelos de artilharia ao longo da linha. É uma zona extremamente montanhosa, com montanhas acima de 7 000 metros de altitude nas , como o Saltoro Kangri ou o K12. (pt) 印巴停火线或控制线(英語:Line of Control,印地語:नियंत्रण रेखा,乌尔都语:لائن آف کنٹرول)是指印度和巴基斯坦目前在克什米尔实际控制地区的分界线。 (zh) |
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rdfs:comment | Die Line of Control (LoC) ist eine Demarkationslinie, die den faktischen Grenzverlauf zwischen zwei militärisch oder polizeilich kontrollierten Territorien markiert. (de) La ligne de contrôle (Line of Control (LoC) en anglais) est le nom donné par l'Organisation des Nations unies à la ligne de cessez-le-feu issue de l' du 1er janvier 1949 après la Première Guerre indo-pakistanaise. À cette date, son étanchéité est assurée par une force d'observation sous mandat international. (fr) La linea di controllo (in inglese Line of Control, abbreviata in LOC) è il nome dato alla linea di demarcazione militare che divide le zone del Kashmir controllate dall'India da quelle controllate dal Pakistan; la linea non costituisce legalmente un confine internazionale (poiché entrambe le nazioni rivendicano il controllo dei territori amministrati dall'altra), ma de facto svolge questa funzione. La "linea di controllo" non deve essere confusa con la "linea di controllo effettivo", che invece delimita il confine, parimenti conteso, tra India e Cina. (it) 管理ライン(かんりライン、LoC: Line of Control)とは、かつてのジャンムー・カシュミール藩王国の領域における、インドとパキスタンとの支配地域を分ける軍事境界線である。法的な国境ではないが、印パ間の事実上の国境として機能している。 元々は停戦ライン(Cease-fire Line)と呼ばれていたが、1972年7月3日に署名されたシムラ協定によって「管理ライン」として再定義された。インドの支配地域はジャンムー・カシミール連邦直轄領およびラダック連邦直轄領(旧ジャンムー・カシミール州の一部)であり、パキスタンの支配地域はアザド・カシミールとギルギット・バルティスタン州に分かれている。管理ラインの最北端はNJ9842と呼ばれている。管理ラインの最南端からは、(法的に認められた)印パ国境が続いている。 管理ラインはカシミールを2つの部分に分割し、当時カシミール渓谷の唯一の出入口だったジェラム渓谷ルートを閉鎖した。 今日まで存在するこの領土区分は、多くの村を分断し、離散家族を生んだ。 印パ間の管理ラインの東方には、インドと中華人民共和国の支配地域を分ける別の停戦ラインがあり、実効支配線(LAC: Line of Actual Control)と呼ばれている。 元米国大統領ビル・クリントンは、特にインド亜大陸とカシミールの管理ラインを、世界で最も危険な場所の一つと呼んだ。 (ja) Линия контроля (англ. Line of Control; LOC) — демаркационная линия между Индией и Пакистаном, проведённая по бывшему княжеству Джамму и Кашмир — непризнанная юридически, но de facto граница. Первоначально называлась «Линия прекращения огня», но была переименована в «Линию контроля» после , 3 июля 1972. Индийская часть княжества стала известна как Джамму и Кашмир. Пакистан создал Гилгит-Балтистан и Азад Кашмир. Северная точка линии называется . Существует также Линия фактического контроля (LAC), учитывающая китайские претензии на Аксай-Чин. (ru) Індійський мур, також відомий як Азійський Берлінський мур, — оборонні споруди довжиною 550 км, що зведені Індією уздовж 740-кілометрової — демаркаційна лінія між Індією і Пакистаном, проведена скрізь колишнє князівство Джамму і Кашмір — невизнаний юридично, але фактично кордон. (uk) 印巴停火线或控制线(英語:Line of Control,印地語:नियंत्रण रेखा,乌尔都语:لائن آف کنٹرول)是指印度和巴基斯坦目前在克什米尔实际控制地区的分界线。 (zh) Linie kontroly (anglicky: Line of Control, odtud zkratka LOC) je název hranice, která de facto odděluje indickou a pákistánskou část bývalého knížecího státu Džammú a Kašmír, který je dnes rozdělen mezi obě země. Pákistánem spravovaná část je rozdělená na dvě oblasti, které se nazývají Gilgit - Baltistán a Azád Kašmír, indické části zůstal název Džammú a Kašmír. Linie kontroly byla ustanovena v roce 1948 po konci první kašmírské války. V té době však nesla název Linie příměří. V prosinci roku 1971 proběhla další indicko-pákistánská válka a v červenci 1972 byla mezi Pákistánem a Indií uzavřena dohoda v Šimla, jejímž výsledkem bylo mimo jiné i přejmenování linie příměří na Linii kontroly. (cs) The Line of Control (LoC) is a military control line between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the de facto border. It was established as part of the Simla Agreement at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Both nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as the "Line of Control" and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions. Apart from minor details, the line is roughly the same as the original 1949 cease-fire line. (en) El término Línea de Control (LOC por sus siglas en inglés) se emplea para referirse a la frontera militar establecida entre la India y Pakistán en el territorio del antiguo estado principesco de Jammu y Cachemira. Esta frontera carece de reconocimiento internacional. Se conoció en un principio como «Línea de alto el fuego» y luego, tras el del 3 de julio de 1972, recibió el nombre de «Línea de Control». La parte del antiguo estado principesco que está bajo control indio forma el territorio de Jammu y Cachemira, en tanto las regiones controladas por Pakistán se reparten entre las provincias de Gilgit-Baltistán y Azad Cachemira. El punto más septentrional de la Línea de Control se denomina NJ9842. (es) Istilah Garis Kendali (Line of Control atau disingkat LoC; disebut juga Garis Kontrol) mengacu pada garis kendali militer antara bagian wilayah kerajaan Jammu dan Kashmir yang dikendalikan oleh India dan Pakistan—sebuah garis yang bukan merupakan batas internasional yang diakui secara hukum, tetapi merupakan perbatasan de facto. Awalnya dikenal sebagai Garis Gencatan Senjata, garis tersebut dinamakan ulang sebagai "Garis Kendali" mengikuti Perjanjian Simla, yang ditandatangani pada 3 Juli 1972. Bagian dari wilayah kerajaan sebelumnya yang berada di bawah kendali India dikenal sebagai negara bagian Jammu dan Kashmir. Bagian yang dikuasai Pakistan dibagi menjadi Azad Jammu dan Kashmir serta Gilgit–Baltistan. Titik paling utara dari Garis Kendali dikenal sebagai NJ9842. Perbatasan India–Pakis (in) De Line of Control (Engels voor lijn die bewaakt wordt) is de bestandslijn door Jammu en Kasjmir die het door India bestuurde deel (oranje) van het door Pakistan bestuurde deel (groen) scheidt. Deze bestandslijn was de frontlijn op het moment dat de wapenstilstand werd getekend aan het einde van de Eerste Kasjmiroorlog in 1948. Hoewel tijdens de Tweede Kasjmiroorlog van 1965, de Indo-Pakistaanse Oorlog van 1971 en de Kargil-oorlog van 1999 troepen van beide landen over de lijn trokken en kortstondig gebied aan de andere kant bezetten, werd bij de wapenstilstanden aan het einde van deze conflicten telkens weer vrijwel dezelfde lijn hersteld als de facto grens. (nl) O termo Linha de Controle (LoC) refere-se à linha de controle militar entre Índia e Paquistão, na região da Caxemira. Recebeu essa designação após o Acordo de Simla, formalizado em dezembro de 1971. A porção indiana do território representa o estado de Jammu e Caxemira; a paquistanesa, as Áreas do Norte e a Caxemira Livre. É uma zona extremamente montanhosa, com montanhas acima de 7 000 metros de altitude nas , como o Saltoro Kangri ou o K12. (pt) |
rdfs:label | Linie kontroly (cs) Line of Control (de) Línea de control (es) Garis Kendali (in) Linea di controllo (it) Ligne de contrôle (Cachemire) (fr) Line of Control (en) 管理ライン (ja) Line of Control (nl) Linha de Controle (pt) Линия контроля (ru) 印巴停火线 (zh) Індійський мур (uk) |
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