| dbo:abstract |
Sir James Stirling (* 28. Januar 1791 in , Lanarkshire, Schottland; † 22. April 1865 in Surrey) war britischer Marineoffizier und Kolonialverwalter. Er wurde erster Gouverneur von Western Australia. (de) Admiral Sir James Stirling (28 January 1791 – 22 April 1865) was a British naval officer and colonial administrator. His enthusiasm and persistence persuaded the British Government to establish the Swan River Colony and he became the first Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Western Australia. In 1854, when Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and China Station, Stirling on his own initiative signed Britain's first Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty. Throughout his career Stirling showed considerable diplomatic skill and was selected for a number of sensitive missions. Paradoxically, this was not reflected in his personal dealings with officialdom and his hopes for preferment received many rebuffs. Stirling also personally led the attack in Western Australia on a group of approximately seventy Bindjareb men, women and children now known as the Pinjarra massacre. Stirling entered the Royal Navy at age 12 and as a midshipman saw action in the Napoleonic Wars. Rapid promotion followed and when he was 21 he received his first command, the 28-gun sloop HMS Brazen, and, in the War of 1812 between the US and the UK, seized two prizes. Brazen carried the news of the end of that war to Fort Bowyer and took part in carrying to England the British troops that had captured the fort. On return to the West Indies, Stirling made two surveys of the Venezuelan coast and reported on the strengths, attitudes and dispositions of the Spanish government and various revolutionary factions, later playing a role in the British negotiations with these groups. In his second command, HMS Success, he carried supplies and coinage to Australia, but with a covert mission to assess other nations' interest in the region and explore opportunities for British settlements. He is chiefly remembered for his exploration of the Swan River, followed by his eventual success in lobbying the British Government to establish a settlement there. On 30 December 1828, he was made Lieutenant-Governor of the colony-to-be. He formally founded the city of Perth and the port of Fremantle and oversaw the development of the surrounding area and on 4 March 1831 he was confirmed as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the new territory, Western Australia, in which post he remained until in 1838 he resumed his naval career. In October 1834 Stirling personally led a group of twenty-five police, soldiers and settlers in a punitive expedition against approximately seventy Bindjareb men, women and children camped on the Murray River partly in retaliation for several murders and thefts. This bloody attack involving rifles and bayonets against spears is known as the Pinjarra Massacre – and sometimes still; the Battle of Pinjarra.(Which is now more commonly referred as the Pinjarra Massacre.) An uncertain number of Aboriginal men, women and children were killed during this encounter; Stirling reported 15 males killed, John Septimus Roe 15–20, and an unidentified eyewitness 25–30 including 1 woman and several children with probably more floating down with the stream. One of Stirling's party was injured and one was injured and died about two weeks later, although it is uncertain if from existing injuries, injuries suffered during the massacre, poor medical treatment after the massacre, or a combination thereof. An uncertain number of Bindjareb were injured, and an uncertain number died of their injuries. From 1840 to 1844, in command of the 80-gun HMS Indus, he patrolled the Mediterranean with instructions to 'show the flag' and keep an eye on the French. In 1847, he was given command of the 120-gun first rate ship of the line HMS Howe and his first commission was to conduct Her Majesty, the Dowager Queen Adelaide on trips to Lisbon and Madeira and then back to Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. After that, Howe was assigned to the eastern Mediterranean, where she reinforced the squadron led by Vice Admiral Parker using gunboat diplomacy to secure an uneasy peace in the region. Stirling's fifth and final command was as Commander in Chief, China and the East Indies Station, and his flag, as Rear Admiral of the White, was hoisted on HMS Winchester on 11 May 1854. Shortly afterwards news arrived that war had been declared on Russia. Stirling was anxious to prevent Russian ships from sheltering in Japanese ports and menacing allied shipping and, after lengthy negotiations through the Nagasaki Magistrate, concluded a Treaty of Friendship with the Japanese. The treaty was endorsed by the British Government, but Stirling was criticised in the popular press for not finding and engaging with the Russian fleet. (en) Sir James Stirling, né le 28 janvier 1791 dans le Lanarkshire (Écosse) et mort le 23 avril 1865 dans le Surrey (Angleterre), est un amiral et un administrateur colonial britannique, premier gouverneur d'Australie-Occidentale, en fonction de 1828 à 1838. Il signe par la suite de sa propre initiative le premier traité d'amitié entre le Royaume-Uni et le Japon, en 1854. (fr) ジェームズ・スターリング（Admiral Sir James Stirling, 1791年1月28日 - 1865年4月23日）は、イギリスの海軍将校、政治家、外交官。 1804年海軍入隊。ナポレオン戦争、米英戦争に参加した。 1827年、西オーストラリアに植民地を設立するためパースとフリーマントル周辺の現地調査を行った。1831年から1838年まで初代州総督を務めた。任期終了後は海軍に復帰し、地中海艦隊の軍艦の艦長に任命された。主な任務はマルタを拠点にフランス軍を警戒することだった。その後、東インド・中国艦隊の司令官に任命された。 1854年9月7日、スターリング提督率いるイギリス艦隊が長崎に来港、江戸幕府の許可を得た長崎奉行水野忠徳と目付永井尚志が同年10月14日（旧暦嘉永7年8月23日）、日英和親条約に調印した 。 (ja) James Stirling (Drumpellier, 28 januari 1791 – Woodbridge Park, 22 april 1865) was een Britse admiraal en koloniaal ambtenaar. Zijn enthousiasme en volharding overreedde de Britse overheid om de kolonie aan de rivier de Swan te stichten. Hij werd de eerste gouverneur en opperbevelhebber van West-Australië. (nl) James Stirling è stato un ufficiale britannico della Royal Navy e primo governatore dello stato dell'Australia Occidentale. (it) Джеймс Стирлинг (англ. James Stirling; 28 января 1791 — 22 апреля 1865) — британский военно-морской офицер и колониальный администратор. Основатель колонии Суон-Ривер и города Перт в Западной Австралии. Был главнокомандующим Ост-Индской и Китайской станции Королевского флота. Во время Крымской войны эскадра под его командованием безрезультатно осуществляла поиск русского парусного фрегата «Диана» под командованием адмирала Евфимия Васильевича Путятина. Будучи в Японии, заключил первое соглашением между Англией и Японией Договор о дружбе от 14 октября 1854 года. (ru) 英國皇家海軍上將詹姆士·史特靈爵士（1791年1月28日－1865年4月23日）是一位海軍官員和殖民地行政長官。他於1828年至1838年間，出任派駐澳洲西澳的第1任總督；1854年，在他推動下，英國與日本簽訂了有限度的「英日友好條約」 (zh) |
| rdfs:comment |
Sir James Stirling (* 28. Januar 1791 in , Lanarkshire, Schottland; † 22. April 1865 in Surrey) war britischer Marineoffizier und Kolonialverwalter. Er wurde erster Gouverneur von Western Australia. (de) Sir James Stirling, né le 28 janvier 1791 dans le Lanarkshire (Écosse) et mort le 23 avril 1865 dans le Surrey (Angleterre), est un amiral et un administrateur colonial britannique, premier gouverneur d'Australie-Occidentale, en fonction de 1828 à 1838. Il signe par la suite de sa propre initiative le premier traité d'amitié entre le Royaume-Uni et le Japon, en 1854. (fr) ジェームズ・スターリング（Admiral Sir James Stirling, 1791年1月28日 - 1865年4月23日）は、イギリスの海軍将校、政治家、外交官。 1804年海軍入隊。ナポレオン戦争、米英戦争に参加した。 1827年、西オーストラリアに植民地を設立するためパースとフリーマントル周辺の現地調査を行った。1831年から1838年まで初代州総督を務めた。任期終了後は海軍に復帰し、地中海艦隊の軍艦の艦長に任命された。主な任務はマルタを拠点にフランス軍を警戒することだった。その後、東インド・中国艦隊の司令官に任命された。 1854年9月7日、スターリング提督率いるイギリス艦隊が長崎に来港、江戸幕府の許可を得た長崎奉行水野忠徳と目付永井尚志が同年10月14日（旧暦嘉永7年8月23日）、日英和親条約に調印した 。 (ja) James Stirling (Drumpellier, 28 januari 1791 – Woodbridge Park, 22 april 1865) was een Britse admiraal en koloniaal ambtenaar. Zijn enthousiasme en volharding overreedde de Britse overheid om de kolonie aan de rivier de Swan te stichten. Hij werd de eerste gouverneur en opperbevelhebber van West-Australië. (nl) James Stirling è stato un ufficiale britannico della Royal Navy e primo governatore dello stato dell'Australia Occidentale. (it) Джеймс Стирлинг (англ. James Stirling; 28 января 1791 — 22 апреля 1865) — британский военно-морской офицер и колониальный администратор. Основатель колонии Суон-Ривер и города Перт в Западной Австралии. Был главнокомандующим Ост-Индской и Китайской станции Королевского флота. Во время Крымской войны эскадра под его командованием безрезультатно осуществляла поиск русского парусного фрегата «Диана» под командованием адмирала Евфимия Васильевича Путятина. Будучи в Японии, заключил первое соглашением между Англией и Японией Договор о дружбе от 14 октября 1854 года. (ru) 英國皇家海軍上將詹姆士·史特靈爵士（1791年1月28日－1865年4月23日）是一位海軍官員和殖民地行政長官。他於1828年至1838年間，出任派駐澳洲西澳的第1任總督；1854年，在他推動下，英國與日本簽訂了有限度的「英日友好條約」 (zh) Admiral Sir James Stirling (28 January 1791 – 22 April 1865) was a British naval officer and colonial administrator. His enthusiasm and persistence persuaded the British Government to establish the Swan River Colony and he became the first Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Western Australia. In 1854, when Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and China Station, Stirling on his own initiative signed Britain's first Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty. Throughout his career Stirling showed considerable diplomatic skill and was selected for a number of sensitive missions. Paradoxically, this was not reflected in his personal dealings with officialdom and his hopes for preferment received many rebuffs. Stirling also personally led the attack in Western Australia on a group of approximately seventy Bin (en) |
